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The Nonviolent Crusade from Montgomery to Madras 从蒙哥马利到马德拉斯的非暴力运动
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0006
David A. Varel
This chapter tracks the most momentous years of Reddick’s life as he became a professor of history at Alabama State College in Montgomery and emerged as a major leader within the southern civil rights movement. He helped guide and document the Montgomery Improvement Association during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and he then did the same for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, serving as a founding member of its nine-member executive committee and as the organization’s official historian. Reddick also became a close mentor to Martin Luther King Jr. during these years, and he wrote the first biography of King, Crusader Without Violence (1959), helped King write a memoir on the boycott, Stride Toward Freedom (1958), and traveled with King and his wife Coretta Scott King to India. After supporting the local student sit-in movement in 1960, Alabama Governor John Patterson had him fired from Alabama State College, thus symbolizing his significant stature within the civil rights movement.
这一章追溯了雷迪克一生中最重要的岁月,他成为蒙哥马利阿拉巴马州立学院的历史教授,并成为南方民权运动的主要领袖。在蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动期间,他帮助指导和记录了蒙哥马利改善协会,然后他为南方基督教领导会议做了同样的事情,担任其九人执行委员会的创始成员,并担任该组织的官方历史学家。这些年来,雷迪克也成为了马丁·路德·金的亲密导师,他写了马丁·路德·金的第一部传记《无暴力的十字军》(1959年),帮助马丁·路德·金写了一本关于抵制运动的回忆录《迈向自由》(1958年),并与马丁·路德·金和他的妻子科蕾塔·斯科特·金一起前往印度。在1960年支持当地学生静坐运动后,阿拉巴马州州长约翰·帕特森(John Patterson)将他从阿拉巴马州立大学开除,从而象征着他在民权运动中的重要地位。
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引用次数: 0
Coming of Age at Fisk University 菲斯克大学的成人课程
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0002
David A. Varel
This chapter chronicles Reddick’s early life from his adolescence in Jacksonville, Florida to his collegiate career in Nashville, Tennessee. It explains how Fisk University, where he earned a BA in 1932 and an MA in 1933 while studying under Charles S. Johnson, E. Franklin Frazier, Lorenzo Dow Turner, Horace Mann Bond, and Arturo Schomburg, provided Reddick with the social network and intellectual training that guided his early entry into professional academic life. At Fisk, he became active in Carter G. Woodson’s Association for the Study of Negro Life and History; published in the Journal of Negro Education, The Crisis, and Opportunity; criticized the Southern Agrarians, and studied the racism in history textbooks. This chapter also explains how the Great Depression loomed large in Reddick’s formative years and pushed his politics to the left.
这一章记录了雷迪克的早期生活,从他在佛罗里达州杰克逊维尔的青春期到他在田纳西州纳什维尔的大学生涯。它解释了雷迪克是如何在菲斯克大学(Fisk University)获得学士学位和硕士学位的,当时他在查尔斯·s·约翰逊(Charles S. Johnson)、e·富兰克林·弗雷泽(E. Franklin Frazier)、洛伦佐·道·特纳(Lorenzo Dow Turner)、贺拉斯·曼·邦德(Horace Mann Bond)和阿图罗·绍姆伯格(Arturo Schomburg)的指导下学习,为雷迪克提供了社交网络和智力训练,指导他早期进入专业学术生活。在菲斯克,他积极参加卡特·g·伍德森的黑人生活和历史研究协会;发表在黑人教育杂志《危机与机遇》上;批评南方农民,研究历史教科书中的种族主义。本章还解释了大萧条是如何在雷迪克的成长岁月中挥之不去,并将他的政治立场推向左翼的。
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引用次数: 0
Librarianship for Democracy at Home and Abroad 国内外图书馆事业的民主
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0004
David A. Varel
This chapter charts Reddick’s rise as a major African American intellectual during the World War II era. As the curator of the Schomburg Collection in Harlem, Reddick helped organize Pan-African Congresses alongside W. E. B. Du Bois and Kwame Nkrumah, became a force in the Double Victory campaign against fascism at home and abroad, collected black soldiers’ letters during the war, used the library as a base for political organizing in response to crises such as the 1943 Harlem Race Riot and those surrounding the Atlantic Charter, published pioneering articles on Africa and the US military’s evolving policies toward black soldiers, pressured the US government to recognize the military heroics of black messman Dorie Miller, and generally served as a public intellectual for black America. He also worked with Eleanor Roosevelt to effect racial change and served as a member of the American Council of Learned Societies’ Committee on Negro Studies alongside Melville Herskovits and Lorenzo Dow Turner.
