The WHO defines vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten biggest threats to global health nowadays. To contribute to finding a solution for vaccine hesitancy, this study aims at gaining new insights on the influence of the default effect, anticipated regret, and decision roles on vaccination willingness. In an online study, a sample of 187 participants (70.0% female, 87.7% Dutch, 79.7% high-educated) receives information concerning colon cancer and a possible vaccine. The results show that presenting vaccination as a default option (i.e. vaccination is the standard in the form) does not influence the vaccine uptake compared to a control group. The anticipated regret people indicate to experience for getting side-effects and colon cancer, however, does significantly predict vaccination willingness (B = -0.36, p = 0.00; B = 0.16, p = 0.03, respectively). Furthermore, people rather vaccinate themselves than their child (B = -0.61, p= 0.01). This correlation appears to be mediated by anticipated regret: the levels of anticipated regret for getting side-effects and colon cancer are higher for the child than the self-decision (p = 0.00 and p = 0.01, respectively). Finally, gender and willingness to take risks towards faith in others also show a significant and relevant correlation with vaccination willingness. These results suggest that anticipated regret explains why people rather vaccinate themselves than their children and that the default effect cannot change vaccination willingness. Due to academic and societal importance, more research should be done to fill the gaps in knowledge related to vaccine hesitancy.
世界卫生组织将疫苗犹豫定义为当今全球健康的十大威胁之一。本研究旨在对默认效应、预期后悔和决策角色对疫苗接种意愿的影响有新的认识，以帮助寻找疫苗犹豫的解决方案。在一项在线研究中，187名参与者(70.0%为女性，87.7%为荷兰人，79.7%为受过高等教育的人)接受了有关结肠癌和可能的疫苗的信息。结果表明，与对照组相比，将疫苗接种作为默认选项(即疫苗接种是表格中的标准选项)并不影响疫苗摄取。然而，人们对副作用和结肠癌的预期后悔经历对疫苗接种意愿有显著的预测作用(B = -0.36, p = 0.00;B = 0.16, p = 0.03)。此外，人们宁愿自己接种疫苗，也不愿给孩子接种(B = -0.61, p= 0.01)。这种相关性似乎是由预期后悔介导的:对于孩子来说，预期副作用和结肠癌的后悔水平高于自我决定(p = 0.00和p = 0.01)。最后，性别和对他人的信仰承担风险的意愿也显示出与疫苗接种意愿显著相关的相关性。这些结果表明，预期的后悔解释了为什么人们宁愿给自己而不是孩子接种疫苗，而且默认效应不能改变接种意愿。由于学术和社会的重要性，应该做更多的研究来填补与疫苗犹豫有关的知识空白。
{"title":"Inject or Infect: How Do the Default Effect, Anticipated Regret, and Decision Roles Predict Vaccination Willingness","authors":"Imke van der Loo, M. Stroom","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3927103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3927103","url":null,"abstract":"The WHO defines vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten biggest threats to global health nowadays. To contribute to finding a solution for vaccine hesitancy, this study aims at gaining new insights on the influence of the default effect, anticipated regret, and decision roles on vaccination willingness. In an online study, a sample of 187 participants (70.0% female, 87.7% Dutch, 79.7% high-educated) receives information concerning colon cancer and a possible vaccine. The results show that presenting vaccination as a default option (i.e. vaccination is the standard in the form) does not influence the vaccine uptake compared to a control group. The anticipated regret people indicate to experience for getting side-effects and colon cancer, however, does significantly predict vaccination willingness (B = -0.36, p = 0.00; B = 0.16, p = 0.03, respectively). Furthermore, people rather vaccinate themselves than their child (B = -0.61, p= 0.01). This correlation appears to be mediated by anticipated regret: the levels of anticipated regret for getting side-effects and colon cancer are higher for the child than the self-decision (p = 0.00 and p = 0.01, respectively). Finally, gender and willingness to take risks towards faith in others also show a significant and relevant correlation with vaccination willingness. These results suggest that anticipated regret explains why people rather vaccinate themselves than their children and that the default effect cannot change vaccination willingness. Due to academic and societal importance, more research should be done to fill the gaps in knowledge related to vaccine hesitancy.","PeriodicalId":282593,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Health/Wellness (Topic)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132997871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the wake of a state-sponsored doping scandal, the World Anti-Doping Agency reommended banning all Russian athletes from the Rio Olympic Games. We study the circumstances in which such group penalties deter a group leader, whose payoff is tied to the group's benefits and sanctions, from helping cheating group members avoid detection. We show that relative to individual punishment, group punishment deters orchestrated cheating and thereby increases individual deterrence for su¢ ciently strong enforcement and a bounded detection-avoidance technology. Otherwise, group punishment fosters individual cheating. Group punishment is thus a double-edged sword useful primarily as an off-equilibrium threat against orchestrated cheating but detrimental if frequently imposed on the equilibrium path.
