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Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 [Working Title]最新文献

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COVID-19 Sends the Bill: Socially Disadvantaged Workers Suffer the Severest Losses in Earnings COVID-19带来了账单:社会弱势工人的收入损失最严重
Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102030
Tharcisio Leone
This work uses a nationally representative household survey conducted by phone during the COVID-19 pandemic to estimate the short-term impacts of lockdown measures on employment and income in Brazil. In May 2020, 18 percent of the employed population (around 15.7 million workers) were temporarily absent from their jobs due to the lockdown policies while 56.6 percent of them were no longer earning an income from work. Similar figures were registered in June 2020. This decrease in employment has generated a fall of 18 percent in the average work income and an increase of 0.014 points in the Gini coefficient. The vulnerable among the population have been hit hardest by the pandemic: the average earnings of the lowest income decile decreased from BRL 389.07 to 0 while for the second-lowest a 70.2 percent reduction has been seen (from BRL 878.08 to BRL 262.06). Thanks to the implementation of the COVID-19 Emergency Aid, the Brazilian government has been able to reduce the losses in income for all social classes. Nevertheless, the average income of the first decile is 5 percent lower than the value pre-pandemic while for the second decile the equivalent figure is 15.2 percent.
这项工作采用了在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间通过电话进行的具有全国代表性的家庭调查,以估计封锁措施对巴西就业和收入的短期影响。2020年5月,由于封锁政策,18%的就业人口(约1570万名工人)暂时没有工作,其中56.6%的人不再有工作收入。2020年6月也出现了类似的数据。就业减少导致平均工作收入下降18%,基尼系数上升0.014个百分点。人口中的弱势群体受到疫情的打击最为严重:最低收入十分之一的平均收入从389.07雷亚尔降至0雷亚尔,而第二低收入十分之一的平均收入下降了70.2%(从878.08雷亚尔降至262.06雷亚尔)。由于实施了COVID-19紧急援助,巴西政府能够减少社会各阶层的收入损失。然而,第一个十分位数的平均收入比大流行前低5%,而第二个十分位数的平均收入则为15.2%。
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引用次数: 2
Perspective Chapter: The Psychosocial Effects of Isolation and Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: An Overview and Mitigation Strategies 展望章:2019冠状病毒病大流行期间隔离和社会距离的心理社会影响:概述和缓解策略
Pub Date : 2022-01-18 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102225
Raghad Burjaq, S. Hammoudeh
There is no doubt that the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has changed the world in unprecedented ways. Among its turbulent effects, it has impacted many aspects of the lives of individuals, ranging from their mental health to finances. As such, it is essential to determine the psychosocial factors at play and examine how they have impacted the lives of people around the world. This chapter examines psychosocial factors, such as depression, anxiety, and stress, which have been on the rise. Furthermore, the interplay of mental health factors and other stressors brought on by the pandemic has led to the concern that cases of suicidal ideation are also increasing. In response to the stay-at-home orders, family members spent unprecedented amounts of time in close contact with one another, which has had mental health repercussions. In addition, changes in the format of lesson delivery have been stress-inducing and have robbed many students of proper education. Another factor is unemployment, which has been on the rise since the start of the pandemic. Finally, rates of sexual and domestic violence have also increased, significantly impacting women. Exercise, limiting media exposure, counseling, and maintaining social networks are the strategies that have been identified to mitigate the effects of the psychosocial factors discussed in this chapter.
毫无疑问,2019年冠状病毒病大流行以前所未有的方式改变了世界。在其动荡的影响中,它影响了个人生活的许多方面,从心理健康到财务状况。因此,必须确定起作用的社会心理因素,并研究它们如何影响世界各地人们的生活。本章探讨了心理社会因素,如抑郁、焦虑和压力,这些因素一直在上升。此外,心理健康因素和大流行病带来的其他压力因素相互作用,令人关切的是,自杀意念的病例也在增加。为了应对居家令,家庭成员花了前所未有的时间彼此密切接触,这对心理健康产生了影响。此外,授课形式的变化也造成了压力,剥夺了许多学生接受适当教育的机会。另一个因素是失业率,自疫情开始以来,失业率一直在上升。最后,性暴力和家庭暴力的发生率也有所上升,对妇女产生了重大影响。锻炼、限制媒体曝光、咨询和维持社会网络是已经确定的减轻本章讨论的心理社会因素影响的策略。
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引用次数: 2
Education Equity in Times of Emergency Remote Teaching: The Case of Slovenia 紧急远程教学时期的教育公平:以斯洛文尼亚为例
Pub Date : 2022-01-12 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.102031
A. Lipovec, B. Zmazek, Igor Pesek
During the COVID -19 situation, it was often warned that emergency remote teaching increases differences among students. Additionally, some empirical results in Slovenia indicate that the situation at schools in Slovenia was very diverse, leading to a violation of the equity principle in education. In this paper, we investigate teaching methods used by teachers in crisis teaching. The database presents 61 diaries of future teachers from the first grade of elementary school to the fourth grade of secondary school. The results show differences between mentor-teachers emergency remote teaching strategies. Differences are also statistically significant according to the educational stages. The results suggest that secondary school teachers have most effectively adopted and integrated different distance learning strategies into their work. On the other hand, some class teachers have not been as successful, probably also due to the students’ distinctive characteristics. The primary purpose of this paper is to describe the Razlagamo.si learning environment, which can reduce differences by providing a common educational point for all Slovenian primary and secondary school students. Finally, we give some implications for physical re-engagement at school.