这一章描绘了雷迪克在二战时期作为一名重要的非裔美国知识分子的崛起。作为哈莱姆区Schomburg Collection的馆长,Reddick与W. E. B. Du Bois和Kwame Nkrumah一起帮助组织了泛非洲大会,成为国内外反法西斯双重胜利运动的一股力量,在战争期间收集黑人士兵的信件,将图书馆作为政治组织的基地,以应对危机,如1943年哈莱姆种族骚乱和围绕大西洋宪章的危机,发表了关于非洲和美国军队对黑人士兵政策演变的开创性文章,迫使美国政府承认黑人信使多里·米勒的军事英雄事迹,并普遍成为美国黑人的公共知识分子。他还与埃莉诺·罗斯福一起努力实现种族变革,并与梅尔维尔·赫斯科维茨和洛伦佐·道·特纳一起担任美国学术协会黑人研究委员会的成员。
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引用次数: 0
The Black History Movement during the Depression 大萧条时期的黑人历史运动
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0003
David A. Varel
This chapter explores Reddick’s pioneering work in the fledgling field of black history. During the 1930s, Reddick worked as a professor of history at Kentucky State College and Dillard University, and he took a leading role in the black fraternity Phi Beta Sigma. He also completed his PhD in history from the University of Chicago, where he studied under the Lost Cause scholar Avery O. Craven. While tracking Reddick’s activities across these institutions, special focus is on Reddick’s contributions to Carter Woodson’s Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. Reddick gathered the testimonies of former slaves and influenced the larger effort by the Works Progress Administration, published a landmark historiographical article in the Journal of Negro History, completed an innovative dissertation on the role of white newspapers in New Orleans in sowing divisions and helping provoke the Civil War, and documented racial discrimination at libraries, archives, journals, and conferences.
本章探讨了雷迪克在黑人历史这一新兴领域的开创性工作。在20世纪30年代,雷迪克在肯塔基州立学院和迪拉德大学担任历史教授,并在黑人兄弟会Phi Beta Sigma中担任领导角色。他还在芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)完成了历史学博士学位,在那里他师从败诉学者Avery O. Craven。在追踪雷迪克在这些机构的活动时,特别关注的是雷迪克对卡特·伍德森黑人生活与历史研究协会的贡献。雷迪克收集了前奴隶的证词,并影响了工程进步管理局的更大努力,在《黑人历史杂志》上发表了一篇具有里程碑意义的史学文章,完成了一篇关于新奥尔良白人报纸在制造分裂和帮助挑起内战方面的作用的创新论文,并在图书馆、档案馆、期刊和会议上记录了种族歧视。
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引用次数: 0
The Search for Black Power in the Sixties 《六十年代黑人权力的追寻
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0007
David A. Varel
This chapter opens with Reddick’s 1960 trips to Ghana and Nigeria to celebrate their independence alongside his friends Kwame Nkrumah, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and St. Clair Drake. The chapter’s focus, however, is Reddick’s role in the evolving civil rights movement of the 1960s. His ongoing mentorship of Martin Luther King Jr., along with his continued strategic planning and public-relations work for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, helped that vanguard organization successfully navigate its most tumultuous decade and force passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The chapter also challenges the simple dichotomy between civil rights and Black Power by using Reddick’s diverse activities—including his leadership of Leon Sullivan’s Opportunities Industrialization Center Institute—to explain the many roots and routes of Black Power as it evolved organically out of the southern struggle and parallel ones in the North. Reddick also continued to confront racism in an array of institutions including publishing, where he sought change by coauthoring a young adult’s history of African Americans’ role in the Civil War and Reconstruction entitled Worth Fighting For (1965).
