Feature modeling is widely used in software product-line engineering to capture the commonalities and variabilities within an application domain. As feature models evolve, they can become very complex with respect to the number of features and the dependencies among them, which can cause the product derivation based on feature selection to become quite time consuming and error prone. We address this problem by presenting techniques to find good feature selection sequences that are based on the number of products that contain a particular feature and the impact of a selected feature on the selection of other features. Specifically, we identify a feature selection strategy, which brings up highly selective features early for selection. By prioritizing feature selection based on the selectivity of features our technique makes the feature selection process more efficient. Moreover, our approach helps with the problem of unexpected side effects of feature selection in later stages of the selection process, which is commonly considered a difficult problem. We have run our algorithm on the e-Shop and Berkeley DB feature models and also on some automatically generated feature models. The evaluation results demonstrate that our techniques can shorten the product derivation processes significantly.
{"title":"Optimizing the Product Derivation Process","authors":"Sheng Chen, Martin Erwig","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.47","url":null,"abstract":"Feature modeling is widely used in software product-line engineering to capture the commonalities and variabilities within an application domain. As feature models evolve, they can become very complex with respect to the number of features and the dependencies among them, which can cause the product derivation based on feature selection to become quite time consuming and error prone. We address this problem by presenting techniques to find good feature selection sequences that are based on the number of products that contain a particular feature and the impact of a selected feature on the selection of other features. Specifically, we identify a feature selection strategy, which brings up highly selective features early for selection. By prioritizing feature selection based on the selectivity of features our technique makes the feature selection process more efficient. Moreover, our approach helps with the problem of unexpected side effects of feature selection in later stages of the selection process, which is commonly considered a difficult problem. We have run our algorithm on the e-Shop and Berkeley DB feature models and also on some automatically generated feature models. The evaluation results demonstrate that our techniques can shorten the product derivation processes significantly.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"283 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115903192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Product line engineering dealing with software and system families for automotive systems needs a deeper structuring and understanding of systems, their functions, and operational modes than the engineering of individual systems, since the variability of the systems introduces an additional dimension and further complexity. In fact, the enormous complexity of systems today requires a much more structured approach to engineering anyhow. It will be demonstrated how to derive a better structuring of systems by three complementary views at the conceptual level including the context view in terms of context models, the functional view by function hierarchies and operational modes, and component architecture models. These views bridge the gap between functional requirements and their technical realization. We show how such an approach leads to a more structured understanding of systems in terms of different views on their properties and their mutual logical relation and how this can be used as a basis for product line engineering. We introduce concepts, in particular, of logic to define logical dependencies between different levels of abstractions and perspectives of systems.
{"title":"The Role of Requirements and Specification in Product Line Engineering","authors":"M. Broy","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.68","url":null,"abstract":"Product line engineering dealing with software and system families for automotive systems needs a deeper structuring and understanding of systems, their functions, and operational modes than the engineering of individual systems, since the variability of the systems introduces an additional dimension and further complexity. In fact, the enormous complexity of systems today requires a much more structured approach to engineering anyhow. It will be demonstrated how to derive a better structuring of systems by three complementary views at the conceptual level including the context view in terms of context models, the functional view by function hierarchies and operational modes, and component architecture models. These views bridge the gap between functional requirements and their technical realization. We show how such an approach leads to a more structured understanding of systems in terms of different views on their properties and their mutual logical relation and how this can be used as a basis for product line engineering. We introduce concepts, in particular, of logic to define logical dependencies between different levels of abstractions and perspectives of systems.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131747863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current model-driven software product line development is mostly based on feature/variability modeling techniques, however, we see the potential for automatic assistance in identifying the commonality and variability of a set of models within the domain and synthesizing the product line model based on those. This paper presents a generic approach for synthesizing a software product line using model comparison. For model difference detection, the approach applies EMF Compare, a generic model comparison tool. For specifying the variability, the approach applies the Common Variability Language (CVL), a generic language for expressing variability. The SPL developer starts with comparing the existing potential product models in order to identify reusable assets (model fragments). Our tool prototype CVL Compare detects the difference between the existing product models and performs higher-order comparisons to explore the commonality and variability of the domain. Based on the comparison results, a preliminary product line model (CVL model) can be automatically induced and the SPL developer may further enhance the product line model. The approach is illustrated with an example of train control product line.
