Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501748332-003
Robert F. Zeidel
{"title":"1. Harmonic Dissidence: Immigrants and the Onset of Industrial Strife","authors":"Robert F. Zeidel","doi":"10.7591/9781501748332-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501748332-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":269093,"journal":{"name":"Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134364691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501748332-002
Robert F. Zeidel
{"title":"Introduction: Capitalists and Immigrants in Historical Perspective, 1865–1924","authors":"Robert F. Zeidel","doi":"10.7591/9781501748332-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501748332-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":269093,"journal":{"name":"Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130865728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0005
Robert F. Zeidel
This chapter evaluates how the fundamental question of whether business interests bore responsibility for attracting pernicious foreigners dominated the 1890s. Personal connections, such as the one between Andrew Carnegie and his steel empire, characterized the decade's labor disputes. Commercial growth and the trend toward consolidation had created large conglomerates, which seemed to signify the nation's coming of age. Even so, recurring class violence affected some of the nation's largest and most prominent businesses and cast a pall upon this glittery milieu. Here was the essence of the Gilded Age, incredible opulence coupled with unsightly social unrest. Against this backdrop, Americans of the 1890s struggled to understand why such incidents seemed to occur with increasing frequency. In the minds of angry workers, fault lay with the economic barons, but those barons and their supporters saw things differently, placing responsibility on the very immigrant employees upon whom their companies relied to meet their labor needs. Employers' only transgression seemed to be their unfortunate hiring of alien subversives.
{"title":"Confronting the Barons","authors":"Robert F. Zeidel","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates how the fundamental question of whether business interests bore responsibility for attracting pernicious foreigners dominated the 1890s. Personal connections, such as the one between Andrew Carnegie and his steel empire, characterized the decade's labor disputes. Commercial growth and the trend toward consolidation had created large conglomerates, which seemed to signify the nation's coming of age. Even so, recurring class violence affected some of the nation's largest and most prominent businesses and cast a pall upon this glittery milieu. Here was the essence of the Gilded Age, incredible opulence coupled with unsightly social unrest. Against this backdrop, Americans of the 1890s struggled to understand why such incidents seemed to occur with increasing frequency. In the minds of angry workers, fault lay with the economic barons, but those barons and their supporters saw things differently, placing responsibility on the very immigrant employees upon whom their companies relied to meet their labor needs. Employers' only transgression seemed to be their unfortunate hiring of alien subversives.","PeriodicalId":269093,"journal":{"name":"Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126722604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0008
Robert F. Zeidel
This chapter addresses how the onset of World War I raised questions about if and how the United States should prepare itself for a military confrontation with a “foreign” enemy, and gave added implications to any talk of armed class conflict, especially if it involved immigrant workers. Americans everywhere increasingly championed the need to provide adequate defense against a potential attack from abroad. But this bulwark alone would not suffice. Dangers to national security also emanated from domestic sources, especially those deemed foreign or un-American. Millions of immigrants, already under scrutiny for their involvement in labor unrest, became potentially dangerous internal enemies. Business leaders would use this heightened tension to portray strikes, and the agitators who allegedly fostered them, as threats to national security. Alleged perpetrators became saboteurs and traitors. In pursuit of their eradication, what had been tacit connections between business interests and governmental agencies in the pursuit of labor tranquility became more direct and the results more draconian.