这一章以1960年雷迪克与他的朋友夸梅·恩克鲁玛、纳姆迪·阿齐基维和圣克莱尔·德雷克一起前往加纳和尼日利亚庆祝他们的独立开始。然而,这一章的重点是雷迪克在20世纪60年代不断发展的民权运动中的作用。他对马丁·路德·金的持续指导,以及他对南方基督教领袖会议的持续战略规划和公共关系工作,帮助这个先锋组织成功度过了最动荡的十年,并推动了1964年《民权法案》和1965年《投票权法案》的通过。这一章还挑战了民权和黑人权力之间简单的二分法,通过使用雷迪克的各种活动——包括他在利昂·沙利文的机会工业化中心研究所的领导地位——来解释黑人权力的许多根源和路线,因为它有机地从南方的斗争和北方的平行斗争中演变而来。雷迪克还继续在包括出版在内的一系列机构中面对种族主义,他在那里与人合著了一本关于非裔美国人在内战和重建中的作用的年轻人的历史,题为《值得为之奋斗》(1965),以寻求改变。
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引用次数: 0
Cold War Civil Rights in Atlanta 亚特兰大冷战时期的民权运动
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0005
David A. Varel
This chapter explains how the Cold War, and especially the Red Scare, shaped Reddick’s actions while serving as the chief librarian of Atlanta University from 1948 to 1955, where he worked with Clarence Bacote, Hylan G. Lewis, and Benjamin Mays. Reddick’s refusal to condone America’s militarist foreign policy and its persecution of leftists at home contributed to his becoming the subject of a Federal Bureau of Investigation probe as well as a target of white Southern politicians, such as Herman Talmadge, who were committed to halting the burgeoning civil rights movement. Reddick nevertheless continued to his cultivate Pan-African ties, particularly by coordinating a monthlong visit by Nigeria’s Nnamdi Azikiwe and by co-authoring with W. Sherman Savage a history of his fraternity, Phi Beta Sigma. Reddick also promoted desegregation as a two-way street while helping prepare for a post-Brown v. Board of Education world. He likewise participated in local politics and the protracted struggles of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in the wake of Carter G. Woodson’s death. Finally, he left in Atlanta in 1955 after being fired by Atlanta University president Rufus Clement.
这一章解释了冷战,特别是红色恐慌如何影响了雷迪克在1948年至1955年担任亚特兰大大学首席图书管理员期间的行为,他在那里与克拉伦斯·巴科特、海兰·g·刘易斯和本杰明·梅斯一起工作。雷迪克拒绝容忍美国的军国主义外交政策及其在国内对左翼分子的迫害,这使他成为联邦调查局(fbi)的调查对象,也成为南方白人政治家的目标,比如赫尔曼·塔尔梅奇(Herman Talmadge),后者致力于阻止迅速发展的民权运动。然而,雷迪克继续培养泛非关系,特别是通过协调尼日利亚的纳姆迪·阿齐基维进行为期一个月的访问,并与w·谢尔曼·萨维奇共同撰写了他的兄弟会Phi Beta Sigma的历史。雷迪克在为布朗诉教育委员会案后的世界做准备的同时,还推动废除种族隔离,使之成为一条双向道路。在卡特·g·伍德森(Carter G. Woodson)去世后,他同样参与了当地政治和黑人生活与历史研究协会的长期斗争。最后,在1955年被亚特兰大大学校长鲁弗斯·克莱门特解雇后,他离开了亚特兰大。
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引用次数: 0
Ebony Scholar in the Ivory Tower 象牙塔里的乌木学者
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0008
David A. Varel
This chapter analyzes Reddick’s intellectual activism during the 1970s while a professor at Temple University and Harvard University, which came after the black campus movement had begun to remake American higher education. He clashed repeatedly with white administrators and faculty members at Temple while helping to build a Black Studies program there. Off campus, he took a leadership role in the Black Academy of Arts and Letters, the Philadelphia Bicentennial Corporation, the Kinte Library Project with Alex Haley, and in the crusade against white control of black history in the historical profession. Alongside Vincent Harding and others, he launched a scathing indictment of Time on the Cross (1974) and institutional racism within academia. With support from the Moton Center, he also pursued research on institutional racism on college campuses and the impact of desegregation on black colleges. Reddick demonstrates how black intellectuals began disrupting institutional racism within higher education, public history, philanthropy, and publishing, even as they encountered a growing climate of conservatism and white backlash symbolized by the US Supreme Court’s ruling in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978).