{"title":"Model Comparison to Synthesize a Model-Driven Software Product Line","authors":"Xiaorui Zhang, Øystein Haugen, B. Møller-Pedersen","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.24","url":null,"abstract":"Current model-driven software product line development is mostly based on feature/variability modeling techniques, however, we see the potential for automatic assistance in identifying the commonality and variability of a set of models within the domain and synthesizing the product line model based on those. This paper presents a generic approach for synthesizing a software product line using model comparison. For model difference detection, the approach applies EMF Compare, a generic model comparison tool. For specifying the variability, the approach applies the Common Variability Language (CVL), a generic language for expressing variability. The SPL developer starts with comparing the existing potential product models in order to identify reusable assets (model fragments). Our tool prototype CVL Compare detects the difference between the existing product models and performs higher-order comparisons to explore the commonality and variability of the domain. Based on the comparison results, a preliminary product line model (CVL model) can be automatically induced and the SPL developer may further enhance the product line model. The approach is illustrated with an example of train control product line.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126842649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing number of customers and their specific application domains for the NH90 has led to an increasing number of functionally different helicopter variants. In order to cope with the high number of software variants, the NH90 software team has developed a software architecture that is based on Software Product Line (SPL) principles. Military avionics systems are constrained by many factors that limit the selection of SPL implementation technologies, most prominently the strict safety regulations on product, tools and processes. Many SPL initiatives in this domain also face an already existing design together with a large code base. The NH90 software team has defined architectural principles that an SPL should follow in order to meet theses restrictions. The NH90 SPL attempts to follow these principles. Its implementation relies on three pillars: an embedded real-time framework, extensive code generation and a set of design and coding patterns. This article describes these principles that determine the NH90 SPL architecture, the techniques used for code generation, and a selection of the design and coding patterns, as an example of a software product line implementation in a real project within the avionics domain.
{"title":"Implementing a Software Product Line for a Complex Avionics System","authors":"F. Dordowsky, R. Bridges, Holger Tschöpe","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.11","url":null,"abstract":"The growing number of customers and their specific application domains for the NH90 has led to an increasing number of functionally different helicopter variants. In order to cope with the high number of software variants, the NH90 software team has developed a software architecture that is based on Software Product Line (SPL) principles. Military avionics systems are constrained by many factors that limit the selection of SPL implementation technologies, most prominently the strict safety regulations on product, tools and processes. Many SPL initiatives in this domain also face an already existing design together with a large code base. The NH90 software team has defined architectural principles that an SPL should follow in order to meet theses restrictions. The NH90 SPL attempts to follow these principles. Its implementation relies on three pillars: an embedded real-time framework, extensive code generation and a set of design and coding patterns. This article describes these principles that determine the NH90 SPL architecture, the techniques used for code generation, and a selection of the design and coding patterns, as an example of a software product line implementation in a real project within the avionics domain.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"290 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114609707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the application of domain-specific languages in product line engineering (PLE). We start by analyzing the limits of expressivity of feature models. Feature models correspond to context-free grammars without recursion, which prevents the expression of multiple instances and references. We then show how domain-specific languages (DSLs) can serve as a middle ground between feature modeling and programming. They can be used in cases where feature models are too limited, while keeping the separation between problem space and solution space provided by feature models. We then categorize useful combinations between configuration with feature model and construction with DSLs and provide an integration of DSLs into the conceptual framework of PLE. Finally we show how use of a consistent, unified formalism for models, code, and configuration can yield important benefits for managing variability and trace ability. We illustrate the concepts with several examples from industrial case studies.
