Land suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a defined use. The land may be considered in its present condition or after improvements. This paper aims to present the land suitability of the study area for major cereal crops. The present study is conducted in ward no. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of Sainamaina municipality Rupandehi district Nepal. Soil samples were taken from 29 different pits from polygon generated by intersecting land system map and land capability map within agricultural land use map with the help of geographic information system. Collected soil samples were tested in soil the laboratory of central department of geography, Tribhuwan University. Land suitability for major cereal crops paddy, wheat, maize and millet were derived from FAO guideline for land evaluation. As a result, the land of study area is found more suitable for wheat followed by paddy maize and millet.
{"title":"Land Suitability Assessment for Cereal Crops in Sainamaina Municipality Nepal","authors":"Bishal Gnyawali, I. Aryal, U. Mandal","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55449","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Land suitability is the fitness of a given type of land for a defined use. The land may be considered in its present condition or after improvements. This paper aims to present the land suitability of the study area for major cereal crops. The present study is conducted in ward no. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of Sainamaina municipality Rupandehi district Nepal. Soil samples were taken from 29 different pits from polygon generated by intersecting land system map and land capability map within agricultural land use map with the help of geographic information system. Collected soil samples were tested in soil the laboratory of central department of geography, Tribhuwan University. Land suitability for major cereal crops paddy, wheat, maize and millet were derived from FAO guideline for land evaluation. As a result, the land of study area is found more suitable for wheat followed by paddy maize and millet. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122235335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farming in Nepal is subsistence-based and is mostly integrated with livestock. Farming is seasonal and weather dependent. Different factors of agricultural system such as soil, water, livestock, labor, climate change and other resources within a given environment have affected farming. Primary data was collected using the tools like household survey, key informants’ interview, focus group discussion and field observations. In order to select the households for the household questionnaires, a random sampling technique was carried out. The study area consists of two villages viz. Birta and Gwaltar divided by a Sunkoshi River, Gwaltar having wet land on the other hand, Birta having dried land and thus 30 households from each village were selected. Despite of lying the village in the same region, there is variation in the selection of crops, cropping pattern and amount of production. It has found that policy, infrastructure, market, lack of irrigation water, climate change etc. are some of the major constraints for Birta while these factors affecting the farming in Gwaltar was less. Water scarcity in Birta was increasing, affecting the agricultural production and resulting in food insecurity. They were accessed to limited irrigation, low income level, limited institut.ional capacity resulting these effects in crop types, production, household food security and household income.
{"title":"Factors Affecting the Farming System of Gwaltar (Sindhuli) and Birta (Ramechhap) Village, Nepal","authors":"Sunita Lama, Chandra Kanta Baral","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55439","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Farming in Nepal is subsistence-based and is mostly integrated with livestock. Farming is seasonal and weather dependent. Different factors of agricultural system such as soil, water, livestock, labor, climate change and other resources within a given environment have affected farming. Primary data was collected using the tools like household survey, key informants’ interview, focus group discussion and field observations. In order to select the households for the household questionnaires, a random sampling technique was carried out. The study area consists of two villages viz. Birta and Gwaltar divided by a Sunkoshi River, Gwaltar having wet land on the other hand, Birta having dried land and thus 30 households from each village were selected. Despite of lying the village in the same region, there is variation in the selection of crops, cropping pattern and amount of production. It has found that policy, infrastructure, market, lack of irrigation water, climate change etc. are some of the major constraints for Birta while these factors affecting the farming in Gwaltar was less. Water scarcity in Birta was increasing, affecting the agricultural production and resulting in food insecurity. They were accessed to limited irrigation, low income level, limited institut.ional capacity resulting these effects in crop types, production, household food security and household income. