Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495653
S. Hannahs, G. Williams, M. Salomaa
The surface-wave oscillations of large multielectron bubbles in liquid helium are considered; their stability is attributed to a novel nonlinear coupling between their radial and angular modes of oscillation. The time dependence and the power spectra of the mode amplitudes are computed for free and acoustically driven oscillations. Small slow oscillations allow analytical estimates for the region of stability for the multielectron bubbles in terms of known properties of Mathieu equations; in the general case the computations are performed numerically. We find that the Taylor instability first sets in for the l=3 angular mode with free radial oscillations above a threshold amplitude, followed closely by the instability for the l=2 mode, while all higher modes become unstable at appreciably larger radial oscillation amplitudes. Resonant enhancement phenomena are discussed in detail in connection with acoustically driven bubble oscillations. Experiments are suggested to investigate the oscillation modes and their stability.
{"title":"Acoustic oscillations of multielectron bubbles in liquid helium","authors":"S. Hannahs, G. Williams, M. Salomaa","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495653","url":null,"abstract":"The surface-wave oscillations of large multielectron bubbles in liquid helium are considered; their stability is attributed to a novel nonlinear coupling between their radial and angular modes of oscillation. The time dependence and the power spectra of the mode amplitudes are computed for free and acoustically driven oscillations. Small slow oscillations allow analytical estimates for the region of stability for the multielectron bubbles in terms of known properties of Mathieu equations; in the general case the computations are performed numerically. We find that the Taylor instability first sets in for the l=3 angular mode with free radial oscillations above a threshold amplitude, followed closely by the instability for the l=2 mode, while all higher modes become unstable at appreciably larger radial oscillation amplitudes. Resonant enhancement phenomena are discussed in detail in connection with acoustically driven bubble oscillations. Experiments are suggested to investigate the oscillation modes and their stability.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123769280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495715
K. Eda, Y. Tomita, M. Sugimoto, A. Nanba, T. Ogura, Y. Taguchi, O. Kawasaki
Novel composite piezoelectric materials for new piezoelectric devices are reported. The fabrication process using direct bonding techniques, bonded interface microstructures, and usefulness for piezoelectric devices are also reported. Monocrystalline piezoelectric materials such as LiNbO/sub 3/ and LiTaO/sub 3/ were successfully bonded directly onto the same material or different materials including semiconductor, without using any adhesive or such, effecting physically and electro-acoustically optically satisfactory interfaces. Despite the relatively low temperature of the heat treatment, the interface was found uniform, virtually void-free, and to be accomplished in an atomic order by TEM observation. Applications to one-chip electro-acoustic ICs and optical guided wave devices are described.
{"title":"Novel composite piezoelectric materials using direct bonding techniques","authors":"K. Eda, Y. Tomita, M. Sugimoto, A. Nanba, T. Ogura, Y. Taguchi, O. Kawasaki","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495715","url":null,"abstract":"Novel composite piezoelectric materials for new piezoelectric devices are reported. The fabrication process using direct bonding techniques, bonded interface microstructures, and usefulness for piezoelectric devices are also reported. Monocrystalline piezoelectric materials such as LiNbO/sub 3/ and LiTaO/sub 3/ were successfully bonded directly onto the same material or different materials including semiconductor, without using any adhesive or such, effecting physically and electro-acoustically optically satisfactory interfaces. Despite the relatively low temperature of the heat treatment, the interface was found uniform, virtually void-free, and to be accomplished in an atomic order by TEM observation. Applications to one-chip electro-acoustic ICs and optical guided wave devices are described.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127646875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495865
G. Wojcik, J. Mould, N. Abboud, M. Ostromogilsky, D. Vaughan
The authors describe experimental finite element modeling of tissue ablation by focused ultrasound. Emphasis is on nonlinear coupling of high intensity sound temperature, and tissue properties. The numerical basis for modeling nonlinearity is an incrementally linear, time-domain, finite element algorithm solving the electromechanical and bioheat equations in 2D/3D inhomogeneous elastic and acoustic media. Nonstandard modeling issues examined include harmonic generation/absorption and focal "bubble" evolution with consistent sound and thermal redistribution. The nonlinear pressure-density relation generates harmonics that increase absorption and heating, particularly in the focal zone. In the tissues modeled, harmonic heating is negligible for peak focal intensities of a few kW/cm/sup 2/. As the focal hot spot ablates tissue it may also generate "bubbles". Prefocal growth of a bubbly region is modeled using a simple boiling threshold and strong coupling between the scattered ultrasound and temperature redistribution as the region spreads. Generally, these experiments are intended to develop a more comprehensive modeling basis for quantifying tissue ablation phenomenology.
