Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0012
L. Levy
This chapter traces the history of Black conservative ideology and its controversial approaches to racial equality, self-help, Black identity, and culture. Throughout the twentieth century, conservative leaders and intellectuals, such as Booker T. Washington, George Schuyler, Joseph Jackson, Thomas Sowell, Anne Wortham, and Shelby Steele, contributed to national debates regarding the nature of inequality and racial discrimination as well as public policy. Although varied in their approaches and perspectives, Black conservatives advocate a coherent ideology that disrupts notions of a homogeneous Black intellectual tradition.
{"title":"Black Conservative Dissent","authors":"L. Levy","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the history of Black conservative ideology and its controversial approaches to racial equality, self-help, Black identity, and culture. Throughout the twentieth century, conservative leaders and intellectuals, such as Booker T. Washington, George Schuyler, Joseph Jackson, Thomas Sowell, Anne Wortham, and Shelby Steele, contributed to national debates regarding the nature of inequality and racial discrimination as well as public policy. Although varied in their approaches and perspectives, Black conservatives advocate a coherent ideology that disrupts notions of a homogeneous Black intellectual tradition.","PeriodicalId":266395,"journal":{"name":"The Black Intellectual Tradition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122974280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0013
Z. Miletsky
This essay explores how the election of Barack Obama in 2008 moved America into a new postracial terrain. It examines the implications of the term “postracialism” that emerged as part of a new popular discourse about racism and the degree to which it undercuts arguments for broad state action to address racial inequality. It illustrates that while whites embraced the concept of a “postracial” America because race loses its meaning, Blacks conversely rejected this same construct because race, and ultimately racism, lose significance in both popular discourse and lived experiences. This essay explores how the election of Barack Obama has moved America into a new post-racial terrain.
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Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0005
Venetria K. Patton
This chapter discusses the rise of contemporary novels of slavery, paying particular attention to the role of Black women writers. Although Black men wrote slave narratives, too, the works produced by Black women reflect a kind of Black speculative fiction largely cresting during the mid- to late 1990s that emphasizes the persistence and importance of Black agency, especially Black women’s agency. Moving beyond the constraints of realistic fiction, the Black speculative fiction of these Black women writers casts Black characters as actors, not just subjects, and creates literary space to address concerns related to an allegedly postracial society.
{"title":"The Post–Civil Rights Era and the Rise of Contemporary Novels of Slavery","authors":"Venetria K. Patton","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the rise of contemporary novels of slavery, paying particular attention to the role of Black women writers. Although Black men wrote slave narratives, too, the works produced by Black women reflect a kind of Black speculative fiction largely cresting during the mid- to late 1990s that emphasizes the persistence and importance of Black agency, especially Black women’s agency. Moving beyond the constraints of realistic fiction, the Black speculative fiction of these Black women writers casts Black characters as actors, not just subjects, and creates literary space to address concerns related to an allegedly postracial society.","PeriodicalId":266395,"journal":{"name":"The Black Intellectual Tradition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123873644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0006
Stephanie Y. Evans
This essay maps the geographic and thematic locations of Black women’s life stories. It expands the cartography of Black women’s memoirs and autobiographies by tracing writing throughout the diaspora and situating Black American women’s writing within a larger tradition of disparate scribes and griots. The chapter outlines parameters of initial life-story genres, including enslavement survival narratives; moves through cornerstone storytellers, such as Maya Angelou; and situates publications during the civil rights and Black Power eras within contexts of Black writers from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and Latin America. Even though the specific focus remains on autobiographers in the United States, the chapter also highlights emergent themes and patterns to more clearly trace intellectual traditions and connections of Black women writers.
{"title":"Letters to Our Daughters","authors":"Stephanie Y. Evans","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This essay maps the geographic and thematic locations of Black women’s life stories. It expands the cartography of Black women’s memoirs and autobiographies by tracing writing throughout the diaspora and situating Black American women’s writing within a larger tradition of disparate scribes and griots. The chapter outlines parameters of initial life-story genres, including enslavement survival narratives; moves through cornerstone storytellers, such as Maya Angelou; and situates publications during the civil rights and Black Power eras within contexts of Black writers from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and Latin America. Even though the specific focus remains on autobiographers in the United States, the chapter also highlights emergent themes and patterns to more clearly trace intellectual traditions and connections of Black women writers.","PeriodicalId":266395,"journal":{"name":"The Black Intellectual Tradition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129638058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0008
Claudrena N. Harold
This essay examines the central roles of Black faculty at historical Black colleges and universities and their radical pedagogical work as major incubators of Black progressive thought in the early twentieth century. Despite pressures to emulate the manual-training curriculum implemented by Booker T. Washington’s Tuskegee Institute, Virginia Union University built a progressive faculty deeply committed to supplying Black students with the intellectual training necessary to address global problems of White supremacy and labor exploitation. Black students were self-consciously determined to view their career contributions in terms beyond just scholarly impact, and this chapter illustrates how the larger calling of developing the imaginations of Black students would profoundly shape the development of Black social science literature during the first half of the twentieth century.
