Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH004
Maria Sarmento, M. F. Dias, M. Amorim, M. Madaleno, C. Pimentel
This chapter focuses on competences required from female students building on the analysis of perceived transversal competences expressed by female students as well as by male and female employers. The study addresses the transversal competences that are essential for female students transitions to the labor market looking at the deemed necessary competences from both male and female employers. The study offers a pan-European perspective from a sample of 282 female students, plus 88 male and female employers from Cyprus, Lithuania, Poland, and Portugal. Evidence unfolds a great deal of sensitivity on the part of female students regarding personal transversal competences and highlights different competence priorities demanded from female students by male and female employers. The results can inform the debates and policies about education programs and objectives while offering insights for female students' job searches.
{"title":"Transversal Competences Towards Employability in Female Students","authors":"Maria Sarmento, M. F. Dias, M. Amorim, M. Madaleno, C. Pimentel","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on competences required from female students building on the analysis of perceived transversal competences expressed by female students as well as by male and female employers. The study addresses the transversal competences that are essential for female students transitions to the labor market looking at the deemed necessary competences from both male and female employers. The study offers a pan-European perspective from a sample of 282 female students, plus 88 male and female employers from Cyprus, Lithuania, Poland, and Portugal. Evidence unfolds a great deal of sensitivity on the part of female students regarding personal transversal competences and highlights different competence priorities demanded from female students by male and female employers. The results can inform the debates and policies about education programs and objectives while offering insights for female students' job searches.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127923948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH015
Reem Khamis, E. Barone, A. Sarea, A. Hamdan
This chapter aims at investigating board gender diversity and firm performance by integrating two theoretical backgrounds (agency theory and institutional theory). Board gender diversity has been investigated by using firm level theories such as agency theory and stewardship theory. Resource dependence theory, which links the board to the external environment of the firm, was also implemented in order to better understand how board gender diversity would affect firm performance. However, results were inconsistent. This study tries to integrate agency theory with institutional theory under the assumption that firms are affected by endogenous and exogenous factors that would eventually affect its outcomes such as performance.
{"title":"Board Gender Diversity and Firm Performance","authors":"Reem Khamis, E. Barone, A. Sarea, A. Hamdan","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims at investigating board gender diversity and firm performance by integrating two theoretical backgrounds (agency theory and institutional theory). Board gender diversity has been investigated by using firm level theories such as agency theory and stewardship theory. Resource dependence theory, which links the board to the external environment of the firm, was also implemented in order to better understand how board gender diversity would affect firm performance. However, results were inconsistent. This study tries to integrate agency theory with institutional theory under the assumption that firms are affected by endogenous and exogenous factors that would eventually affect its outcomes such as performance.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133588588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH003
Seda Yıldırım, D. Yıldırım, Selen Çoltu
This chapter aimed to explain the role of education on women's career in emerging countries. In this context, this study investigated the importance of education factor for working women in Turkey as a sample of emerging economy. For data collection, survey method was used. The survey was implemented via face-to-face method to working women in the Thracian region of Turkey. Three hundred forty-nine survey forms were conducted and analyzed. As a result, education factor was determined as an alternative tool to create greater career for women. It was indicated that education had a significant and positive effect on women's career life. In addition, it was found that educated women had a greater career, higher income, and greater promotion opportunity. This study supports that women can have a greater career and career development with higher education, and educated women can get greater and more equal work conditions in emerging economies such as Turkey.
{"title":"The Role of Education in Women's Career Life in Emerging Economies","authors":"Seda Yıldırım, D. Yıldırım, Selen Çoltu","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aimed to explain the role of education on women's career in emerging countries. In this context, this study investigated the importance of education factor for working women in Turkey as a sample of emerging economy. For data collection, survey method was used. The survey was implemented via face-to-face method to working women in the Thracian region of Turkey. Three hundred forty-nine survey forms were conducted and analyzed. As a result, education factor was determined as an alternative tool to create greater career for women. It was indicated that education had a significant and positive effect on women's career life. In addition, it was found that educated women had a greater career, higher income, and greater promotion opportunity. This study supports that women can have a greater career and career development with higher education, and educated women can get greater and more equal work conditions in emerging economies such as Turkey.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130564664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH016
Haya Lori, A. Hamdan, A. Sarea, Thaira Al Shirawi
This chapter aims to measure the relationship between the number of women in the board of directors and company performance in the listed companies in Bahrain Bourse. The study uses panel data where the data is collected from the investor's guide in Bahrain Bourse and the annual reports from the listed companies from 2013 to 2017. The sample of the study includes 39 listed companies; the independent variable is the number of women in the board of directors in each company, which was measured using dummy variables; and the dependent variable is the company performance, which was measured using two measurement models driven from previous studies: accounting measurement (return on assets) and market measurement (Tobin's Q). The study also utilizes three control variables in order to help measuring the relationship between the number of women in the board of directors and company performance. The study concludes that there is a positive correlation between the number of women in the board of directors and the company's ROA and Tobin's Q.