{"title":"Nonlinear modeling of therapeutic ultrasound","authors":"G. Wojcik, J. Mould, N. Abboud, M. Ostromogilsky, D. Vaughan","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495865","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe experimental finite element modeling of tissue ablation by focused ultrasound. Emphasis is on nonlinear coupling of high intensity sound temperature, and tissue properties. The numerical basis for modeling nonlinearity is an incrementally linear, time-domain, finite element algorithm solving the electromechanical and bioheat equations in 2D/3D inhomogeneous elastic and acoustic media. Nonstandard modeling issues examined include harmonic generation/absorption and focal \"bubble\" evolution with consistent sound and thermal redistribution. The nonlinear pressure-density relation generates harmonics that increase absorption and heating, particularly in the focal zone. In the tissues modeled, harmonic heating is negligible for peak focal intensities of a few kW/cm/sup 2/. As the focal hot spot ablates tissue it may also generate \"bubbles\". Prefocal growth of a bubbly region is modeled using a simple boiling threshold and strong coupling between the scattered ultrasound and temperature redistribution as the region spreads. Generally, these experiments are intended to develop a more comprehensive modeling basis for quantifying tissue ablation phenomenology.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121005431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495780
R. Maass-Moreno, C. Damianou, N. Sanghvi
Time-shifts between echoes from volumes of tissue heated with focused ultrasound has been shown to track temperature changes accurately in-vitro. In this study we report the application of this method in-vivo where motion and perfusion have an additional effect on the measured shifts. Motion was characterized by the time-shifts detected on an echo segment from a proximal non-heated tissue site and a correction was applied to minimize their effect. The delay vs. temperature relationship (/spl delta/(T)) was similar to that previously described in-vitro but parameter variations were larger. Unlike in-vitro, the mean d/spl delta//dT during temperature increases differs some from that during the cooling phases. It is suggested that this behavior can be predicted from the characteristics of the irradiating transducer and the acoustic parameters of the tissue and incorporated to the delay detection procedure.
{"title":"Tissue temperature estimation in-vivo with pulse-echo","authors":"R. Maass-Moreno, C. Damianou, N. Sanghvi","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495780","url":null,"abstract":"Time-shifts between echoes from volumes of tissue heated with focused ultrasound has been shown to track temperature changes accurately in-vitro. In this study we report the application of this method in-vivo where motion and perfusion have an additional effect on the measured shifts. Motion was characterized by the time-shifts detected on an echo segment from a proximal non-heated tissue site and a correction was applied to minimize their effect. The delay vs. temperature relationship (/spl delta/(T)) was similar to that previously described in-vitro but parameter variations were larger. Unlike in-vitro, the mean d/spl delta//dT during temperature increases differs some from that during the cooling phases. It is suggested that this behavior can be predicted from the characteristics of the irradiating transducer and the acoustic parameters of the tissue and incorporated to the delay detection procedure.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121128470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495755
V. Hamidullin
The characteristics of flowmeters include important parameters such as measurement error, repeatability and rangeability achieved on flowmetering stands under conditions of steady flow. Under industrial conditions, real flows are not stationary. They are pulsating, impulsive or fast changing. Here the rms (root mean square) error may be significant. The total error in an industrial flow measurement may be much more than indicated in the technical documentation. The square-root error depends on the frequency spectrum of flow and dynamic characteristics (bandwidth) of flowmeters. There tends to be a decrease in this error with an increase in the bandwidth of flowmeters. Billing errors amounting to millions of dollars probably occur in custody transfer, i.e., commercial stock-taking of export/import gas, oil and its products. This paper is devoted to mathematical models of the dynamics of ultrasonic flowmeters for parameter optimization and experimental results obtained by the author.