本文考察了黑人教师在历史悠久的黑人学院和大学中的核心作用，以及他们作为20世纪初黑人进步思想的主要孵化器的激进教学工作。尽管面临着效仿布克·t·华盛顿(Booker T. Washington)的塔斯基吉学院(Tuskegee Institute)实施的手工培训课程的压力，弗吉尼亚联合大学还是建立了一支进步的教师队伍，致力于为黑人学生提供必要的智力培训，以解决白人至上主义和劳动力剥削等全球性问题。黑人学生自觉地决定从学术影响之外的角度来看待他们的职业贡献，这一章说明了发展黑人学生想象力的更大使命如何深刻地塑造了20世纪上半叶黑人社会科学文学的发展。
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Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0007
Layli Maparyan
The African roots of womanism can be seen in African women’s social and spiritual formations, such as the West African Sande society. Art historian Sylvia Ardyn Boone examined the social, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of the Sande society in her classic book, Radiance from the Waters: Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Mende Art (1986), published well before the womanist idea was in wide circulation. Yet the Sande-originated ideas, orientations, and practices in Boone’s text help to elucidate the elusive core dimensions of womanism and demonstrate why womanism is the fruit of a distinctly African intellectual genealogy, born of African cosmology. Womanism is, then, a New World vehicle for many of the ideas and dispositions that have historically been preserved and transmitted by such African women’s social and spiritual formations. Inherent in the organization and spirit of these ideas and dispositions is a unique orientation to social and ecological problem solving, rooted in woman-gendered Africanity. This chapter explores not only the connections between the Sande worldview/praxis and womanism but also the life and work of Boone as a unique Black intellectual who made these connections possible.
{"title":"Into The Kpanguima","authors":"Layli Maparyan","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"The African roots of womanism can be seen in African women’s social and spiritual formations, such as the West African Sande society. Art historian Sylvia Ardyn Boone examined the social, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of the Sande society in her classic book, Radiance from the Waters: Ideals of Feminine Beauty in Mende Art (1986), published well before the womanist idea was in wide circulation. Yet the Sande-originated ideas, orientations, and practices in Boone’s text help to elucidate the elusive core dimensions of womanism and demonstrate why womanism is the fruit of a distinctly African intellectual genealogy, born of African cosmology. Womanism is, then, a New World vehicle for many of the ideas and dispositions that have historically been preserved and transmitted by such African women’s social and spiritual formations. Inherent in the organization and spirit of these ideas and dispositions is a unique orientation to social and ecological problem solving, rooted in woman-gendered Africanity. This chapter explores not only the connections between the Sande worldview/praxis and womanism but also the life and work of Boone as a unique Black intellectual who made these connections possible.","PeriodicalId":266395,"journal":{"name":"The Black Intellectual Tradition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129673628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0002
P. Dagbovie
Before and since the explosion of scholarship on Black historical subject matter during the latter part of the Black Power era, a voluminous amount of scholarship has been published by African Americanists on what today could be construed as African American or Black intellectual history. Focusing on the ideas of an assortment of scholars (mainly historians), this chapter is most concerned with discussing important scholarship, salient characteristics, and trends and key turning points in Black intellectual history during the first three quarters of the twentieth century and some of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Black intellectual history should not be viewed in vacuo, and, thus, this chapter also surveys some basic trends in mainstream US intellectual history, highlighting a group of its leading practitioners’ general disregard for African American intellectuals. Given the abundance of scholarship in Black intellectual history for close to a century, like all historiographies, some sagacious decisions are made about which of the field’s major practitioners and publications to include and showcase. Central to this approach is Adolph Reed Jr. and Kenneth W. Warren’s 2010 perceptive observation: “The academic practice of intellectual history is itself a historical phenomenon.”