{"title":"Women on Board and Firm Performance","authors":"Haya Lori, A. Hamdan, A. Sarea, Thaira Al Shirawi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to measure the relationship between the number of women in the board of directors and company performance in the listed companies in Bahrain Bourse. The study uses panel data where the data is collected from the investor's guide in Bahrain Bourse and the annual reports from the listed companies from 2013 to 2017. The sample of the study includes 39 listed companies; the independent variable is the number of women in the board of directors in each company, which was measured using dummy variables; and the dependent variable is the company performance, which was measured using two measurement models driven from previous studies: accounting measurement (return on assets) and market measurement (Tobin's Q). The study also utilizes three control variables in order to help measuring the relationship between the number of women in the board of directors and company performance. The study concludes that there is a positive correlation between the number of women in the board of directors and the company's ROA and Tobin's Q.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129237054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH011
I. Carvalho, C. Costa, Anália Torres
The purpose of this chapter is to reveal women top-level managers' gender awareness in relation to two aspects: 1) perceptions of discrimination and 2) views of what could be done towards gender equality (by the state, organizations, and women themselves), so that more women can advance their careers. Women top-level managers in the Portuguese tourism sector were interviewed. The interview data suggests that discrimination might still be pervasive in the Portuguese tourism industry. However, many women do not perceive it as “real” discrimination and have contradictory discourses about it. Informants were also asked what could be done so that more women advance in their careers. They place the solution to the problem of gender equality mostly in women's hands. While some of the strategies proposed by women confront the gender order, others align with the status quo by ensuring that women “fit in” without challenging existing structures.
{"title":"Gender Awareness and Women Managers in Tourism","authors":"I. Carvalho, C. Costa, Anália Torres","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH011","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this chapter is to reveal women top-level managers' gender awareness in relation to two aspects: 1) perceptions of discrimination and 2) views of what could be done towards gender equality (by the state, organizations, and women themselves), so that more women can advance their careers. Women top-level managers in the Portuguese tourism sector were interviewed. The interview data suggests that discrimination might still be pervasive in the Portuguese tourism industry. However, many women do not perceive it as “real” discrimination and have contradictory discourses about it. Informants were also asked what could be done so that more women advance in their careers. They place the solution to the problem of gender equality mostly in women's hands. While some of the strategies proposed by women confront the gender order, others align with the status quo by ensuring that women “fit in” without challenging existing structures.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131286851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why should boards appoint members who are women? Do women contribute positively to the effectiveness of the board? Or, are they just appointed to boost the firm's image of fulfilling their quota? In recent years, board gender diversity has become an important issue around the world, where studies show that the inclusion of female directors is positively related to their financial performance of firms, their organizational effectiveness, and corporate governance. By applying gender perspectives to the boardrooms, new dimensions, knowledge, abilities, and experience are brought to the table. This chapter offers a contribution to the literature review by extending the studies on corporate governance and gender diversity as well as shedding the light on this relationship in the context of a non-western country, Bahrain, where women must abide by the traditional roles they play in the society. However, contradictory to expectations, the results indicate the number of females on the board has a negative relationship with firm performance, especially with return on assets (ROA).
{"title":"Bahraini Women's Voices in the Boardroom","authors":"Amna Hameed Jafaar, Maryam Yousif Juma, Jafaar Mohmed Habib, Abdalmuttaleb Al-Sartawi","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH017","url":null,"abstract":"Why should boards appoint members who are women? Do women contribute positively to the effectiveness of the board? Or, are they just appointed to boost the firm's image of fulfilling their quota? In recent years, board gender diversity has become an important issue around the world, where studies show that the inclusion of female directors is positively related to their financial performance of firms, their organizational effectiveness, and corporate governance. By applying gender perspectives to the boardrooms, new dimensions, knowledge, abilities, and experience are brought to the table. This chapter offers a contribution to the literature review by extending the studies on corporate governance and gender diversity as well as shedding the light on this relationship in the context of a non-western country, Bahrain, where women must abide by the traditional roles they play in the society. However, contradictory to expectations, the results indicate the number of females on the board has a negative relationship with firm performance, especially with return on assets (ROA).","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120969056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH005
Zahra Khamseh
The chapter seeks to explore the roots of gender inequality through the personal experiences of working women in senior positions which are extracted from their stories about their families, societies, and organizations. To conduct the research, Hofstede's cultural dimensions were employed as a tool to determine the national culture which has direct influence on organizational culture which dominates the workplace and influences immensely every sphere of women's activities in the workplace. In this research, consideration is given to cultural aspects through data gathered from educated Iranian, Malay, and Turkish female employees illustrating their organizational life.