{"title":"Deterrence of Orchestrated Cheating: Group versus Individual Punishment","authors":"Shmuel Leshem, Abraham L. Wickelgren","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3459036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3459036","url":null,"abstract":"In the wake of a state-sponsored doping scandal, the World Anti-Doping Agency reommended banning all Russian athletes from the Rio Olympic Games. We study the circumstances in which such group penalties deter a group leader, whose payoff is tied to the group's benefits and sanctions, from helping cheating group members avoid detection. We show that relative to individual punishment, group punishment deters orchestrated cheating and thereby increases individual deterrence for su¢ ciently strong enforcement and a bounded detection-avoidance technology. Otherwise, group punishment fosters individual cheating. Group punishment is thus a double-edged sword useful primarily as an off-equilibrium threat against orchestrated cheating but detrimental if frequently imposed on the equilibrium path.","PeriodicalId":282593,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Health/Wellness (Topic)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115705886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to assess spending efficiency of regional governments in Indonesia on health and education during the fiscal decentralization period year of 2010-2017. Relying on a sample of 33 provinces as regional government, this paper compute efficiency scores adopting nonparametric frontier that estimated by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to study spending inefficiency. Results of the paper show that in west regions, Bali, Bangka Belitung, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah, and Kep. Riau relatively most efficient in public spending both on health and education in period of study. DKI Jakarta and Jawa Barat have efficient score on health, and Bengkulu has efficient score on education. On the other hand, in east regions, Gorontalo, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur and Sulawesi Utara were also most efficient in public spending on health and education services. Maluku and Sulawesi Tenggara have efficient score on health, and Kalimantan Selatan, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, and Sulawesi Barat have efficient score on education. The results show that provinces in east regions of Indonesia were relatively more efficient in public spending both on health and education for promoting equal distribution of income
{"title":"Regional Government Spending Efficiency on Health and Education in Decentralization Era: Evidence from Indonesia","authors":"Azwar Iskandar, Rahmaluddin Saragih","doi":"10.31092/jia.v3i1.452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31092/jia.v3i1.452","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to assess spending efficiency of regional governments in Indonesia on health and education during the fiscal decentralization period year of 2010-2017. Relying on a sample of 33 provinces as regional government, this paper compute efficiency scores adopting nonparametric frontier that estimated by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to study spending inefficiency. Results of the paper show that in west regions, Bali, Bangka Belitung, DI Yogyakarta, Jawa Tengah, and Kep. Riau relatively most efficient in public spending both on health and education in period of study. DKI Jakarta and Jawa Barat have efficient score on health, and Bengkulu has efficient score on education. On the other hand, in east regions, Gorontalo, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur and Sulawesi Utara were also most efficient in public spending on health and education services. Maluku and Sulawesi Tenggara have efficient score on health, and Kalimantan Selatan, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, and Sulawesi Barat have efficient score on education. The results show that provinces in east regions of Indonesia were relatively more efficient in public spending both on health and education for promoting equal distribution of income","PeriodicalId":282593,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Health/Wellness (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129102859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Decisions on investing in health as well as other policies require deciding how to best allocate available resources - recognizing that using labor, materials, and other resources for one purpose means that they cannot be used for other purposes. Approaches for economic evaluation, including cost-effectiveness analysis and benefit-cost analysis, have in common the overarching goal of providing information on policy impacts, so as to provide an evidence-base for decisions. What distinguishes benefit-cost analysis is its emphasis on explicitly accounting for all significant outcomes (both health and non-health) and on valuing them in monetary units to facilitate comparison. Benefit-cost analysis makes the relative values of different outcomes explicit. As conventionally implemented, benefit-cost analysis does not address the distribution of impacts within a population, but it can be supplemented to do so.
