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2009 IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis & Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems最新文献

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Efficient tracing and performance analysis for large distributed systems 大型分布式系统的高效跟踪和性能分析
Eric Anderson, Christopher Hoover, Xiaozhou Li, Joseph A. Tucek
Distributed systems are notoriously difficult to implement and debug. One important tool for understanding the behavior of distributed systems is tracing. Unfortunately, effective tracing for modern distributed systems faces several challenges. First, many interesting behaviors in distributed systems only occur rarely, or at full production scale. Hence we need tracing mechanisms which impose minimal overhead, in order to allow always-on tracing of production instances. Second, for high-speed systems, messages can be delivered in significantly less time than the error of traditional time synchronization techniques such as network time protocol (NTP), necessitating time adjustment techniques with much higher precision. Third, distributed systems today may generate millions of events per second systemwide, resulting in traces consisting of billions of events. Such large traces can overwhelm existing trace analysis tools. These challenges make effective tracing difficult. We present techniques that address these three challenges. Our contributions include 1) a low-overhead tracing mechanism, which allows tracing of large systems without impacting their behavior or performance (0.14 μs/event), 2) a post hoc technique for producing highly accurate time synchronization across hosts (within 10 /ts, compared to between 100 μs to 2 ms for NTP), and 3) incremental data processing techniques which facilitate analyzing traces containing billions of trace points on desktop systems. We have successfully applied these techniques to two distributed systems, a cooperative caching system and a distributed storage system, and from our experience, we believe our techniques are applicable to other distributed systems.
众所周知,分布式系统难以实现和调试。了解分布式系统行为的一个重要工具是跟踪。不幸的是,现代分布式系统的有效跟踪面临着几个挑战。首先,分布式系统中许多有趣的行为很少发生,或者在完全生产规模下才会发生。因此,我们需要最小化开销的跟踪机制,以便允许对生产实例进行始终在线的跟踪。其次,对于高速系统,消息可以在比传统时间同步技术(如网络时间协议(NTP))的误差更短的时间内传递,因此需要具有更高精度的时间调整技术。第三,今天的分布式系统可能在系统范围内每秒生成数百万个事件,从而导致由数十亿个事件组成的跟踪。如此大的跟踪可能会压倒现有的跟踪分析工具。这些挑战使得有效追踪变得困难。我们提出了解决这三个挑战的技术。我们的贡献包括1)低开销跟踪机制,允许在不影响其行为或性能的情况下跟踪大型系统(0.14 μs/event), 2)用于在主机之间产生高度精确时间同步的事后技术(在10 /ts内,而NTP在100 μs到2 ms之间),以及3)增量数据处理技术,有助于分析桌面系统上包含数十亿跟踪点的跟踪。我们已经成功地将这些技术应用于两个分布式系统,一个协作缓存系统和一个分布式存储系统,从我们的经验来看,我们相信我们的技术也适用于其他分布式系统。
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引用次数: 18
Power and performance modeling of virtualized desktop systems 虚拟化桌面系统的功率和性能建模
Andrzej Kochut
Desktop virtualization is a new delivery method in which desktop operating systems execute in a data center and users access their applications using stateless “thin-client” devices. This paradigm promises significant benefits in terms of data security, flexibility, and reduction of the total cost of ownership. However, in order to further optimize this approach while maintaining good user experience, efficient resource management algorithms are required. This paper formulates an analytical model allowing for detailed investigation of how power consumption of virtualized server farm depends on properties of workload, adaptiveness of virtualization infrastructure, and average density of virtual machines per physical server. Assumptions needed to develop the model are confirmed using statistical analysis of desktop workload traces and the model itself is also validated using simulations. We apply the model to compare power consumption of static and dynamic virtual machine allocation strategies. The results of the study can be used to develop online virtual machine migration algorithms. Even though this paper focuses on virtualized systems running desktop workloads, the modeling approach is general and can be applied in other contexts.