在2019冠状病毒病疫情期间,经常有人警告说,紧急远程教学会增加学生之间的差异。此外,斯洛文尼亚的一些经验结果表明,斯洛文尼亚学校的情况非常多样化,导致违反教育公平原则。本文探讨了教师在危机教学中所采用的教学方法。数据库收录了61篇从小学一年级到中学四年级的未来教师日记。结果显示师徒应急远程教学策略存在差异。不同教育阶段的差异也有统计学意义。结果表明,中学教师最有效地采用和整合了不同的远程学习策略。另一方面,一些班主任没有那么成功,可能也是由于学生的特点不同。本文的主要目的是描述Razlagamo。为斯洛文尼亚所有中小学生提供一个共同的教育点,从而减少差异。最后,我们给出了一些在学校身体再投入的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring the Systematic Risk of Sectors within the US Market Via Principal Components Analysis: Before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic 通过主成分分析衡量美国市场各部门的系统性风险:在COVID-19大流行之前和期间
Pub Date : 2022-01-07 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101860
Jaime González Maiz Jiménez, Adán Reyes Santiago
This research measures the systematic risk of 10 sectors in the American Stock Market, discerning the COVID-19 pandemic period. The novelty of this study is the use of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique to measure the systematic risk of each sector, selecting five stocks per sector with the greatest market capitalization. The results show that the sectors that have the greatest increase in exposure to systematic risk during the pandemic are restaurants, clothing, and insurance, whereas the sectors that show the greatest decrease in terms of exposure to systematic risk are automakers and tobacco. Due to the results of this study, it seems advisable for practitioners to select stocks that belong to either the automakers or tobacco sector to get protection from health crises, such as COVID-19.
本研究衡量了美国股市10个行业的系统性风险,识别了新冠肺炎大流行时期。本研究的新颖之处在于使用主成分分析(PCA)技术来衡量每个行业的系统风险,每个行业选择5只市值最大的股票。结果显示,在大流行期间,系统性风险增加最多的行业是餐馆、服装和保险,而系统性风险减少最多的行业是汽车制造商和烟草。根据这项研究的结果,从业者应该选择属于汽车制造商或烟草行业的股票,以保护自己免受COVID-19等健康危机的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Perspective Chapter: Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic 透视章:COVID-19大流行的心理影响
Pub Date : 2022-01-03 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101498
Vasfiye Bayram Değer
COVID-19, the viral pneumonia seen in China towards the end of 2019, was declared a global pandemic in March 2020 since it spread almost all over the world. While such pandemic situations that are concerned with public health cause a sense of insecurity, confusion, loneliness and stigmatization among individuals, it can result in economic losses, closure of workplaces and schools, insufficient resources for medical needs and inadequate satisfaction of needs in societies. The economic crisis, which is one of the most important problems in pandemic periods, and the concomitant uncertainties can also cause suicidal thoughts. As a result, how the society responds psychologically during epidemics has an important role in shaping the spread of the disease, emotional difficulties and social problems during and after the epidemic. It often appears that no resources are allocated to manage, or at least mitigate the effects of epidemics on psychological health and well-being. In the acute phase of the epidemic, health system administrators prioritize testing, preventing contagion and providing patient care, but psychological needs should not be disregarded either.