{"title":"Dynamics of ultrasonic flowmeters","authors":"V. Hamidullin","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495755","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristics of flowmeters include important parameters such as measurement error, repeatability and rangeability achieved on flowmetering stands under conditions of steady flow. Under industrial conditions, real flows are not stationary. They are pulsating, impulsive or fast changing. Here the rms (root mean square) error may be significant. The total error in an industrial flow measurement may be much more than indicated in the technical documentation. The square-root error depends on the frequency spectrum of flow and dynamic characteristics (bandwidth) of flowmeters. There tends to be a decrease in this error with an increase in the bandwidth of flowmeters. Billing errors amounting to millions of dollars probably occur in custody transfer, i.e., commercial stock-taking of export/import gas, oil and its products. This paper is devoted to mathematical models of the dynamics of ultrasonic flowmeters for parameter optimization and experimental results obtained by the author.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116492368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495671
K. D. Donohue, H.Y. Cheah
A filtering approach is presented that exploits structural differences between the grain and flaw echo through spectral correlation. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that back-scattered energy from many randomly distributed scatterers within a resolution cell results in no spectral correlation, while back-scattered energy from resolution cells with only a few scatterers exhibits significant spectral correlation. Performance differences between simple spectral correlation filters and conventional spectral filters are discussed for simple and complex (more than one effective scattering center) defects.
{"title":"Spectral correlation filters for flaw detection","authors":"K. D. Donohue, H.Y. Cheah","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495671","url":null,"abstract":"A filtering approach is presented that exploits structural differences between the grain and flaw echo through spectral correlation. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that back-scattered energy from many randomly distributed scatterers within a resolution cell results in no spectral correlation, while back-scattered energy from resolution cells with only a few scatterers exhibits significant spectral correlation. Performance differences between simple spectral correlation filters and conventional spectral filters are discussed for simple and complex (more than one effective scattering center) defects.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126786213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495659
A. Bugaev, V. B. Gorsky
Bulk acoustic waves (AW) magnetostrictive excitation in ferrite film-dielectric substrate structures have been considered theoretically and experimentally in the 2.5-10 GHz frequency range. Insertion losses of 7 dB have been achieved in the 2.5-10 GHz frequency range.
{"title":"Efficient hypersonic wave excitation [ferrite film systems]","authors":"A. Bugaev, V. B. Gorsky","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495659","url":null,"abstract":"Bulk acoustic waves (AW) magnetostrictive excitation in ferrite film-dielectric substrate structures have been considered theoretically and experimentally in the 2.5-10 GHz frequency range. Insertion losses of 7 dB have been achieved in the 2.5-10 GHz frequency range.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126925911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495615
M. Rapp, T. Wessa, H. Ache
An acoustoelectric immunosensor which closely resembles the "classic" surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique for gas detection is presented. The device operates at frequencies above 100 MHz and allows in-situ measurements in water with a typical additional attenuation of only 4 dB compared to that in air. This is achieved by using commercially available low-loss SAW devices operating with horizontally polarized surface transverse waves (STW) on a lithium tantalate (LiTaO/sub 3/) substrate. The devices were used as the frequency determining element of an oscillator circuit. Modifications of the devices towards an immunosensor are done in three steps: Precoating with a shielding layer of polyimide to prevent corrosion of the aluminium transducers, chemical activation of the polyimidized surface and subsequent covalent precipitation of an antibody layer. The immuno-specific adsorption of antigens from solution can be monitored directly by the decrease in resonant frequency arising from the surface mass loading.