{"title":"Product Line Engineering Using Domain-Specific Languages","authors":"M. Völter, E. Visser","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.25","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the application of domain-specific languages in product line engineering (PLE). We start by analyzing the limits of expressivity of feature models. Feature models correspond to context-free grammars without recursion, which prevents the expression of multiple instances and references. We then show how domain-specific languages (DSLs) can serve as a middle ground between feature modeling and programming. They can be used in cases where feature models are too limited, while keeping the separation between problem space and solution space provided by feature models. We then categorize useful combinations between configuration with feature model and construction with DSLs and provide an integration of DSLs into the conceptual framework of PLE. Finally we show how use of a consistent, unified formalism for models, code, and configuration can yield important benefits for managing variability and trace ability. We illustrate the concepts with several examples from industrial case studies.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115001792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arne Haber, H. Rendel, Bernhard Rumpe, Ina Schaefer, F. V. Linden
Hierarchically decomposed component-based system development reduces design complexity by supporting distribution of work and component reuse. For product line development, the variability of the components to be deployed in different products has to be represented by appropriate means. In this paper, we propose hierarchical variability modeling which allows specifying component variability integrated with the component hierarchy and locally to the components. Components can contain variation points determining where components may vary. Associated variants define how this variability can be realized in different component configurations. We present a meta model for hierarchical variability modeling to formalize the conceptual ideas. In order to obtain an implementation of the proposed approach together with tool support, we extend the existing architectural description language MontiArc with hierarchical variability modeling. We illustrate the presented approach using an example from the automotive systems domain.
{"title":"Hierarchical Variability Modeling for Software Architectures","authors":"Arne Haber, H. Rendel, Bernhard Rumpe, Ina Schaefer, F. V. Linden","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.28","url":null,"abstract":"Hierarchically decomposed component-based system development reduces design complexity by supporting distribution of work and component reuse. For product line development, the variability of the components to be deployed in different products has to be represented by appropriate means. In this paper, we propose hierarchical variability modeling which allows specifying component variability integrated with the component hierarchy and locally to the components. Components can contain variation points determining where components may vary. Associated variants define how this variability can be realized in different component configurations. We present a meta model for hierarchical variability modeling to formalize the conceptual ideas. In order to obtain an implementation of the proposed approach together with tool support, we extend the existing architectural description language MontiArc with hierarchical variability modeling. We illustrate the presented approach using an example from the automotive systems domain.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"122 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128367336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Web services run in complex environments where it is desirable to be able to count on mechanisms to adapt them according to contextual changes. Manual adaptations are unfeasible in intricate service compositions that are built with highly dynamic Web services. However, the principles of Autonomic Computing could support their self-adaptation. In this paper, we propose a method for designing and implementing context-aware autonomous Web services in system families. It is based on Software Product Line (SPL) engineering to support their systematic reuse in mass production environments. Autonomic behavior is achieved by our Model-based Reconfiguration Engine for Web services (MoRE-WS). MoRE-WS leverages variability models at runtime as easy-to-understand and semantically rich adaptation policies for decision-making while the architecture of a Dynamic SPL (DSPL) allows a flexible service recomposition. A case study illustrates the applicability of our method.