{"title":"Power and Gender","authors":"Zahra Khamseh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH005","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter seeks to explore the roots of gender inequality through the personal experiences of working women in senior positions which are extracted from their stories about their families, societies, and organizations. To conduct the research, Hofstede's cultural dimensions were employed as a tool to determine the national culture which has direct influence on organizational culture which dominates the workplace and influences immensely every sphere of women's activities in the workplace. In this research, consideration is given to cultural aspects through data gathered from educated Iranian, Malay, and Turkish female employees illustrating their organizational life.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132020495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH001
E. T. Pereira, S. Salaris
The role of women in labor markets has been characterized by great changes in the last century, with gender inequalities decreasing in most developed countries. The stereotypes related to women in labor markets have been hard to break within social norms and cultures. Many efforts have been made in recent decades by governments and national and international institutions to decrease and promote women's empowerment and gender equality in labor markets. This chapter has as its main purposes to provide an overview of the evolution of the role of women in labor markets in developed countries and to investigate this evolution based on a set of variables: gender participation rates, education, employment, the gender gap in management, wages and the gender wage gap, and public policies and laws. However, despite the positive evolution of the participation rate of women in labor markets that has been observed in recent decades, gender inequalities still persist.
{"title":"The Evolution of the Role of Women in Labor Markets in Developed Economies","authors":"E. T. Pereira, S. Salaris","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"The role of women in labor markets has been characterized by great changes in the last century, with gender inequalities decreasing in most developed countries. The stereotypes related to women in labor markets have been hard to break within social norms and cultures. Many efforts have been made in recent decades by governments and national and international institutions to decrease and promote women's empowerment and gender equality in labor markets. This chapter has as its main purposes to provide an overview of the evolution of the role of women in labor markets in developed countries and to investigate this evolution based on a set of variables: gender participation rates, education, employment, the gender gap in management, wages and the gender wage gap, and public policies and laws. However, despite the positive evolution of the participation rate of women in labor markets that has been observed in recent decades, gender inequalities still persist.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115211763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH008
Filippo Ferrari
In spite of the considerable importance of career issues in the field of family business gender studies, current literature shows a lack of attention to careers in family businesses. Due to this theoretical limitation, this chapter aims to investigate quantitatively the second generation's career in a sample of Italian family firms (N=297). Findings suggest that the careers of females and males show different characteristics. This chapter contributes to the limited research on daughter succession. Moreover, it provides a contribution to understanding the daughters' organizational and educational career in small and medium-sized family firms specifically, filling a gap in the current literature. Finally, this chapter prompts a reflection on the cultural/contextual aspects that impact upon entry into the company.
{"title":"The Daughter's Career in Family Firms","authors":"Filippo Ferrari","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH008","url":null,"abstract":"In spite of the considerable importance of career issues in the field of family business gender studies, current literature shows a lack of attention to careers in family businesses. Due to this theoretical limitation, this chapter aims to investigate quantitatively the second generation's career in a sample of Italian family firms (N=297). Findings suggest that the careers of females and males show different characteristics. This chapter contributes to the limited research on daughter succession. Moreover, it provides a contribution to understanding the daughters' organizational and educational career in small and medium-sized family firms specifically, filling a gap in the current literature. Finally, this chapter prompts a reflection on the cultural/contextual aspects that impact upon entry into the company.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117224986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH012
M. Zakria, Paulo Miguel Vila Nova dos Santos, A. Moreira, Jorge Mota
This chapter addresses some of the misconceptions regarding female entrepreneurship and how different notions in different contexts lay the ground for further misalignments in the entrepreneurial process. It also addresses how contextual issues affect social and economic underpinnings in different countries. Stereotypes in traditional and modern societies and the barriers to gender equality results in unequal distribution of resources, which are further reflected on the characteristics of entrepreneurs leading to potential hindrances to female entrepreneurship from contextual issue. The need to recognize the diversity that exists among different contexts and the level of impact on female entrepreneurship is reflected on society. Finally, the chapter offers a tentative outlook for further research into female entrepreneurship through the discussion of contextual issues and conclusions.
{"title":"Exploring Female Entrepreneurship","authors":"M. Zakria, Paulo Miguel Vila Nova dos Santos, A. Moreira, Jorge Mota","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9171-9.CH012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses some of the misconceptions regarding female entrepreneurship and how different notions in different contexts lay the ground for further misalignments in the entrepreneurial process. It also addresses how contextual issues affect social and economic underpinnings in different countries. Stereotypes in traditional and modern societies and the barriers to gender equality results in unequal distribution of resources, which are further reflected on the characteristics of entrepreneurs leading to potential hindrances to female entrepreneurship from contextual issue. The need to recognize the diversity that exists among different contexts and the level of impact on female entrepreneurship is reflected on society. Finally, the chapter offers a tentative outlook for further research into female entrepreneurship through the discussion of contextual issues and conclusions.","PeriodicalId":276949,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Women in Management and the Global Labor Market","volume":"15 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132810806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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