2019年底在中国出现的病毒性肺炎COVID-19在2020年3月被宣布为全球大流行,因为它几乎蔓延到了世界各地。虽然这种与公共卫生有关的流行病在个人中造成不安全感、混乱感、孤独感和污名化,但它可能导致经济损失、工作场所和学校关闭、医疗需求资源不足以及社会需求得不到充分满足。经济危机是大流行时期最重要的问题之一,随之而来的不确定性也可能导致自杀念头。因此,社会在流行病期间的心理反应对流行病期间和之后疾病的传播、情感困难和社会问题的形成具有重要作用。似乎往往没有拨出任何资源来管理或至少减轻流行病对心理健康和福祉的影响。在疫情的急性期,卫生系统管理员优先考虑检测、预防传染和提供患者护理,但心理需求也不应被忽视。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 and the Dynamic Role of Telemedicine COVID-19与远程医疗的动态作用
Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101869
Grace Koehler, Saadiq F. El-Amin III, Ashim Gupta
The COVID-19 pandemic brought never before seen changes in the use of telemedicine in healthcare. With a contagious and unfamiliar virus spreading worldwide, patients and physicians began to utilize contactless options of communication like telephone calls and video visits out of necessity. Prior to March 2020, telemedicine was in use, but on markedly smaller and limited scale. As 2020 progressed, the use of telemedicine rapidly expanded, especially in the United States, presenting both positive aspects like safety and convenience as well as negative aspects like loss of patient physical contact/exam and concern for new socioeconomic inequities. The adaptation of greater telehealth use in primary care specifically appears to hold potential for long term sustainability and use with patients experiencing new ways to interact with the healthcare system. Going forward, addressing such challenges as payment models and quantifying patient long term outcomes are important to the viability of telemedicine. The future of telemedicine will certainly cause dynamic changes in healthcare far outlasting the pandemic, both for patient and provider.
2019冠状病毒病大流行给医疗保健领域远程医疗的使用带来了前所未有的变化。随着一种传染性和不熟悉的病毒在全球蔓延,病人和医生开始使用非接触式的通信方式,如电话和视频访问。在2020年3月之前,远程医疗正在使用,但规模明显较小且有限。随着2020年的推进,远程医疗的使用迅速扩大,特别是在美国,既有安全性和便利性等积极方面,也有失去患者身体接触/检查以及对新的社会经济不平等的担忧等消极方面。在初级保健中适应更多的远程医疗使用似乎具有长期可持续性的潜力,并可用于体验与医疗保健系统互动的新方式的患者。展望未来,解决诸如支付模式和量化患者长期结果等挑战对远程医疗的可行性至关重要。远程医疗的未来必将使医疗保健发生动态变化,远远超过疫情持续的时间,对患者和提供者都是如此。
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引用次数: 0
Perspectives on the Emergency Remote Assessment during the COVID-19 Pandemic COVID-19大流行期间紧急远程评估的展望
Pub Date : 2021-12-18 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101677
M. Cernicova-Bucă
The unprecedented health crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic put on hold traditional educational practices. Emergency remote teaching was adopted as a response, with various degrees of success and satisfaction around the globe. This perspective chapter focuses on the remote emergency assessment as a measure to ensure the completion of the educational cycle for students caught in the 2020 crisis, after debates around the relevance and soundness of such activities both for students, and for society at large. Some voices enthusiastically champion the technological innovation and point to the benefits brought by the computer-assisted assessment, while others warn against the ‘one-size-fit-all’ approach and insist that the emergency measures need a careful examination and, although lessons can be taken away from the situation, the traditional patterns should be kept in place.
COVID-19大流行引发的前所未有的健康危机使传统的教育实践暂停。采取了紧急远程教学作为应对措施,在全球取得了不同程度的成功和满意。本展望章侧重于远程紧急评估,这是一项确保在2020年危机中被困学生完成教育周期的措施,此前围绕此类活动对学生和整个社会的相关性和合理性进行了辩论。一些人热情地支持这项技术创新,并指出了计算机辅助评估带来的好处,而另一些人则对“一刀切”的做法提出了警告,坚持认为紧急措施需要仔细审查,尽管可以从这种情况中吸取教训,但传统模式应该保持不变。
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引用次数: 2
Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19: Stigma and Xenophobia COVID-19的社会心理影响:耻辱和仇外心理
Pub Date : 2021-12-17 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101527
Doga Sonmez, Ç. Hocaoğlu
The novel type of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which affected the whole world and resulted in the death of many people, caused problems in various fields in societies. The effects of the pandemic, especially on health and the economy, have reached important points and studies in these areas have intensified. It is also a known fact that the pandemic causes psychosocial problems in humans. Existing problems have also had negative effects on mental health. Measures, restrictions, and quarantine practices are taken to control the epidemic have caused psychological, social, and economic problems. The spread of the disease and changes in living conditions have led to an increase in negative attitudes among people. The pandemic has also caused discriminatory and stigmatizing attitudes among people. In addition, xenophobic attitudes, defined as fear, hatred, and prejudice against foreigners, have become widespread during the pandemic process. People exposed to stigma and xenophobic attitudes due to the pandemic have experienced social and economic inequalities. It is important to prevent stigmatizing and xenophobic attitudes during the pandemic process in order to ensure social cohesion in society. In this section, the psychosocial effects of stigma and xenophobia associated with COVID-19 will be discussed in light of literature.