{"title":"Context-Aware Autonomous Web Services in Software Product Lines","authors":"Germán H. Alférez, V. Pelechano","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.21","url":null,"abstract":"Web services run in complex environments where it is desirable to be able to count on mechanisms to adapt them according to contextual changes. Manual adaptations are unfeasible in intricate service compositions that are built with highly dynamic Web services. However, the principles of Autonomic Computing could support their self-adaptation. In this paper, we propose a method for designing and implementing context-aware autonomous Web services in system families. It is based on Software Product Line (SPL) engineering to support their systematic reuse in mass production environments. Autonomic behavior is achieved by our Model-based Reconfiguration Engine for Web services (MoRE-WS). MoRE-WS leverages variability models at runtime as easy-to-understand and semantically rich adaptation policies for decision-making while the architecture of a Dynamic SPL (DSPL) allows a flexible service recomposition. A case study illustrates the applicability of our method.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123950472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Software Product Line Engineering (PLE) exploits systematic reuse by identifying and methodically reusing software artifacts to develop different but related software systems. Developing Product Lines requires analysis skills to identify, model, and encode domain and product knowledge into artifacts that can be systematically reused across the development life-cycle. As such, Knowledge plays a paramount role in the success of the various activities of PLE. The objective of KOPLE is to bring together SPL researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to investigate the role of Knowledge in PLE. Knowledge is usually encapsulated in PL architectures in a tacit or implicit way, and this may appear to be sufficient for industry to implement successful product lines. Nevertheless, KOPLE also aims to become a discussion forum about techniques and methods to convert from tacit to explicit Knowledge in PLE and to process and use this Knowledge for optimizing and innovating PLE processes. Keywords-Knowledge Engineering; Software Product Line Engineering
{"title":"Second International Workshop on Knowledge-Oriented Product Line Engineering","authors":"H. Hamza, Jabier Martinez, A. Rummler","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.65","url":null,"abstract":"Software Product Line Engineering (PLE) exploits systematic reuse by identifying and methodically reusing software artifacts to develop different but related software systems. Developing Product Lines requires analysis skills to identify, model, and encode domain and product knowledge into artifacts that can be systematically reused across the development life-cycle. As such, Knowledge plays a paramount role in the success of the various activities of PLE. The objective of KOPLE is to bring together SPL researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to investigate the role of Knowledge in PLE. Knowledge is usually encapsulated in PL architectures in a tacit or implicit way, and this may appear to be sufficient for industry to implement successful product lines. Nevertheless, KOPLE also aims to become a discussion forum about techniques and methods to convert from tacit to explicit Knowledge in PLE and to process and use this Knowledge for optimizing and innovating PLE processes. Keywords-Knowledge Engineering; Software Product Line Engineering","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124291928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For businesses to be competitive, today's product development organizations must deliver a product line -- a portfolio of similar products or systems with variations in features and functions -- rather than just an individual product. As a result, a new generation of innovative Systems and Software Product Line (SPL) engineering approaches has emerged to play an increasingly important role. This tutorial will spotlight how mainstream forces are driving SPL approaches to take a holistic perspective that is deeply integrated into the systems and software engineering lifecycle.
{"title":"Industry Trends in Systems and Software Product Line Engineering","authors":"C. Krueger","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.56","url":null,"abstract":"For businesses to be competitive, today's product development organizations must deliver a product line -- a portfolio of similar products or systems with variations in features and functions -- rather than just an individual product. As a result, a new generation of innovative Systems and Software Product Line (SPL) engineering approaches has emerged to play an increasingly important role. This tutorial will spotlight how mainstream forces are driving SPL approaches to take a holistic perspective that is deeply integrated into the systems and software engineering lifecycle.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123627923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has emerged as a model for distributed computing that promotes flexible deployment and reuse. Software product lines (SPL) promote reusable development for product families. SOA systems need the capability of managing variability to address different client requirements. Our approach uses SPL concepts to model SOA systems as service families. SPL development relies on feature models to describe the commonality and variability of member applications. We introduce a multiple view SOA variability model based on feature modeling, which is described in UML and SoaML, the newly released SOA standard. Such a framework facilitates variability modeling of service families in a systematic and platform independent way.
{"title":"Variability Modeling for Service Oriented Product Line Architectures","authors":"Mohammad Abu-Matar, H. Gomaa","doi":"10.1109/SPLC.2011.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SPLC.2011.26","url":null,"abstract":"Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has emerged as a model for distributed computing that promotes flexible deployment and reuse. Software product lines (SPL) promote reusable development for product families. SOA systems need the capability of managing variability to address different client requirements. Our approach uses SPL concepts to model SOA systems as service families. SPL development relies on feature models to describe the commonality and variability of member applications. We introduce a multiple view SOA variability model based on feature modeling, which is described in UML and SoaML, the newly released SOA standard. Such a framework facilitates variability modeling of service families in a systematic and platform independent way.","PeriodicalId":278787,"journal":{"name":"2011 15th International Software Product Line Conference","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121893830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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