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132446551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most of Nepal's river basins have poor hydro- meteorological databases, with several river basins being ungauged. Thus, hydrological parameters need to be estimated using different types of computation methods. The primary goal of this study is to identify the most accurate method for calculating peak flood and long-term mean monthly flow among the most commonly used methods in Nepal. We compared the peak flood calculated using various flood computation formulas, such as Hydest, Modified Hydest, MHSP (Medium Hydropower Study Project) 1997, Modified Dickens, PCJ (Prem Chandra Jha) 1996, Rational, and Specific Discharge, to the flood calculated using gauged discharge data frequency analysis. We find that it is wise to use the Modified Hydest method in the khokana basin for all Return Periods (RPs) and in the Belkot basin (for RP ≤ 100 years), the Specific Discharge method in the Jamu basin, the MHSP 1997 method in the Belkot basin (for RP ≤ 100 years) and the Bagasoti Gaun basin (for RP ≤ 20 years). The PCJ 1996 method having the lowest cumulative value of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the six studied catchments is suitable for Rabhuwa Bazar (for RP > 50 years) and Bagasoti Gaun (for RP >20 years). Similarly, the Modified Dickens method is suitable in the Bagasoti Gaun basin for RP ≤ 50 years. This paper also shows the performance of the Hydest and MHSP 1997 mean flow estimation methods and suggests different coefficients or constants to be used with the MHSP 1997, Modified MIP (Medium Irrigation Project), and Hydest methods to obtain more reliable long-term mean monthly flows. Overall, our study will help the designer choose a reliable method for design flow estimation. This study also shows that the flow obtained from even the most suitable methods needs to be adjusted. As a result, intensive research is required to adjust previous methods and develop the new one.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Flood and Long-term Mean Monthly Flow Estimation Approaches: Case Studies of Six Basins in Nepal","authors":"Buddha Subedi, Prem Chandra Jha, Namita Gautam, Bikalpa Lamichhane, Gudiya Jaiswal","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55425","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Most of Nepal's river basins have poor hydro- meteorological databases, with several river basins being ungauged. Thus, hydrological parameters need to be estimated using different types of computation methods. The primary goal of this study is to identify the most accurate method for calculating peak flood and long-term mean monthly flow among the most commonly used methods in Nepal. We compared the peak flood calculated using various flood computation formulas, such as Hydest, Modified Hydest, MHSP (Medium Hydropower Study Project) 1997, Modified Dickens, PCJ (Prem Chandra Jha) 1996, Rational, and Specific Discharge, to the flood calculated using gauged discharge data frequency analysis. We find that it is wise to use the Modified Hydest method in the khokana basin for all Return Periods (RPs) and in the Belkot basin (for RP ≤ 100 years), the Specific Discharge method in the Jamu basin, the MHSP 1997 method in the Belkot basin (for RP ≤ 100 years) and the Bagasoti Gaun basin (for RP ≤ 20 years). The PCJ 1996 method having the lowest cumulative value of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the six studied catchments is suitable for Rabhuwa Bazar (for RP > 50 years) and Bagasoti Gaun (for RP >20 years). Similarly, the Modified Dickens method is suitable in the Bagasoti Gaun basin for RP ≤ 50 years. This paper also shows the performance of the Hydest and MHSP 1997 mean flow estimation methods and suggests different coefficients or constants to be used with the MHSP 1997, Modified MIP (Medium Irrigation Project), and Hydest methods to obtain more reliable long-term mean monthly flows. Overall, our study will help the designer choose a reliable method for design flow estimation. This study also shows that the flow obtained from even the most suitable methods needs to be adjusted. As a result, intensive research is required to adjust previous methods and develop the new one. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128724974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pokhara valley lies on the southern slope of the Annapurna Range in the Himalayas, Nepal. The mountain range blocks the monsoon originating from the Bay of Bengal in the monsoon season. Based on the observed rainfall data from 1991 to 2021 AD from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal (GoN), this study aims to assess the monthly, seasonal, and annual pattern of rainfall in Pokhara. Trend analysis for annual rainfall as well as seasonal and monthly rainfall was performed and a regression method was used to find the rate of increase or decrease of the rainfall. Pre- monsoon and monsoon seasons indicate both an upward and a downward trend, whereas post-monsoon and winter seasons illustrates the exact opposite. However, the average monthly rainfall indicates an upward trend, despite the fact that the annual rainfall exhibits both an increasing and a decreasing trend. According to the research, there are rising (+ve) and falling (-ve) trends for the different stations. Although both stations are very near, the precipitation varies broadly. Such massive variation within the short distance might be due to climate change, local wind effects, outflanking of hydraulic structures, and monsoon patterns.
