: This chapter provides an overview of long-term changes in wealth inequality, measured as net marketable wealth, based on two measures: the Gini index and the wealth share of the richest 10%. The chapter relies on current databases such as the World Inequality Database (WID) but expands considerably the time series for a range of countries by building upon the most recent research and by producing new estimates. For five Western countries (France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) it has been possible to provide estimates covering the period from 1820 to 2010. However, for other Western countries as well as for other areas of the world, much more work is needed before we can assess long-term trends in wealth inequality. Our data confirm the general picture of a creeping increase in inequality during the 19th century, followed by declines from the onset of World War I (1914) until the 1960s, and in many (but not all) countries a new tendency towards higher inequality since the 1970s. An overview of possible explanations for such trends is provided. The correlation of wealth inequality with per capita GDP is found to be quite weak and not always positive, implying that higher wealth inequality cannot be considered a simple side effect of economic growth. Acknowledgements: We thank Peter Lindert, Livio Di Matteo, Salvatore Morelli and Giacomo Gabbuti for supplying us with some data on wealth inequality. This chapter received support from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Program/ERC Grant agreement Mobility and Italy and Europe, 1300-1800 , as well as from the Luxembourg National Research
本章概述了财富不平等的长期变化，以净可交易财富来衡量，基于两个指标:基尼指数和最富有的10%的财富份额。本章依赖世界不平等数据库(WID)等现有数据库，但通过建立最新的研究和提出新的估计，大大扩展了一系列国家的时间序列。对于五个西方国家(法国、意大利、瑞典、联合王国和美国)，有可能提供涵盖1820年至2010年期间的估计数。然而，对于其他西方国家以及世界其他地区来说，在我们能够评估财富不平等的长期趋势之前，还需要做更多的工作。我们的数据证实了不平等在19世纪缓慢增加的总体情况，随后从第一次世界大战开始(1914年)到20世纪60年代有所下降，并且在许多(但不是全部)国家，自20世纪70年代以来出现了不平等加剧的新趋势。本文概述了对这种趋势的可能解释。财富不平等与人均GDP的相关性很弱，并不总是正的，这意味着财富不平等的加剧不能被认为是经济增长的简单副作用。致谢:我们感谢Peter Lindert、Livio Di Matteo、Salvatore Morelli和Giacomo Gabbuti为我们提供了一些关于财富不平等的数据。本章得到了欧洲研究理事会在欧盟地平线2020框架计划/ERC资助协议下的支持，流动性和意大利和欧洲，1300-1800，以及卢森堡国家研究中心
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{"title":"Social transfer in seven countries, 1820-2016","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/09080b33-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/09080b33-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115142056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extreme poverty in China based on different estimates","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/418f4bc6-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/418f4bc6-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115757991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Public pension support ratios and public education support ratios, 2010 and 1910","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/c41fc2cf-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/c41fc2cf-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122485617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cluster analysis based on the HGEI in pre- and post-1950 periods","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/3e444eb2-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/3e444eb2-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122639735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Composite indicator scores of average well-being in selected countries, 1820-2000","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/f9d629ea-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/f9d629ea-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122218398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution of length of life for men in Niger, Brazil and Japan, 2000","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/321b919f-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/321b919f-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125637018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extreme poverty in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union based on different estimates","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/8ca4ea3e-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/8ca4ea3e-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121599883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lines for extreme poverty, selected countries and years","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/5a82e286-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/5a82e286-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115982899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Extreme poverty around the world based on different estimates","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/c3ed959d-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/c3ed959d-en","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":267444,"journal":{"name":"How Was Life? Volume II","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132799108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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