{"title":"Modification of commercially available low-loss SAW devices towards an immunosensor for in-situ measurements in water","authors":"M. Rapp, T. Wessa, H. Ache","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495615","url":null,"abstract":"An acoustoelectric immunosensor which closely resembles the \"classic\" surface acoustic wave (SAW) technique for gas detection is presented. The device operates at frequencies above 100 MHz and allows in-situ measurements in water with a typical additional attenuation of only 4 dB compared to that in air. This is achieved by using commercially available low-loss SAW devices operating with horizontally polarized surface transverse waves (STW) on a lithium tantalate (LiTaO/sub 3/) substrate. The devices were used as the frequency determining element of an oscillator circuit. Modifications of the devices towards an immunosensor are done in three steps: Precoating with a shielding layer of polyimide to prevent corrosion of the aluminium transducers, chemical activation of the polyimidized surface and subsequent covalent precipitation of an antibody layer. The immuno-specific adsorption of antigens from solution can be monitored directly by the decrease in resonant frequency arising from the surface mass loading.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127107907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495614
S. Joshi, Y. Jin
The excitation of ultrasonic Lamb waves by an interdigital transducer in a composite plate consisting of a piezoelectric thin film deposited on a nonpiezoelectric membrane is analyzed using the Green's function method. The amplitudes of the generated waves are obtained in terms of the charge density on transducer electrodes. An electrostatic analysis that neglects piezoelectric coupling is used to relate this charge density to the voltage applied across the IDT. This is then used to calculate the input characteristics of the IDT. The characteristics of Lamb wave devices fabricated on a zinc oxide-on-silicon nitride membrane are measured and compared with theoretical calculations. It is shown that strong internal reflections are inherently present in an IDT fabricated on thin plates. A knowledge of these is essential in order to correctly calculate the characteristics of the IDT. It appears that the internal reflections can be utilized to realize unidirectional transducers for Lamb waves.
{"title":"Excitation of ultrasonic Lamb waves in composite membranes","authors":"S. Joshi, Y. Jin","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495614","url":null,"abstract":"The excitation of ultrasonic Lamb waves by an interdigital transducer in a composite plate consisting of a piezoelectric thin film deposited on a nonpiezoelectric membrane is analyzed using the Green's function method. The amplitudes of the generated waves are obtained in terms of the charge density on transducer electrodes. An electrostatic analysis that neglects piezoelectric coupling is used to relate this charge density to the voltage applied across the IDT. This is then used to calculate the input characteristics of the IDT. The characteristics of Lamb wave devices fabricated on a zinc oxide-on-silicon nitride membrane are measured and compared with theoretical calculations. It is shown that strong internal reflections are inherently present in an IDT fabricated on thin plates. A knowledge of these is essential in order to correctly calculate the characteristics of the IDT. It appears that the internal reflections can be utilized to realize unidirectional transducers for Lamb waves.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127201959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-11-07DOI: 10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495798
T. Varghese, K. Donohue, J.P. Chattejee
The presence of small specular scatterers in biological tissue gives rise to coherent echoes masked by diffuse scattering, which is present throughout the tissue. In tissues such as breast, the detection of small specular scatterers is important for identifying certain malignant neoplasm's or microcalcifications found in malignant tumors. This paper demonstrates the use of the generalized spectrum for quantifying the specularity of the scattering in each resolution cell, independent of echo intensity. Parametric images are obtained by computing specular-to-diffuse ratios from the generalized spectra of each resolution cell. Variations in this ratio are used to identify distinct rf echo patterns caused by malignant tumors in breast tissue. High ratio values are observed near malignant tumor locations, while low values are observed for benign tumors (cysts and fibroadenomas) and normal tissue locations.
{"title":"Specular echo imaging with spectral correlation","authors":"T. Varghese, K. Donohue, J.P. Chattejee","doi":"10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ULTSYM.1995.495798","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of small specular scatterers in biological tissue gives rise to coherent echoes masked by diffuse scattering, which is present throughout the tissue. In tissues such as breast, the detection of small specular scatterers is important for identifying certain malignant neoplasm's or microcalcifications found in malignant tumors. This paper demonstrates the use of the generalized spectrum for quantifying the specularity of the scattering in each resolution cell, independent of echo intensity. Parametric images are obtained by computing specular-to-diffuse ratios from the generalized spectra of each resolution cell. Variations in this ratio are used to identify distinct rf echo patterns caused by malignant tumors in breast tissue. High ratio values are observed near malignant tumor locations, while low values are observed for benign tumors (cysts and fibroadenomas) and normal tissue locations.","PeriodicalId":268177,"journal":{"name":"1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium","volume":"34 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125719229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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