{"title":"Effects of War","authors":"Robert F. Zeidel","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses how the onset of World War I raised questions about if and how the United States should prepare itself for a military confrontation with a “foreign” enemy, and gave added implications to any talk of armed class conflict, especially if it involved immigrant workers. Americans everywhere increasingly championed the need to provide adequate defense against a potential attack from abroad. But this bulwark alone would not suffice. Dangers to national security also emanated from domestic sources, especially those deemed foreign or un-American. Millions of immigrants, already under scrutiny for their involvement in labor unrest, became potentially dangerous internal enemies. Business leaders would use this heightened tension to portray strikes, and the agitators who allegedly fostered them, as threats to national security. Alleged perpetrators became saboteurs and traitors. In pursuit of their eradication, what had been tacit connections between business interests and governmental agencies in the pursuit of labor tranquility became more direct and the results more draconian.","PeriodicalId":269093,"journal":{"name":"Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134516849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0006
Robert F. Zeidel
This chapter details how the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 reinforced the presumed connection between immigrants and class-based radicalism that had been building for the previous thirty-five years. Concurrent developments, above and beyond the president's murder, would insure continuation of the linkage. With the end of the 1890s depression, the new century's first decade saw the arrival of record numbers of immigrants, increasingly coming from southern and eastern Europe. Return of commercial prosperity cemented employers' need of their labor, but the continued reliance on foreign-born workers by businesses came amid intensified concerns about the foreigners' problematic behaviors. Over the next ten years, against a backdrop of economic growth coupled with virtually continuous labor conflict, these presumptions would bring heightened calls for immigration restriction, and would push business interests to intensify their efforts to control labor, notably in industries with predominately alien workforces.
{"title":"Into the New Century","authors":"Robert F. Zeidel","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details how the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901 reinforced the presumed connection between immigrants and class-based radicalism that had been building for the previous thirty-five years. Concurrent developments, above and beyond the president's murder, would insure continuation of the linkage. With the end of the 1890s depression, the new century's first decade saw the arrival of record numbers of immigrants, increasingly coming from southern and eastern Europe. Return of commercial prosperity cemented employers' need of their labor, but the continued reliance on foreign-born workers by businesses came amid intensified concerns about the foreigners' problematic behaviors. Over the next ten years, against a backdrop of economic growth coupled with virtually continuous labor conflict, these presumptions would bring heightened calls for immigration restriction, and would push business interests to intensify their efforts to control labor, notably in industries with predominately alien workforces.","PeriodicalId":269093,"journal":{"name":"Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114191184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0010
Robert F. Zeidel
This chapter studies how government officials first looked to deportation as a solution to the post-war “immigration problem.” During and after the Red Scare, 1919–1924, government officials enacted new and more stringent immigration restrictions. Their implementation would curtail employers' virtually unfettered access to immigrant labor, a benefit businesses had enjoyed since the onset of industrialization. Companies continued to want immigrant workers, but decades of associating foreigners with labor unrest had reached an apex. Fear of subversive aliens combined with nativism and progressivism to convince many Americans of the need for more extensive exclusion. Only through proactive diligence, contended the restrictionist ranks, could the immigrant danger be ameliorated. The pertinent question was not if the maleficence truly existed but rather how best to eliminate it. Dismissing employers' arguments to the contrary, lawmakers ultimately enacted sweeping new quota-based restrictions, significantly reducing European immigration. Their passage effectively ended an epic chapter of American business and labor history.
{"title":"Restricting the Hordes","authors":"Robert F. Zeidel","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748318.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies how government officials first looked to deportation as a solution to the post-war “immigration problem.” During and after the Red Scare, 1919–1924, government officials enacted new and more stringent immigration restrictions. Their implementation would curtail employers' virtually unfettered access to immigrant labor, a benefit businesses had enjoyed since the onset of industrialization. Companies continued to want immigrant workers, but decades of associating foreigners with labor unrest had reached an apex. Fear of subversive aliens combined with nativism and progressivism to convince many Americans of the need for more extensive exclusion. Only through proactive diligence, contended the restrictionist ranks, could the immigrant danger be ameliorated. The pertinent question was not if the maleficence truly existed but rather how best to eliminate it. Dismissing employers' arguments to the contrary, lawmakers ultimately enacted sweeping new quota-based restrictions, significantly reducing European immigration. Their passage effectively ended an epic chapter of American business and labor history.","PeriodicalId":269093,"journal":{"name":"Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130623043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.7591/9781501748332-007
Robert F. Zeidel
{"title":"5. Into the New Century: Economic Expansion and Continued Discord","authors":"Robert F. Zeidel","doi":"10.7591/9781501748332-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501748332-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":269093,"journal":{"name":"Robber Barons and Wretched Refuse","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125550627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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