{"title":"Benefit-Cost Analysis in Global Health","authors":"L. Robinson, J. Hammitt","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2952014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2952014","url":null,"abstract":"Decisions on investing in health as well as other policies require deciding how to best allocate available resources - recognizing that using labor, materials, and other resources for one purpose means that they cannot be used for other purposes. Approaches for economic evaluation, including cost-effectiveness analysis and benefit-cost analysis, have in common the overarching goal of providing information on policy impacts, so as to provide an evidence-base for decisions. What distinguishes benefit-cost analysis is its emphasis on explicitly accounting for all significant outcomes (both health and non-health) and on valuing them in monetary units to facilitate comparison. Benefit-cost analysis makes the relative values of different outcomes explicit. As conventionally implemented, benefit-cost analysis does not address the distribution of impacts within a population, but it can be supplemented to do so.","PeriodicalId":282593,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Health/Wellness (Topic)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122707548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global forum on nutrition-sensitive social protection programs, convened by securenutrition and the Russian Federation, brought together 150 donors, implementers, and country leaders to identify practical ways to link the nutrition and social protection agendas. This paper served as a springboard for discussion at the global forum, and represents a synthesis of evidence from nearly 120 references with a heavy focus on program evaluations. The reach of social protection programs has grown extensively since the 1980s. Recent World Bank estimates show 64 countries running conditional cash transfers as opposed to only two in 1997 and the rapid doubling of countries in Africa implementing unconditional cash transfers - from 20 to 40 in just the last five years. This paper finds that social protection transfers tend to increase household budget devoted to food - often more than other income sources - and highlights evidence that transfers can change diet composition and quality. At the same time, the overall effects of income on nutrition outcomes are not clear and vary by country experience and across studies. Evidence indicates that knowledge of proper hygiene and feeding practices does not necessarily increase alongside purchasing power, hence the rationale to specifically encourage or program behavioral change communication.
{"title":"Leveraging Social Protection Programs for Improved Nutrition: Summary of Evidence Prepared for the Global Forum on Nutrition-Sensitive Social Protection Programs, 2015","authors":"H. Alderman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2831575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2831575","url":null,"abstract":"The global forum on nutrition-sensitive social protection programs, convened by securenutrition and the Russian Federation, brought together 150 donors, implementers, and country leaders to identify practical ways to link the nutrition and social protection agendas. This paper served as a springboard for discussion at the global forum, and represents a synthesis of evidence from nearly 120 references with a heavy focus on program evaluations. The reach of social protection programs has grown extensively since the 1980s. Recent World Bank estimates show 64 countries running conditional cash transfers as opposed to only two in 1997 and the rapid doubling of countries in Africa implementing unconditional cash transfers - from 20 to 40 in just the last five years. This paper finds that social protection transfers tend to increase household budget devoted to food - often more than other income sources - and highlights evidence that transfers can change diet composition and quality. At the same time, the overall effects of income on nutrition outcomes are not clear and vary by country experience and across studies. Evidence indicates that knowledge of proper hygiene and feeding practices does not necessarily increase alongside purchasing power, hence the rationale to specifically encourage or program behavioral change communication.","PeriodicalId":282593,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Health/Wellness (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131229590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Governance in health is cited as one of the key factors in balancing the concerns of the government and public sector with the interests of civil society/private players, but often remains poorly described and operationalized. Richard Saltman and Antonio Duran look at two aspects in the search for new provider models in a context of health markets signalling liberalisation: (i) the role of the government to balance public and private interests and responsibilities in delivering care through modernised governance arrangements, and (ii) the finding that operational complexities may hinder well-designed provider governance models, unless governance reflects country-specific realities. This commentary builds on the discussion by Saltman and Duran, and argues that the concept of governance needs to be clearly defined and operationalized in order to be helpful for policy debate as well as for the development of an applicable framework for performance improvement. It provides a working definition of governance and includes a reflection on the prevailing cultural norms in an organization or society upon which any governance needs to be build. It proposes to explore whether the "evidence-based governance" concept can be introduced to generate knowledge about innovative and effective governance models, and concludes that studies similar to the one by Saltman and Duran can inform this debate.
{"title":"Governance in Health – The Need for Exchange and Evidence; Comment on 'Governance, Government, and the Search for New Provider Models'","authors":"Tata Chanturidze, K. Obermann","doi":"10.15171/ijhpm.2016.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2016.60","url":null,"abstract":"Governance in health is cited as one of the key factors in balancing the concerns of the government and public sector with the interests of civil society/private players, but often remains poorly described and operationalized. Richard Saltman and Antonio Duran look at two aspects in the search for new provider models in a context of health markets signalling liberalisation: (i) the role of the government to balance public and private interests and responsibilities in delivering care through modernised governance arrangements, and (ii) the finding that operational complexities may hinder well-designed provider governance models, unless governance reflects country-specific realities. This commentary builds on the discussion by Saltman and Duran, and argues that the concept of governance needs to be clearly defined and operationalized in order to be helpful for policy debate as well as for the development of an applicable framework for performance improvement. It provides a working definition of governance and includes a reflection on the prevailing cultural norms in an organization or society upon which any governance needs to be build. It proposes to explore whether the \"evidence-based governance\" concept can be introduced to generate knowledge about innovative and effective governance models, and concludes that studies similar to the one by Saltman and Duran can inform this debate.","PeriodicalId":282593,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Health/Wellness (Topic)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125911637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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