这一章分析了雷迪克在20世纪70年代担任天普大学和哈佛大学教授期间的知识分子激进主义,当时黑人校园运动开始重塑美国高等教育。在帮助建立坦普尔大学的黑人研究项目期间,他多次与白人管理人员和教职员工发生冲突。在校外,他在黑人艺术与文学学院、费城二百周年纪念公司、与亚历克斯·哈利(Alex Haley)合作的金特图书馆项目中担任领导角色,并在历史学界参与了反对白人控制黑人历史的运动。他与文森特·哈丁(Vincent Harding)等人一起,对《十字架上的时间》(1974)和学术界的制度性种族主义发起了严厉的控诉。在莫顿中心的支持下,他还研究了大学校园中的制度性种族主义以及废除种族隔离对黑人大学的影响。雷迪克展示了黑人知识分子是如何开始在高等教育、公共历史、慈善事业和出版领域破坏制度性种族主义的,即使他们遇到了日益增长的保守主义氛围和白人的强烈反对,这以美国最高法院对加州大学诉巴克案(1978年)的裁决为标志。
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引用次数: 0
Conclusion 结论
Pub Date : 2020-12-18 DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660967.003.0009
David A. Varel
This chapter discusses the close of Reddick’s career, particularly as he served as a Distinguished Visiting Professor of History at Dillard University from 1978 to 1987. Although he commiserated with his good friend St. Clair Drake about the new conservative era and its hostility to further civil rights gains, he nevertheless remained active, including his participation in a landmark conference that grow into the important book The State of Afro-American History (1985), which included work by the next generation of pioneering black scholars like Darlene Clark Hine, Thomas C. Holt, James D. Anderson, and Robert L. Harris, Jr., even as it also included Reddick’s contemporaries such as his fellow Fisk student John Hope Franklin. The chapter closes by recounting Reddick’s death, explaining why he is not better known, and underlining the ongoing importance of his model of scholar-activist and its palpable importance today.
本章讨论了雷迪克职业生涯的结束,特别是他在1978年至1987年期间担任迪拉德大学历史学杰出客座教授。尽管他同情他的好朋友圣克莱尔·德雷克对新保守主义时代及其对进一步民权进步的敌意,但他仍然保持活跃,包括他参加了一个具有里程碑意义的会议,该会议后来发展成为重要的著作《美国黑人历史状况》(1985年),其中包括下一代黑人先驱学者达琳·克拉克·海因、托马斯·c·霍尔特、詹姆斯·d·安德森和小罗伯特·l·哈里斯等人的作品。甚至还包括雷迪克的同龄人,比如他在菲斯克的同学约翰·霍普·富兰克林。本章最后叙述了雷迪克的死,解释了他为什么不为人所知,并强调了他的学者活动家模式的持续重要性,以及它在今天的明显重要性。
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The Scholar and the Struggle
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