{"title":"Changing Rainfall Pattern in Pokhara Valley, Nepal","authors":"Nistha Niraula, Baijayanti Mala Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55444","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Pokhara valley lies on the southern slope of the Annapurna Range in the Himalayas, Nepal. The mountain range blocks the monsoon originating from the Bay of Bengal in the monsoon season. Based on the observed rainfall data from 1991 to 2021 AD from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM), Government of Nepal (GoN), this study aims to assess the monthly, seasonal, and annual pattern of rainfall in Pokhara. Trend analysis for annual rainfall as well as seasonal and monthly rainfall was performed and a regression method was used to find the rate of increase or decrease of the rainfall. Pre- monsoon and monsoon seasons indicate both an upward and a downward trend, whereas post-monsoon and winter seasons illustrates the exact opposite. However, the average monthly rainfall indicates an upward trend, despite the fact that the annual rainfall exhibits both an increasing and a decreasing trend. According to the research, there are rising (+ve) and falling (-ve) trends for the different stations. Although both stations are very near, the precipitation varies broadly. Such massive variation within the short distance might be due to climate change, local wind effects, outflanking of hydraulic structures, and monsoon patterns. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129788624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anup Raj Adhikari, S. Gurung, L. Adhikari, Zhu Lianqi
In rapidly growing areas, land use land cover (LULC) change is one of the most pre-eminent features of environmental changes produced by human-induced activities. LULC changes are critical issues and challenges for environmentally friendly and sustainable development. Understanding land-use and land-cover (LULC) changing patterns is critical for sustainable environmental management, particularly effective water management. This study was focused on the assessment of LULC and sinuosity of the Seti River sub-Basin over 28 years. Satellite imagery of Landsat series (MS, TM, and OLI) were classified using maximum likelihood classifier to create LULC maps for 1991, 2004 and 2019. The LULC change was assessed using change detection analysis and verified the result by confuse matrix. The results showed that forest cover is regaining its original status with the increasing rate of 1.31%. In the meantime, built-up areas are expanding with the rate of 2.62% while agricultural land has decreased with the rate of -1.89% per year and are more converted to built-up area. Trendofsinuosityindexfoundincreasing and varying in different sections of the river path indicated the complex response of changing characteristics of river flow, river mining and geomorphology of landscape. Based on research findings and descriptions from earlier works, river morphology is affected by both natural (topography, climate, precipitation), and anthropogenic (rapid urbanization, foreign labor migration, abandonment of cultivable land, community forest programs, development activities) factors.
{"title":"Assessment of Land Use Land Cover and River Dynamics of Himalaya: Seti River Sub-Basin of Nepal","authors":"Anup Raj Adhikari, S. Gurung, L. Adhikari, Zhu Lianqi","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55440","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000In rapidly growing areas, land use land cover (LULC) change is one of the most pre-eminent features of environmental changes produced by human-induced activities. LULC changes are critical issues and challenges for environmentally friendly and sustainable development. Understanding land-use and land-cover (LULC) changing patterns is critical for sustainable environmental management, particularly effective water management. This study was focused on the assessment of LULC and sinuosity of the Seti River sub-Basin over 28 years. Satellite imagery of Landsat series (MS, TM, and OLI) were classified using maximum likelihood classifier to create LULC maps for 1991, 2004 and 2019. The LULC change was assessed using change detection analysis and verified the result by confuse matrix. The results showed that forest cover is regaining its original status with the increasing rate of 1.31%. In the meantime, built-up areas are expanding with the rate of 2.62% while agricultural land has decreased with the rate of -1.89% per year and are more converted to built-up area. Trendofsinuosityindexfoundincreasing and varying in different sections of the river path indicated the complex response of changing characteristics of river flow, river mining and geomorphology of landscape. Based on research findings and descriptions from earlier works, river morphology is affected by both natural (topography, climate, precipitation), and anthropogenic (rapid urbanization, foreign labor migration, abandonment of cultivable land, community forest programs, development activities) factors. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116086790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Adhikari, Prabesh Prabesh Shrestha, Motilal Ghimire
Estimation of soil erosion from drainage basins is essential while assessing the severity and its impact on agriculture, forests, barren land, waterbodies, and built- up areas. Jyadul Khola basin significantly affects the ecological processes that feed into the Budhigandaki River in the south-eastern side of Gorkha District. This paper has attempted to estimate the mean erosion rate based on the erosion severity classes. Remotely sensed Ziyuan-3 satellite image processed in Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine, Geographical Information System (GIS), and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model were used in this study. The land use land cover (LULC) classification results were validated by using confusion matrix by computing overall accuracy and kappa coefficient which is 95% and 0.94 respectively. The basin had been classified into 6 categories based on erosion severity. The results indicated 92.7% of land (0-5 t ha–1 yr–1) is low severe followed by 2.39% (10-20 t ha–1 yr–1) moderate, 2.07% (5-10 t ha–1 yr–1) high, 2.04% (20-40 t ha–1 yr–1) very high, 0.67% (40-80 t ha–1 yr–1) severe and 0.10% of land (>80 t ha–1 yr–1) which is very severe for soil erosion. The total annual mean soil loss was found to be 13526.60 t yr–1 and soil erosion classes ranges from 0 to 305.34 t ha–1 yr–1 for the entire study area. Kuwapani, Lakuri Bhanjyang, Khadkagaun, Garapani and Kaulebhagar area are the most susceptible to soil erosion. It is observed that barren land, steep slopes, and high intensity of rainfall are major factors for soil erosion hazard. This outcome can serve as a foundation for decision-makers to conserve high risk areas and plan effective measure to lessen impending disasters.