在黑人权力时代后期，黑人历史题材的学术研究爆发之前和之后，非裔美国人发表了大量的学术研究今天可以被理解为非裔美国人或黑人思想史。本章主要关注各种学者(主要是历史学家)的观点，主要讨论20世纪前四分之三以及20世纪末和21世纪初黑人思想史上的重要学术研究、显著特征、趋势和关键转折点。黑人思想史不应该被真空地看待，因此，本章也调查了美国主流思想史的一些基本趋势，突出了一群主要实践者对非裔美国知识分子的普遍漠视。考虑到近一个世纪以来黑人思想史上的大量学术研究，就像所有的历史编纂一样，对于该领域的主要实践者和出版物应该包括和展示哪些，需要做出一些明智的决定。这种方法的核心是阿道夫·里德(Adolph Reed Jr.)和肯尼斯·w·沃伦(Kenneth W. Warren) 2010年的敏锐观察:“思想史的学术实践本身就是一种历史现象。”
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Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0010
Edward Onaci
This essay examines various aspects of New Afrikan thought to suggest that New Afrikans and their goals demand more space within broader discussions about African American intellectual history, the Black freedom movement, and American social movements. The Republic of New Afrika (RNA) helped animate currents of thought that have run counter to, yet partially tailored, mainstream political discussion. More important, they make visible the most literal nationalism reignited during the Black political struggles of 1960s and 1970s. The pursuit of independence added an important perspective about the concept of Black Power.
{"title":"A New Afrikan Nation in the Western Hemisphere","authors":"Edward Onaci","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines various aspects of New Afrikan thought to suggest that New Afrikans and their goals demand more space within broader discussions about African American intellectual history, the Black freedom movement, and American social movements. The Republic of New Afrika (RNA) helped animate currents of thought that have run counter to, yet partially tailored, mainstream political discussion. More important, they make visible the most literal nationalism reignited during the Black political struggles of 1960s and 1970s. The pursuit of independence added an important perspective about the concept of Black Power.","PeriodicalId":266395,"journal":{"name":"The Black Intellectual Tradition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123428287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0011
Keisha N. Blain
Black internationalism, a global racial consciousness and commitment to universal emancipation, has been a fundamental aspect of the Black intellectual tradition since the era of the American Revolution. For centuries, Black men and women have articulated Black internationalism through various mediums, including journalism and overseas travel. Drawing on various primary sources—archival material, historical newspapers, and government records—this chapter highlights Black men’s and women’s internationalist ideas, emphasizing their engagement with Japan during the early twentieth century. Amid the sociopolitical upheavals of the period, Black Americans from all walks of life participated in internationalist movements and deployed internationalist rhetoric to underscore the shared strategies of resistance and the political exchanges and historical connections between people of African descent in the United States and other non-Whites globally. Through an array of writings and speeches, Black men and women articulated global visions of freedom and sought to build transnational and transracial alliances with other people of color in order to secure civil and human rights.
{"title":"“A Certain Bond be Tween the Colored Peoples”","authors":"Keisha N. Blain","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Black internationalism, a global racial consciousness and commitment to universal emancipation, has been a fundamental aspect of the Black intellectual tradition since the era of the American Revolution. For centuries, Black men and women have articulated Black internationalism through various mediums, including journalism and overseas travel. Drawing on various primary sources—archival material, historical newspapers, and government records—this chapter highlights Black men’s and women’s internationalist ideas, emphasizing their engagement with Japan during the early twentieth century. Amid the sociopolitical upheavals of the period, Black Americans from all walks of life participated in internationalist movements and deployed internationalist rhetoric to underscore the shared strategies of resistance and the political exchanges and historical connections between people of African descent in the United States and other non-Whites globally. Through an array of writings and speeches, Black men and women articulated global visions of freedom and sought to build transnational and transracial alliances with other people of color in order to secure civil and human rights.","PeriodicalId":266395,"journal":{"name":"The Black Intellectual Tradition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121667131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0004
Jeffrey L. Coleman
This essay analyzes critical examples of socially conscious lyrics and performances in protest-oriented music created by Black people in the United States throughout the twentieth century. It emphasizes a continuum stretching between the Black folk music of the sharecropping and Jim Crow south and the rise and global expansion of Hip-Hop culture at the end of the twentieth century to demonstrate the effective connection between orality and physical acts of protests at the heart of the Black freedom struggle. In critically examining the cultural works of these Black artists and performers, especially during chaotic and oppositional periods of American history, this essay demonstrates that singing is, indeed, swinging.
{"title":"Singing is Swinging","authors":"Jeffrey L. Coleman","doi":"10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043857.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This essay analyzes critical examples of socially conscious lyrics and performances in protest-oriented music created by Black people in the United States throughout the twentieth century. It emphasizes a continuum stretching between the Black folk music of the sharecropping and Jim Crow south and the rise and global expansion of Hip-Hop culture at the end of the twentieth century to demonstrate the effective connection between orality and physical acts of protests at the heart of the Black freedom struggle. In critically examining the cultural works of these Black artists and performers, especially during chaotic and oppositional periods of American history, this essay demonstrates that singing is, indeed, swinging.","PeriodicalId":266395,"journal":{"name":"The Black Intellectual Tradition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124654855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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