桌面虚拟化是一种新的交付方法,其中桌面操作系统在数据中心执行,用户使用无状态的“瘦客户机”设备访问其应用程序。这种模式在数据安全性、灵活性和降低总体拥有成本方面具有显著的优势。然而,为了进一步优化这种方法,同时保持良好的用户体验,需要有效的资源管理算法。本文制定了一个分析模型,允许详细调查虚拟化服务器群的功耗如何取决于工作负载的属性、虚拟化基础设施的适应性和每台物理服务器上虚拟机的平均密度。开发模型所需的假设通过对桌面工作负载跟踪的统计分析得到确认,模型本身也通过模拟得到验证。应用该模型对静态和动态虚拟机分配策略的功耗进行了比较。研究结果可用于开发虚拟机在线迁移算法。尽管本文关注的是运行桌面工作负载的虚拟系统,但建模方法是通用的,可以应用于其他上下文中。
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引用次数: 16
Service differentiation in multi-rate HSDPA systems 多速率HSDPA系统中的业务分化
Hongxia Sun, C. Williamson
In multi-rate cellular transmission systems, users with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements share the same wireless channel. In this paper, we investigate the problem of efficient resource allocation for scheduling with differentiated QoS support in a multi-rate system. We propose Dynamic Global Proportional Fairness (DGPF) scheduling on the downlink. We investigate the performance of the scheduling algorithm and model the proposed scheme in a High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) simulation environment. The simulation results show that our approach can achieve suitable QoS for different classes of users without compromising aggregate network throughput. The results also show that TCP dynamics affect overall system performance.
在多速率蜂窝传输系统中,具有不同服务质量(QoS)要求的用户共享同一无线信道。本文研究了多速率系统中具有差异化QoS支持的调度的有效资源分配问题。我们提出了动态全局比例公平(DGPF)的下行链路调度方法。我们研究了调度算法的性能,并在高速下行分组接入(HSDPA)仿真环境中对所提出的方案进行了建模。仿真结果表明,该方法可以在不影响网络总吞吐量的情况下为不同类型的用户提供合适的QoS。结果还表明,TCP动态会影响系统的整体性能。
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引用次数: 5
EXtensible animator for mobile simulations: EXAMS 移动模拟的可扩展动画器:考试
Livathinos S. Nikolaos
One of the most widely used simulation environments for mobile wireless networks is the Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). However NS-2 stores its outcome in a text file, so there is a need for a visualization tool to animate the simulation of the wireless network. The purpose of this tool is to help the researcher examine in detail how the wireless protocol works both on a network and a node basis. It is clear that much of this information is protocol dependent and cannot be depicted properly by a general purpose animation process. Existing animation tools do not provide this level of information nor permit the specific protocol to control the animation at all. EXAMS is an NS-2 visualization tool for mobile simulations which makes possible the portrayal of NS-2's internal information like transmission properties and node's data structures. This is mainly possible due to EXAMS extensible architecture which separates the animation process into a general and a protocol specific part. The latter can be developed independently by the protocol designer and loaded on demand. These and other useful characteristics of the EXAMS tool can be an invaluable help for a researcher in order to investigate and debug a mobile networking protocol.
网络模拟器2 (Network Simulator 2, NS-2)是应用最广泛的移动无线网络仿真环境之一。然而,NS-2将其结果存储在文本文件中,因此需要一个可视化工具来动画化无线网络的模拟。该工具的目的是帮助研究人员详细检查无线协议如何在网络和节点基础上工作。很明显,这些信息中的大部分都依赖于协议,不能通过通用动画过程来适当地描述。现有的动画工具不提供这种级别的信息,也不允许特定的协议来控制动画。EXAMS是一个用于移动模拟的NS-2可视化工具,它可以描绘NS-2的内部信息,如传输属性和节点的数据结构。这主要是由于考试的可扩展架构将动画过程分为一般部分和特定协议部分。后者可以由协议设计者独立开发并按需加载。考试工具的这些和其他有用的特性对于研究人员调查和调试移动网络协议是无价的帮助。
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引用次数: 2
Balancing soft error coverage with lifetime reliability in redundantly multithreaded processors 在冗余多线程处理器中平衡软错误覆盖率和生命周期可靠性
Taniya Siddiqua, S. Gurumurthi
Silicon reliability is a key challenge facing the microprocessor industry. Processors need to be designed such that they are resilient against both soft errors and lifetime reliability phenomena. However, techniques developed to address one class of reliability problems may impact other aspects of silicon reliability. In this paper, we show that Redundant Multi-Threading (RMT), which provides soft error protection, exacerbates lifetime reliability. We then explore two different architectural approaches to tackle this problem, namely, Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) and partial RMT. We show that each approach has certain strengths and weaknesses with respect to performance, soft error coverage, and lifetime reliability. We then propose and evaluate a hybrid approach that combines DVS and partial RMT. We show that this approach provides better improvement in lifetime reliability than DVS or partial RMT alone, buys back a significant amount of performance that is lost due to DVS, and provides nearly complete soft error coverage.