在评估流域土壤侵蚀的严重程度及其对农业、森林、荒地、水体和建成区的影响时，估算流域土壤侵蚀是必不可少的。Jyadul Khola流域对廓尔喀地区东南侧Budhigandaki河的生态过程影响显著。本文试图在侵蚀严重等级的基础上估算平均侵蚀速率。本研究采用地球资源数据分析系统(ERDAS) Imagine、地理信息系统(GIS)和修正通用水土流失方程(RUSLE)模型处理的“紫苑三号”遥感影像。利用混淆矩阵对土地利用土地覆被分类结果进行验证，计算总体精度为95%，kappa系数为0.94。根据侵蚀严重程度将流域划分为6类。结果表明:92.7%的土地(0 ~ 5 t ha-1年-1)为轻度严重，其次为中度2.39% (10 ~ 20 t ha-1年-1)、中度2.07% (5 ~ 10 t ha-1年-1)、重度2.04% (20 ~ 40 t ha-1年-1)、重度0.67% (40 ~ 80 t ha-1年-1)和重度0.10% (80 ~ 80 t ha-1年-1)。研究区年平均土壤流失量为13526.60 t / a，土壤侵蚀等级为0 ~ 305.34 t / a / a。Kuwapani、Lakuri Bhanjyang、Khadkagaun、Garapani和Kaulebhagar地区最容易受到土壤侵蚀。土壤贫瘠、坡度陡、降雨强度大是造成土壤侵蚀危害的主要因素。这一结果可作为决策者保护高风险地区和规划有效措施以减轻即将发生的灾害的基础。
{"title":"Soil Erosion Estimation Using Geospatial Technology: A Study of Jyadul Khola Basin, Gorkha, Nepal","authors":"S. Adhikari, Prabesh Prabesh Shrestha, Motilal Ghimire","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55436","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000Estimation of soil erosion from drainage basins is essential while assessing the severity and its impact on agriculture, forests, barren land, waterbodies, and built- up areas. Jyadul Khola basin significantly affects the ecological processes that feed into the Budhigandaki River in the south-eastern side of Gorkha District. This paper has attempted to estimate the mean erosion rate based on the erosion severity classes. Remotely sensed Ziyuan-3 satellite image processed in Earth Resources Data Analysis System (ERDAS) Imagine, Geographical Information System (GIS), and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model were used in this study. The land use land cover (LULC) classification results were validated by using confusion matrix by computing overall accuracy and kappa coefficient which is 95% and 0.94 respectively. The basin had been classified into 6 categories based on erosion severity. The results indicated 92.7% of land (0-5 t ha–1 yr–1) is low severe followed by 2.39% (10-20 t ha–1 yr–1) moderate, 2.07% (5-10 t ha–1 yr–1) high, 2.04% (20-40 t ha–1 yr–1) very high, 0.67% (40-80 t ha–1 yr–1) severe and 0.10% of land (>80 t ha–1 yr–1) which is very severe for soil erosion. The total annual mean soil loss was found to be 13526.60 t yr–1 and soil erosion classes ranges from 0 to 305.34 t ha–1 yr–1 for the entire study area. Kuwapani, Lakuri Bhanjyang, Khadkagaun, Garapani and Kaulebhagar area are the most susceptible to soil erosion. It is observed that barren land, steep slopes, and high intensity of rainfall are major factors for soil erosion hazard. This outcome can serve as a foundation for decision-makers to conserve high risk areas and plan effective measure to lessen impending disasters.\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132912621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study attempt to analyze the impact of climate induced disaster on human, private housing, government building, and economy in Sindhupalchowk district based on the information available on Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction Portal from 1971 to 2022. The disaster caused by climate change can be classified as hydrological, climatological, meteorological, or both. Hydrological disasters are controlled by hydrological processes, such as floods, droughts, and avalanches; climatological disasters are concerned with hazards related to extreme temperatures, such as heat waves, cold waves, and wildfires; and meteorological disasters represent storms of all types, such as snowstorms, thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes. This article is based on literature review that includes district disaster preparedness and response plan (DPRP) and different articles related to disaster and climate induced disaster. DRR portal of MoHA and Disinventar are the major secondary source of information. Sindhuplchowk