Pub Date : 2020-07-29DOI: 10.1201/9780429346170-39
D. Ferro
{"title":"Bacterial Pest Control","authors":"D. Ferro","doi":"10.1201/9780429346170-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429346170-39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":268351,"journal":{"name":"Managing Biological and Ecological Systems","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116818461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, genetically modified to express insecticidal toxins that target key pests of corn, cotton, rice, potato, and other crops, have been rapidly adopted and have become dominant fixtures in agroecosystems throughout the world. Due to the constitutive nature of Bt toxin expression, insecticidal proteins may be found in nearly all plant tissues, presenting multiple sources for Bt toxins to enter the environment, thus creating complex direct and indirect pathways for non-target organisms to be exposed to insecticidal proteins. The environmental impacts of Bt crops have been widely debated, although both benefits and risks do exist. Benefits of Bt crop adoption include reduced risks to non-target organisms when compared with conventional spray applications of insecticides, as well as economic savings to growers and increased global food security. Conversely, impacts on non-target organisms, presence in the human food supply, pleiotropic effects of genetic transformation, and gene escape to wild plant populations are all considered as viable risks of Bt technology. To address the potential risks of Bt crop technology, proposed approaches to the environmental management of Bt crops are discussed, including within-plant modifications, reduction in Bt toxin and transgene escape, and large-scale integration into integrated pest and resistance management programs. Additionally, continued study of the effects of Bt toxins on non-target organisms at multiple tiers is necessary for intelligent use of this valuable pest management tool. The global area planted to Bt crops is expanding, and new Bt products and combinations are in various stages of development. Although Bt technology may offer an environmentally superior alternative to many insecticide applications, further risk assessment research addressing the impacts of Bt crops on agroecosystem function are needed to promote environmental safety. 307 digitalcommons.unl.edu 308 Peterson et al. in Encyclopedia of Environmental Management (2013)
苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)作物是一种表达杀虫毒素的转基因作物，可针对玉米、棉花、水稻、马铃薯和其他作物的主要害虫，已被迅速采用，并已成为世界各地农业生态系统中的主要固定装置。由于Bt毒素表达的组成性，几乎在所有植物组织中都可以发现杀虫蛋白，这为Bt毒素进入环境提供了多种来源，从而为非目标生物暴露于杀虫蛋白创造了复杂的直接和间接途径。Bt作物对环境的影响一直存在广泛的争论，尽管好处和风险都存在。与传统的喷洒杀虫剂相比，采用Bt作物的好处包括降低对非目标生物的风险，以及为种植者节省经济成本和提高全球粮食安全。相反，对非目标生物的影响、在人类食物供应中的存在、基因转化的多效效应以及基因逃逸到野生植物种群都被认为是Bt技术可行的风险。为了解决Bt作物技术的潜在风险，本文讨论了Bt作物环境管理的建议方法，包括植物内修饰，减少Bt毒素和转基因逃逸，以及大规模整合到害虫和抗性综合管理计划中。此外，继续研究Bt毒素对多层非目标生物的影响对于明智地使用这一有价值的害虫管理工具是必要的。全球种植Bt作物的面积正在扩大，新的Bt产品和组合正处于不同的开发阶段。虽然Bt技术可能为许多杀虫剂的应用提供了一种环境优越的替代品，但需要进一步的风险评估研究来解决Bt作物对农业生态系统功能的影响，以促进环境安全。308 Peterson et al. in Encyclopedia of Environmental Management (2013)
{"title":"Bacillus thuringiensis: Transgenic Crops","authors":"J. Peterson, J. Obrycki, J. Harwood","doi":"10.1081/E-EEM-120046904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EEM-120046904","url":null,"abstract":"Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, genetically modified to express insecticidal toxins that target key pests of corn, cotton, rice, potato, and other crops, have been rapidly adopted and have become dominant fixtures in agroecosystems throughout the world. Due to the constitutive nature of Bt toxin expression, insecticidal proteins may be found in nearly all plant tissues, presenting multiple sources for Bt toxins to enter the environment, thus creating complex direct and indirect pathways for non-target organisms to be exposed to insecticidal proteins. The environmental impacts of Bt crops have been widely debated, although both benefits and risks do exist. Benefits of Bt crop adoption include reduced risks to non-target organisms when compared with conventional spray applications of insecticides, as well as economic savings to growers and increased global food security. Conversely, impacts on non-target organisms, presence in the human food supply, pleiotropic effects of genetic transformation, and gene escape to wild plant populations are all considered as viable risks of Bt technology. To address the potential risks of Bt crop technology, proposed approaches to the environmental management of Bt crops are discussed, including within-plant modifications, reduction in Bt toxin and transgene escape, and large-scale integration into integrated pest and resistance management programs. Additionally, continued study of the effects of Bt toxins on non-target organisms at multiple tiers is necessary for intelligent use of this valuable pest management tool. The global area planted to Bt crops is expanding, and new Bt products and combinations are in various stages of development. Although Bt technology may offer an environmentally superior alternative to many insecticide applications, further risk assessment research addressing the impacts of Bt crops on agroecosystem function are needed to promote environmental safety. 307 digitalcommons.unl.edu 308 Peterson et al. in Encyclopedia of Environmental Management (2013)","PeriodicalId":268351,"journal":{"name":"Managing Biological and Ecological Systems","volume":"122 24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132197063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-11DOI: 10.1081/e-ess3-120016595
O. Primavesi
{"title":"Biodiversity and Sustainability","authors":"O. Primavesi","doi":"10.1081/e-ess3-120016595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/e-ess3-120016595","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":268351,"journal":{"name":"Managing Biological and Ecological Systems","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114593784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Müller, Benjamin Burkhard, Marion Kandziora, C. Schimming, W. Windhorst
{"title":"Ecological Indicators: Ecosystem Health","authors":"F. Müller, Benjamin Burkhard, Marion Kandziora, C. Schimming, W. Windhorst","doi":"10.1081/E-EEM-120048415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EEM-120048415","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":268351,"journal":{"name":"Managing Biological and Ecological Systems","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131860361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：