$bn Billions of dollars (one thousand million dollars) $ United States dollar Angel, angel A wealthy individual, often a very successful high-tech investor entrepreneur, providing venture capital funds to a start-up or an entrepreneur CA Canada C$ Canadian dollar GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs GDP Gross Domestic Product GSP Gross State Product GNP Gross National Product GERD Gross Expenditures on Research and Development IBM International Business Machines Corporation ICT Information and Communications Technologies IPO Initial Public Offering IT Information Technologies MNF Multinational firm Monarca Research project symbol for the NAFTA countries (Monarch) (butterfly that flies all over North America) NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NIS National Innovation System NSF National Science Foundation (USA) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PPP$ Purchasing Power Parity Dollars RC Research Center RC&U Research Centers and Universities R&D Research and Development RIS Regional Innovation System SME Small and Medium Enterprise S&E Scientists and engineers TBED Technology-based Economic Development TBF Technology-based firm TIP Technology innovation pole UK United Kingdom US United States of America
{"title":"ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS","authors":"","doi":"10.18772/12021026451.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18772/12021026451.5","url":null,"abstract":"$bn Billions of dollars (one thousand million dollars) $ United States dollar Angel, angel A wealthy individual, often a very successful high-tech investor entrepreneur, providing venture capital funds to a start-up or an entrepreneur CA Canada C$ Canadian dollar GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs GDP Gross Domestic Product GSP Gross State Product GNP Gross National Product GERD Gross Expenditures on Research and Development IBM International Business Machines Corporation ICT Information and Communications Technologies IPO Initial Public Offering IT Information Technologies MNF Multinational firm Monarca Research project symbol for the NAFTA countries (Monarch) (butterfly that flies all over North America) NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NIS National Innovation System NSF National Science Foundation (USA) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PPP$ Purchasing Power Parity Dollars RC Research Center RC&U Research Centers and Universities R&D Research and Development RIS Regional Innovation System SME Small and Medium Enterprise S&E Scientists and engineers TBED Technology-based Economic Development TBF Technology-based firm TIP Technology innovation pole UK United Kingdom US United States of America","PeriodicalId":274655,"journal":{"name":"Precarious Power","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123193967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parallelism, Populism and Proxy as Tools in Policy Wars","authors":"","doi":"10.18772/12021026451.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18772/12021026451.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274655,"journal":{"name":"Precarious Power","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116833529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Protest as Parallel Policy-Making and Governance","authors":"","doi":"10.18772/12021026451.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18772/12021026451.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274655,"journal":{"name":"Precarious Power","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124150733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parallel Power, Shedding Power and Staying in Power","authors":"","doi":"10.18772/12021026451.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18772/12021026451.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274655,"journal":{"name":"Precarious Power","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126330189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Courts and Commissions as Crutches Amid Self-Annihilation","authors":"","doi":"10.18772/12021026451.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18772/12021026451.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":274655,"journal":{"name":"Precarious Power","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130491630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}