Facial expression recognition has become an increasingly important area of research in recent years. Neural network- based methods have made amazing progress in performing recognition-based tasks, winning competitions set up by various data science communities, and achieving high performance on many datasets. Miscellaneous regularization methods have been utilized by various researchers to help combat over-fitting, to reduce training time, and to generalize their models. In this paper, by applying the Haar Cascade classifier to crop faces and focus on the region of interest, we hypothesize that we would attain a fast convergence without using the whole image to analyze facial expressions. We also apply label smoothing and analyze its effect on the databases of CK+, KDEF, and RAF. The ResNet model has been employed as an example of a neural network model. Label smoothing has demonstrated an improvement of the recognition accuracy up to 0.5% considering CK+ and the KDEF databases. While the application of Haar Cascade has shown to decrease the achieved accuracy on KDEF and RAF databases with a small margin, fast convergence of the model has been observed.
{"title":"Facial expression recognition using deep learning","authors":"H. Shehu, Md. Haidar Sharif, S. Uyaver","doi":"10.1063/5.0042221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0042221","url":null,"abstract":"Facial expression recognition has become an increasingly important area of research in recent years. Neural network- based methods have made amazing progress in performing recognition-based tasks, winning competitions set up by various data science communities, and achieving high performance on many datasets. Miscellaneous regularization methods have been utilized by various researchers to help combat over-fitting, to reduce training time, and to generalize their models. In this paper, by applying the Haar Cascade classifier to crop faces and focus on the region of interest, we hypothesize that we would attain a fast convergence without using the whole image to analyze facial expressions. We also apply label smoothing and analyze its effect on the databases of CK+, KDEF, and RAF. The ResNet model has been employed as an example of a neural network model. Label smoothing has demonstrated an improvement of the recognition accuracy up to 0.5% considering CK+ and the KDEF databases. While the application of Haar Cascade has shown to decrease the achieved accuracy on KDEF and RAF databases with a small margin, fast convergence of the model has been observed.","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115431380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is dedicated to make an attempt to define different types of separation axioms in neutrosophic topological spaces. The relationships among them are shown with a diagram and counterexamples. We also introduce some new notions, such as neutrosophic quasi-coincidence, neutrosophic q-neighborhood, neurosophic cluster point, and give a new definition for neutrosophic function.
{"title":"A look on separation axioms in neutrosophic topological spaces","authors":"A. Acikgoz, F. Esenbel","doi":"10.1063/5.0042370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0042370","url":null,"abstract":"This study is dedicated to make an attempt to define different types of separation axioms in neutrosophic topological spaces. The relationships among them are shown with a diagram and counterexamples. We also introduce some new notions, such as neutrosophic quasi-coincidence, neutrosophic q-neighborhood, neurosophic cluster point, and give a new definition for neutrosophic function.","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125428718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Scientists have always adopted the concept of sequential continuity as an indispensable subject, not only in Topology but also in some other branches of Mathematics. Connor and Grosse-Erdmann gave this concept for real functions by using an arbitrary linear functional G defined on a linear subspace of the vector space of all real sequences instead of lim. Afterwards, this concept were adapted to a topological group X by replacing a linear functional G with an arbitrary additive function defined on a subgroup of the group of all X-valued sequences. Furthermore, alternative theorems in generalized setting were given and varied theorems that had not been achieved for real functions were presented. In this investigation, we offer neutrosophic soft G-continuity and analyze its nature in neutrosophic soft topological spaces.
{"title":"An interpretation of G-continuity in neutrosophic soft topological spaces","authors":"H. Cakalli, A. Acikgoz, F. Esenbel","doi":"10.1063/5.0042188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0042188","url":null,"abstract":"Scientists have always adopted the concept of sequential continuity as an indispensable subject, not only in Topology but also in some other branches of Mathematics. Connor and Grosse-Erdmann gave this concept for real functions by using an arbitrary linear functional G defined on a linear subspace of the vector space of all real sequences instead of lim. Afterwards, this concept were adapted to a topological group X by replacing a linear functional G with an arbitrary additive function defined on a subgroup of the group of all X-valued sequences. Furthermore, alternative theorems in generalized setting were given and varied theorems that had not been achieved for real functions were presented. In this investigation, we offer neutrosophic soft G-continuity and analyze its nature in neutrosophic soft topological spaces.","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"619 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131485773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A two layer Implicit method on hexagonal grids is proposed for approximating the solution to first type boundary value problem of heat equation on rectangle. It is proven that the given implicit scheme is unconditionally stable and converges to the exact solution on the grids of order O(h4+τ2) where, h and 32h are the step sizes in space variables x1 and x2 respectively and τ is the step size in time. The method is applied on a test results.
{"title":"Implicit method of high accuracy on hexagonal grids for approximating the solution to heat equation on rectangle","authors":"S. C. Buranay, N. Arshad","doi":"10.1063/5.0042186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0042186","url":null,"abstract":"A two layer Implicit method on hexagonal grids is proposed for approximating the solution to first type boundary value problem of heat equation on rectangle. It is proven that the given implicit scheme is unconditionally stable and converges to the exact solution on the grids of order O(h4+τ2) where, h and 32h are the step sizes in space variables x1 and x2 respectively and τ is the step size in time. The method is applied on a test results.","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"37 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132873730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Continuity is one of most important concepts in many mathematical disciplines. In some situations general notion of continuity is replaced by sequential continuity. Connor and Grosse-Erdmann replaced lim in the definition of sequential continuity of real functions by a linear functional G on a linear subspace of the vector space of all real sequences. Their definition was extended to topological group X by replacing a linear functional G with an additive function defined on a subgroup of the group of all X-valued sequences. In this paper we introduce neutrosophic G-continuity and investigate its properties in neutrosophic topological spaces.
{"title":"On G-continuity in neutrosophic topological spaces","authors":"A. Acikgoz, H. Cakalli, F. Esenbel, L. Kočinac","doi":"10.1063/5.0042369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0042369","url":null,"abstract":"Continuity is one of most important concepts in many mathematical disciplines. In some situations general notion of continuity is replaced by sequential continuity. Connor and Grosse-Erdmann replaced lim in the definition of sequential continuity of real functions by a linear functional G on a linear subspace of the vector space of all real sequences. Their definition was extended to topological group X by replacing a linear functional G with an additive function defined on a subgroup of the group of all X-valued sequences. In this paper we introduce neutrosophic G-continuity and investigate its properties in neutrosophic topological spaces.","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121465854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On countably uniformly paracompact spaces","authors":"B. Kanetov, D. Kanetova, N. Altybaev","doi":"10.1063/5.0046213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0046213","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122666578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hyperbolic-trigonometric tension B-spline Galerkin approach for the solution of Fisher equation","authors":"I. Dag, Ozlem Ersoy Hepson","doi":"10.1063/5.0042219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0042219","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122386067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abel statistical delta quasi Cauchy sequences in metric spaces","authors":"Iffet Taylan, H. Cakalli","doi":"10.1063/5.0042245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0042245","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":282720,"journal":{"name":"FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES (ICMS 2020)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129607952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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