硅的可靠性是微处理器行业面临的一个关键挑战。处理器的设计需要使其能够抵御软错误和生命周期可靠性现象。然而,为解决一类可靠性问题而开发的技术可能会影响硅可靠性的其他方面。在本文中,我们展示了冗余多线程(RMT),它提供了软错误保护,加剧了生命周期可靠性。然后,我们探讨了两种不同的架构方法来解决这个问题,即动态电压缩放(DVS)和部分RMT。我们展示了每种方法在性能、软错误覆盖率和生命周期可靠性方面都有一定的优点和缺点。然后,我们提出并评估了一种结合DVS和部分RMT的混合方法。我们表明,与单独使用DVS或部分RMT相比,这种方法在生命周期可靠性方面提供了更好的改进,挽回了由于DVS而损失的大量性能,并提供了几乎完全的软错误覆盖。
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引用次数: 11
A general algorithm to compute the steady-state solution of product-form cooperating Markov chains 计算乘积型合作马尔可夫链稳态解的一般算法
A. Marin, S. R. Bulò
In the last few years several new results about product-form solutions of stochastic models have been formulated. In particular, the Reversed Compound Agent Theorem (RCAT) and its extensions play a pivotal role in the characterization of cooperating stochastic models in product-form. Although these results have been used to prove several well-known theorems (e.g., Jackson queueing network and G-network solutions) as well as novel ones, to the best of our knowledge, an automatic tool to derive the product-form solution (if present) of a generic cooperation among a set of stochastic processes, is not yet developed. In this paper we address the problem of solving the non-linear system of equations that arises from the application of RCAT. We present an iterative algorithm that is the base of a software tool currently under development. We illustrate the algorithm, discuss the convergence and the complexity, compare it with previous algorithms defined for the analysis of the Jackson networks and the G-networks. Several tests have been conducted involving the solutions of a (arbitrary) large number of cooperating processes in product-form by RCAT.
近年来,人们提出了一些关于随机模型积型解的新结果。其中,反向复合代理定理(RCAT)及其扩展在产品形式的协作随机模型的表征中起着关键作用。虽然这些结果已经被用来证明几个著名的定理(例如,Jackson排队网络和g -网络解)以及一些新的定理,但据我们所知,一个自动工具来推导一组随机过程之间的一般合作的乘积形式解(如果存在),还没有开发出来。在本文中,我们解决了由RCAT应用引起的非线性方程组的求解问题。我们提出了一个迭代算法,它是目前正在开发的软件工具的基础。我们举例说明了该算法,讨论了其收敛性和复杂性,并将其与先前为Jackson网络和g网络分析所定义的算法进行了比较。针对RCAT在产品形态中(任意)大量合作过程的解决方案进行了一些测试。
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引用次数: 13
Simulation environment for design and verification of Network-on-Chip and multi-core systems 片上网络和多核系统设计与验证的仿真环境
G. Khan, V. Dumitriu
The conception of Network-on-Chip (NoC) presents system designers with a new approach to the design of on-chip interconnection structures. However, such networks present designers with a large array of design parameters and decisions, many of which are critical to the efficient operation of NoC systems. To aid the design process of complex systems-on-chip, this paper presents a NoC simulation environment that has been developed and implemented using SystemC, a transaction-level modeling language. The simulation environment consists of on-chip components as well as traffic generators, which can generate various types of traffic patterns. A set of simulation results demonstrates the types of parameters that can affect performance of on-chip systems, including topology, network latency and achievable throughput. The results also verify the modeling capabilities of the proposed environment.
片上网络(NoC)的概念为系统设计者提供了一种设计片上互连结构的新方法。然而,这种网络为设计人员提供了大量的设计参数和决策,其中许多对NoC系统的有效运行至关重要。为了帮助复杂片上系统的设计过程,本文提出了一个使用事务级建模语言SystemC开发和实现的NoC仿真环境。仿真环境由片上组件和流量生成器组成,可以生成各种类型的流量模式。一组仿真结果展示了可能影响片上系统性能的参数类型,包括拓扑、网络延迟和可实现的吞吐量。结果还验证了所建议环境的建模能力。
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引用次数: 4
Workload modeling using pseudo2D-HMM 使用pseudo2D-HMM进行工作负载建模
Alessandro Moro, E. Mumolo, M. Nolich
In this paper, we present a novel approach for accurate modeling of computer workloads. According to this approach, the sequences of features generated by a program during its execution are considered as time series and are processed with signal processing techniques both for feature extraction and statistical pattern matching. In the feature extraction phase we used spectral analysis for describing the sequence and to retain the important information. In the pattern matching phase we used a simplified form of bidimensional Hidden Markov Model, called pseudo2D-HMM, as Statistical Machine Learning Algorithm. Several processes of the same workload are necessary to obtain a 2D-HMM model of the workload. In this way, the models are obtained in an initial training phase; we developed techniques for on-line workload classification of a running process and for synthetic traces generation. The proposed algorithms is evaluated via trace-driven simulations using the SPEC 2000 workloads. We show that pseudo2D-HMMs accurately describe memory references sequences; the classification accuracy is about 92% with six different workloads.