district is one of the disaster-prone districts of Nepal. Landslide, flood and thunderbolt are the major disasters of Sindhupalchowk district. Climate induced disaster affected 100,903 families; 4,467 persons have lost their lives, 2,778 to have been injured, 314 missing. It has found that among all disaster 53% death toll by climate induced disaster and 47% death happens due to the non-climate induced disaster. Damage and losses due to the disaster were amounted to an estimated 72,565,001 Nepalese rupees. The findings of this study can help local, national, and international policies and decision-making in order to lessen the risks associated with these disasters and foster resilient communities.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Induced Disaster in Sindhupalchowk District","authors":"R. Pariyar","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v9i1.55442","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000This study attempt to analyze the impact of climate induced disaster on human, private housing, government building, and economy in Sindhupalchowk district based on the information available on Nepal Disaster Risk Reduction Portal from 1971 to 2022. The disaster caused by climate change can be classified as hydrological, climatological, meteorological, or both. Hydrological disasters are controlled by hydrological processes, such as floods, droughts, and avalanches; climatological disasters are concerned with hazards related to extreme temperatures, such as heat waves, cold waves, and wildfires; and meteorological disasters represent storms of all types, such as snowstorms, thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes. This article is based on literature review that includes district disaster preparedness and response plan (DPRP) and different articles related to disaster and climate induced disaster. DRR portal of MoHA and Disinventar are the major secondary source of information. Sindhuplchowk district is one of the disaster-prone districts of Nepal. Landslide, flood and thunderbolt are the major disasters of Sindhupalchowk district. Climate induced disaster affected 100,903 families; 4,467 persons have lost their lives, 2,778 to have been injured, 314 missing. It has found that among all disaster 53% death toll by climate induced disaster and 47% death happens due to the non-climate induced disaster. Damage and losses due to the disaster were amounted to an estimated 72,565,001 Nepalese rupees. The findings of this study can help local, national, and international policies and decision-making in order to lessen the risks associated with these disasters and foster resilient communities. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123905172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land use and land cover change (LUCC) has become an essential for monitoring and managing the natural resources, urban planning as well as sustainable development of any place. This study analyzes the historical LUCC during 1986-2020 of Dharan sub-metropolitan city (DSC) of Sunsari district, eastern Nepal. To analyze historical LUCC, LRMP (1986), ICIMOD (1990, 2000, 2010) and Google Earth Image (December, 2020) were used in the study. The results reveal the expansion of built-up areas by 500%, whereas agricultural land and forest cover decreased by 4% and6%, respectively, during the past 34 years. Mainly the growing built-up area encroached on the agricultural land, forest and river banks. The built-up area is expanded to the south-eastern, north-eastern and western direction from the core area. The built-up area is still likely to increase with high pace in the future, where need to give more attention to future possible urban hazards, urban pollutions and haphazard urbanization while making urban planning and policies.