新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)大流行影响全球,导致许多人死亡,在社会各个领域造成了问题。这一大流行病的影响,特别是对健康和经济的影响,已达到重要程度,在这些领域的研究已得到加强。众所周知的事实是,这一流行病在人类中造成社会心理问题。现有的问题也对心理健康产生了负面影响。为控制疫情而采取的措施、限制和隔离措施造成了心理、社会和经济问题。这种疾病的蔓延和生活条件的变化导致人们的消极态度增加。这一流行病还在人们中间造成歧视和污名化的态度。此外,仇外态度,即对外国人的恐惧、仇恨和偏见,在大流行过程中变得普遍。因这一大流行病而遭受耻辱和仇外态度的人经历了社会和经济不平等。重要的是在大流行过程中防止污名化和仇外态度,以确保社会的社会凝聚力。本节将结合文献讨论与COVID-19相关的污名化和仇外心理的社会心理影响。
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引用次数: 1
Perspective Chapter: Fallout from the Pandemic—A Social and Psychological Description of COVID-19 Related Traumatic Sequelae 视角章节:大流行的影响——对COVID-19相关创伤后遗症的社会和心理描述
Pub Date : 2021-12-10 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101499
A. Collins, Eleanor O’Driscoll, D. Lyons
Pandemics are not new phenomena in human history but in a globalised and interconnected planet the differential impact upon each generation may be distinctive. The concept of trauma has been widely discussed over the last 18 months with emphasis on a collective stress and distress but also in respect of those who are vulnerable to psychological adversity because of established prior mental health diagnoses. Much debate has centred on the impact of the pandemic on mental illness, both new and established, and this chapter will examine the utility of interpreting the psychological outcome at individual and societal level through the lens of collective trauma. At risk populations, such as healthcare workers and those recovering from infection will be a special focus of this chapter.
流行病不是人类历史上的新现象,但在一个全球化和相互联系的星球上,对每一代人的不同影响可能是截然不同的。在过去的18个月里,创伤的概念得到了广泛的讨论,重点是集体的压力和痛苦,但也涉及那些由于先前确定的精神健康诊断而容易遭受心理逆境的人。许多争论集中在流行病对精神疾病的影响上,无论是新的还是已有的,本章将通过集体创伤的视角来研究在个人和社会层面解释心理结果的效用。高危人群,如卫生保健工作者和从感染中恢复的人将是本章的特别重点。
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引用次数: 0
Transforming Continuing Medical Education in the COVID-19 改革新冠肺炎疫情下的继续医学教育
Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.100420
Nikos Christo Secchi Nicolás, Ángel de Jesús Gómez Alarcón
Medical education is not immune from the heartaches produced by abrupt contemporary changes in our world, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Unexpectedly, and on very short notice, people can no longer teach or learn alongside other people. The impact on the heart of the educational processes of the health professions is unprecedented. The key concerns of yesterday, such as the need to enhance bedside learning or to enhance the experience of students in the clinical setting, in the clinical workplace, have a different meaning. Medical educators can leverage technology to enhance medical education at both undergraduate and graduate levels. Although the most recent initiatives, such as remote transmissions, have been introduced for a long time, traditional classes, lectures, and face-to-face didactic tutorials continue to be the most important cornerstone of medical education both in our country and abroad. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed challenges in medical education globally. Each society has responded according to its possibilities and needs to take advantage of this situation as a learning opportunity, continue with education, and incorporate students as health workers in the countries where it was necessary.
医学教育也不能幸免于当今世界的突然变化所带来的心痛,例如COVID-19大流行。出乎意料的是,在很短的时间内,人们不能再与他人一起教学或学习。对卫生专业教育过程核心的影响是前所未有的。昨天的重点关注,如需要加强床边学习或增强学生在临床环境中的经验,在临床工作场所,有不同的意义。医学教育工作者可以利用技术来提高本科和研究生水平的医学教育。虽然最近的举措,如远程传输,已经引进了很长时间,但传统的课堂、讲座和面对面的教学指导仍然是我国和国外医学教育的最重要基石。新冠肺炎大流行给全球医学教育带来了挑战。每个社会都根据其可能性和需要作出反应,利用这种情况作为学习机会,继续进行教育,并在必要的国家将学生纳入保健工作者。
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引用次数: 0
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Psychosocial, Educational, and Economic Impacts of COVID-19 [Working Title]
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