Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198832447.003.0018
Cardiovascular emergencies are either sudden events or are preceded by a noticeable deterioration in the patient’s condition. Although critically ill patients are usually cared for in a level 2 or 3 specialist unit (e.g. CCU, HDU, ITU) it is becoming more common for these patients to be found on general wards. Many hospitals will have outreach teams to facilitate the appropriate care of these patients and provide support for the staff looking after them. Appropriate assessment, prompt treatment, documentation, and communication are vital in the management of those with cardiovascular emergencies. The importance of ‘Human Factors’ has been discussed in recent years, in particular the importance of teamwork and minimizing errors in patient care. This chapter discusses the assessment of the deteriorating patient, resuscitation, and the causes and treatment of some cardiovascular emergencies including stroke, pleural effusion, cardiogenic shock, acute aortic syndromes, pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade and pulmonary oedema, intra-aortic balloon pumps, ventricular assist devices, and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation.
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Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198832447.003.0001
This introductory chapter briefly outlines the context within which cardiac care exists. It identifies the extent of the burden of cardiac disease and the background of policy drivers that have influenced recent developments in cardiac care. A discussion of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and health promotion is also included.
{"title":"Introduction: prevention of cardiovascular disease","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198832447.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198832447.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory chapter briefly outlines the context within which cardiac care exists. It identifies the extent of the burden of cardiac disease and the background of policy drivers that have influenced recent developments in cardiac care. A discussion of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease and health promotion is also included.","PeriodicalId":272214,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Cardiac Nursing","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127340984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-18DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199643219.003.0001
Nicholas Green, S. Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, E. Nicol
There are numerous invasive and noninvasive tests used in the diagnosis of cardiac disease. Most of the tests are performed by specialist operators in suitably equipped laboratories. However, it is useful for nurses working with patients with suspected or diagnosed cardiac disease to have a broad understanding of the main diagnostic tests available. This chapter outlines the main tests that cardiac nurses are likely to come across including exercise tolerance tests, ambulatory monitoring, tilt tests, echocardiography, nuclear and cardiac magnetic resonance scans, and cardiac computed tomography scans.
{"title":"Cardiac investigations","authors":"Nicholas Green, S. Gaydos, Hutchison Ewan, E. Nicol","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199643219.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199643219.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"There are numerous invasive and noninvasive tests used in the diagnosis of cardiac disease. Most of the tests are performed by specialist operators in suitably equipped laboratories. However, it is useful for nurses working with patients with suspected or diagnosed cardiac disease to have a broad understanding of the main diagnostic tests available. This chapter outlines the main tests that cardiac nurses are likely to come across including exercise tolerance tests, ambulatory monitoring, tilt tests, echocardiography, nuclear and cardiac magnetic resonance scans, and cardiac computed tomography scans.","PeriodicalId":272214,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Cardiac Nursing","volume":"342 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134320562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-26DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198832447.003.0010
J. Ker
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome of signs and symptoms that suggest the ability of the heart to pump effectively has been impaired. It is distinguished by dyspnoea, effort intolerance, fluid retention, and poor survival. The prevalence of heart failure is around 1–2% in the adult population in developed countries, and 920 000 people in the UK have heart failure. The incidence of heart failure has decreased; however, the number of people newly diagnosed with heart failure has increased. This is thought to be largely due to an ageing population, improvement in the management and survival of people with ischaemic heart disease, and effective treatment of heart failure. The condition can occur in all age groups; however, the incidence and prevalence steeply increase with age. The average age at first diagnosis is typically 77yrs. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has a poor prognosis, the mortality rate for CHF being worse than for many cancers. It is estimated that 70% of those hospitalized for the first time with severe heart failure will die within 5yrs. However, this has been improving, with 6mth mortality rate ↓ from 26% in 1995, 15% in 2009, to 8.9% in 2016. This chapter will outline the aetiology, pathophysiology, and management of CHF, including considerations for palliative care.
{"title":"Chronic heart failure","authors":"J. Ker","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198832447.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198832447.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome of signs and symptoms that suggest the ability of the heart to pump effectively has been impaired. It is distinguished by dyspnoea, effort intolerance, fluid retention, and poor survival. The prevalence of heart failure is around 1–2% in the adult population in developed countries, and 920 000 people in the UK have heart failure. The incidence of heart failure has decreased; however, the number of people newly diagnosed with heart failure has increased. This is thought to be largely due to an ageing population, improvement in the management and survival of people with ischaemic heart disease, and effective treatment of heart failure. The condition can occur in all age groups; however, the incidence and prevalence steeply increase with age. The average age at first diagnosis is typically 77yrs. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has a poor prognosis, the mortality rate for CHF being worse than for many cancers. It is estimated that 70% of those hospitalized for the first time with severe heart failure will die within 5yrs. However, this has been improving, with 6mth mortality rate ↓ from 26% in 1995, 15% in 2009, to 8.9% in 2016. This chapter will outline the aetiology, pathophysiology, and management of CHF, including considerations for palliative care.","PeriodicalId":272214,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Handbook of Cardiac Nursing","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129978070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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