在本文中,我们提出了一种精确建模计算机工作负载的新方法。该方法将程序在执行过程中产生的特征序列视为时间序列,并使用信号处理技术进行特征提取和统计模式匹配。在特征提取阶段,我们使用谱分析来描述序列并保留重要信息。在模式匹配阶段,我们使用了一种简化形式的二维隐马尔可夫模型,称为pseudo2D-HMM,作为统计机器学习算法。为了获得工作负载的2D-HMM模型,需要多个相同工作负载的过程。这样,在初始训练阶段就得到了模型;我们开发了运行过程的在线工作负载分类和合成轨迹生成技术。通过使用SPEC 2000工作负载的跟踪驱动模拟来评估所提出的算法。研究表明,伪2d - hmm能够准确地描述记忆引用序列;在6种不同的工作负载下,分类准确率约为92%。
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引用次数: 4
Globally fair radio resource allocation for wireless mesh networks 无线网状网络的全球公平无线电资源分配
Ashish Raniwala, Pradipta De, Srikant Sharma, Rupa Krishnan, T. Chiueh
Network flows running on a wireless mesh network (WMN) may suffer from partial failures in the form of serious throughput degradation, sometimes to the extent of starvation, because of weaknesses in the underlying MAC protocol, dissimilar physical transmission rates or different degrees of local congestion. Most existing WMN transport protocols fail to take these factors into account. This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of a coordinated congestion control (C3L) algorithm that guarantees fair resource allocation under adverse scenarios and thus provides end-to-end max-min fairness among competing flows. The C3L algorithm features an advanced topology discovery mechanism that detects the inhibition of wireless communication links, and a general collision domain capacity re-estimation mechanism that effectively addresses such inhibition. A comprehensive ns-2-based simulation study as well as empirical measurements taken from an IEEE 802.11a-based multi-hop wireless testbed demonstrate that the C3L algorithm greatly improves inter-flow fairness, eliminates the starvation problem, and at the same time maintains high radio resource utilization efficiency.
在无线网状网络(WMN)上运行的网络流可能会出现部分故障,表现为严重的吞吐量下降,有时甚至会达到饥饿的程度,原因是底层MAC协议的弱点、不同的物理传输速率或不同程度的本地拥塞。大多数现有的WMN传输协议都没有考虑到这些因素。本文描述了一种协调拥塞控制(C3L)算法的设计、实现和评估,该算法保证在不利情况下公平分配资源,从而在竞争流之间提供端到端的最大最小公平性。C3L算法具有先进的拓扑发现机制,可以检测无线通信链路的抑制,以及有效解决这种抑制的通用碰撞域容量重新估计机制。基于ns-2的综合仿真研究以及基于IEEE 802.11的多跳无线测试平台的经验测量表明,C3L算法大大提高了流间公平性,消除了饥饿问题,同时保持了较高的无线电资源利用效率。
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引用次数: 10
Horizon — Exploiting timing information for parallel network simulation 利用时序信息进行并行网络仿真
G. Kunz, O. Landsiedel, Klaus Wehrle
Network simulation faces an increasing demand for highly detailed simulation models which in turn require efficient handling of their inherent computational complexity. This demand for detailed models includes both accurate estimations of processing time and in-depth modeling of wireless technologies. For instance, one might want to investigate if a particular device can incorporate a computationally complex radio transmission technology while meeting the deadlines of a multi-media streaming application such as VoIP.
网络仿真面临着对高度详细的仿真模型日益增长的需求,这反过来又要求有效地处理其固有的计算复杂性。这种对详细模型的需求包括对处理时间的准确估计和对无线技术的深入建模。例如,人们可能想要调查一个特定的设备是否可以在满足多媒体流应用程序(如VoIP)的最后期限的同时,结合计算复杂的无线电传输技术。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
2009 IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis & Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems
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