{"title":"Historical Land Use and Land Cover Change of Eastern Nepal: A Case of Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City","authors":"Raju Rai, R. P. Tandan, Laxmi Basnet, B. Baniya","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v8i01.43458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v8i01.43458","url":null,"abstract":"Land use and land cover change (LUCC) has become an essential for monitoring and managing the natural resources, urban planning as well as sustainable development of any place. This study analyzes the historical LUCC during 1986-2020 of Dharan sub-metropolitan city (DSC) of Sunsari district, eastern Nepal. To analyze historical LUCC, LRMP (1986), ICIMOD (1990, 2000, 2010) and Google Earth Image (December, 2020) were used in the study. The results reveal the expansion of built-up areas by 500%, whereas agricultural land and forest cover decreased by 4% and6%, respectively, during the past 34 years. Mainly the growing built-up area encroached on the agricultural land, forest and river banks. The built-up area is expanded to the south-eastern, north-eastern and western direction from the core area. The built-up area is still likely to increase with high pace in the future, where need to give more attention to future possible urban hazards, urban pollutions and haphazard urbanization while making urban planning and policies.","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121184214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Migration is one of the major factors affecting population distribution of Nepal. Job opportunity, education facility, medical facility and topographic situation are the key causes of migration. Human movement from mountain to hill; hill to Tarai; and rural to urban area migration are the major trend observed in Nepal. Migration has direct impact on various sectors including financial, social, demographic, and biological. All kind of services including educational, medical, transformational, and safety services should make equally accessible over the various parts of the country. This research helps to understand the trend of internal and international labor migration in Nepal. The study has used secondary data from Department of Foreign Employment (DoFE), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ministry of Finance (MoF). Remittance is playing a crucial role in the Nepalese economy. The highest foreign labor migration was found in the year 2013/14. The trend was continuously increased until 2013/14 and it has stated decreasing thereafter. International labor migration has mostly taken place to Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, 110 UAE and other Southeast Asian countries and it is growing over the time that has shifted the agricultural based economy towards remittance-based economy.
{"title":"Labor Migration Trend in Nepal","authors":"B. Sharma, Chandra Kanta Baral, Liladhar Sapkota","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v8i01.43488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v8i01.43488","url":null,"abstract":"Migration is one of the major factors affecting population distribution of Nepal. Job opportunity, education facility, medical facility and topographic situation are the key causes of migration. Human movement from mountain to hill; hill to Tarai; and rural to urban area migration are the major trend observed in Nepal. Migration has direct impact on various sectors including financial, social, demographic, and biological. All kind of services including educational, medical, transformational, and safety services should make equally accessible over the various parts of the country. This research helps to understand the trend of internal and international labor migration in Nepal. The study has used secondary data from Department of Foreign Employment (DoFE), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Ministry of Finance (MoF). Remittance is playing a crucial role in the Nepalese economy. The highest foreign labor migration was found in the year 2013/14. The trend was continuously increased until 2013/14 and it has stated decreasing thereafter. International labor migration has mostly taken place to Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, 110 UAE and other Southeast Asian countries and it is growing over the time that has shifted the agricultural based economy towards remittance-based economy.","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"215 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114847931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change has stressed water resources. Water availability and its management is critical for rural livelihood including farmers. Decreasing water supplies have been causing negative impact to rural people's livelihoods in mid-hills of Nepal, particularly for crop production during the dry months of the year. People are coping with different adaptation strategies that varies with time, situation, and available technology. In this context, the main objective of this research is to study water resource and adaptation strategies of local people of Sukajor-7, Ramechhap Municipality. Primary and secondary data were collected using GPS survey, household survey, KII, FGD, and field observation. The study result shows water supply has not met the demand, only 74.5 percent of total daily drinking water demand has met. Though traditional water management practice exists, water demand has not fulfilled yet. However, water management system was traditional as they kept water sources open and was not able to store the water so that they had to travel to the water sources located at longer distance. The supply of water is insufficient even though 86 the people had made intake in the sources and operated lift system in Chhatiwane, Agaute and Chimkhi. People harvest rain water as alternative sources of water.
{"title":"Water Resources and Adaptation Strategies to Water Scarcity at Sukajor Village in Ramechhap Municipality","authors":"Pabitra Karki, Sunita Lama, P. Chapagain","doi":"10.3126/tgb.v8i01.43478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v8i01.43478","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change has stressed water resources. Water availability and its management is critical for rural livelihood including farmers. Decreasing water supplies have been causing negative impact to rural people's livelihoods in mid-hills of Nepal, particularly for crop production during the dry months of the year. People are coping with different adaptation strategies that varies with time, situation, and available technology. In this context, the main objective of this research is to study water resource and adaptation strategies of local people of Sukajor-7, Ramechhap Municipality. Primary and secondary data were collected using GPS survey, household survey, KII, FGD, and field observation. The study result shows water supply has not met the demand, only 74.5 percent of total daily drinking water demand has met. Though traditional water management practice exists, water demand has not fulfilled yet. However, water management system was traditional as they kept water sources open and was not able to store the water so that they had to travel to the water sources located at longer distance. The supply of water is insufficient even though 86 the people had made intake in the sources and operated lift system in Chhatiwane, Agaute and Chimkhi. People harvest rain water as alternative sources of water.","PeriodicalId":268155,"journal":{"name":"The Geographic Base","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126344953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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