In this debate the focus is on suicide which is a complex maze, wherein multiple parameters intersect. The first part of the paper questions many basic premises which have been taken as given in the discourse of suicide and currently form the substrate of conversations around suicide. The basic premise is that this societal problem has been expropriated by health professionals. They have assumed ownership without having the wherewithal to address the many contributory factors to suicide – social, economic, cultural, and moral. Suicide prevention plans are ritually rolled out despite a consistent record of repeated failures. There is a need to move against the tide and reimagine the subject in light of macrolevel evidence. The second part posits that for an issue as complex as suicide, it is important to think inclusively rather than looking for simplistic answers in either/or way, and the larger societal, economic and even political issues will need to be factored in.
{"title":"Debate: Suicide is a Societal, not a Mental Health or Even a Public Health Problem","authors":"D. Goel, Brian Dennis, Alok Sarin","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_62_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_62_21","url":null,"abstract":"In this debate the focus is on suicide which is a complex maze, wherein multiple parameters intersect. The first part of the paper questions many basic premises which have been taken as given in the discourse of suicide and currently form the substrate of conversations around suicide. The basic premise is that this societal problem has been expropriated by health professionals. They have assumed ownership without having the wherewithal to address the many contributory factors to suicide – social, economic, cultural, and moral. Suicide prevention plans are ritually rolled out despite a consistent record of repeated failures. There is a need to move against the tide and reimagine the subject in light of macrolevel evidence. The second part posits that for an issue as complex as suicide, it is important to think inclusively rather than looking for simplistic answers in either/or way, and the larger societal, economic and even political issues will need to be factored in.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115603325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Departing from the notion that psychiatry as a discipline renovates through invention, innovation, and transformation, this paper presents an approach to the syncretic characteristics of Ibero-American psychiatry stressing the essential role of translation in the reception, adoption, and implementation of knowledge and practices developed in other regions of the world. This applies both to scientific and humanistic dimensions of psychiatry, considering that as a praxiology or science of actions deals with embodied persons embedded in cultures that need to be considered in the process of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This involves translational humanities considering that basic axioms concerning human nature need a reflective equilibrium between beliefs, constructs and real conditions of practice. The innovations put forward by Ibero-American psychiatry, and expressed through modifications in institutions and concepts, can be studied against the background of the moral determinants of health, a comprehensive concept beyond the usual conceptualization of social determinants. The limitations imposed by scarce resources, shortage of trained practitioners, political instability, poverty, and economic dependence are a reminder that the challenges ahead are not only technical but moral as well.
{"title":"Challenges for Ibero-American Psychiatry from a Moral Standpoint","authors":"F. Lolas","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_52_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_52_21","url":null,"abstract":"Departing from the notion that psychiatry as a discipline renovates through invention, innovation, and transformation, this paper presents an approach to the syncretic characteristics of Ibero-American psychiatry stressing the essential role of translation in the reception, adoption, and implementation of knowledge and practices developed in other regions of the world. This applies both to scientific and humanistic dimensions of psychiatry, considering that as a praxiology or science of actions deals with embodied persons embedded in cultures that need to be considered in the process of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. This involves translational humanities considering that basic axioms concerning human nature need a reflective equilibrium between beliefs, constructs and real conditions of practice. The innovations put forward by Ibero-American psychiatry, and expressed through modifications in institutions and concepts, can be studied against the background of the moral determinants of health, a comprehensive concept beyond the usual conceptualization of social determinants. The limitations imposed by scarce resources, shortage of trained practitioners, political instability, poverty, and economic dependence are a reminder that the challenges ahead are not only technical but moral as well.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129982780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has completely changed how the world looks at medicine. Unfortunately, the larger focus has been on the physical health only – epidemiology, clinical features, prevention of transmission, and management and there is very little focus on mental health and stigmatization. The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing emotional disturbances, economic burden, and financial losses on a massive scale. Effects such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and insomnia in the post infection period have been reported among COVID-19 survivors. With disease progression, clinical symptoms become severe and infected patients may develop psychological problems. With exponential growth in the number of daily COVID-19 cases since March, 2021, India reported more than 400,000 new cases daily on May 1, 2021. India's COVID-19 surge could have become a regional disaster impacting all of south Asia. However, India has successfully avoided that disaster by strengthening the surveillance systems, imposing travel restrictions, lockdowns, and mandatory travel quarantine for individuals returning from infected areas. These were necessary to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The situation in India required urgent, bold measures and close cooperation between India and the global community. Currently, free vaccinations for the whole population are being given. With 1.4 billion people, this is going to be a massive effort. The pandemic and the aftermath need a paradigm shift from our traditional medical care models to one that is person centered. A person-centered model of care will be best solution here and all across the world. This is especially so, when we are fighting a disastrous pandemic.
{"title":"The Need for a Paradigm Shift to Person-Centered Medicine during Pandemic Times","authors":"R. Kallivayalil, A. Enara","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_55_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_55_21","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has completely changed how the world looks at medicine. Unfortunately, the larger focus has been on the physical health only – epidemiology, clinical features, prevention of transmission, and management and there is very little focus on mental health and stigmatization. The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing emotional disturbances, economic burden, and financial losses on a massive scale. Effects such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and insomnia in the post infection period have been reported among COVID-19 survivors. With disease progression, clinical symptoms become severe and infected patients may develop psychological problems. With exponential growth in the number of daily COVID-19 cases since March, 2021, India reported more than 400,000 new cases daily on May 1, 2021. India's COVID-19 surge could have become a regional disaster impacting all of south Asia. However, India has successfully avoided that disaster by strengthening the surveillance systems, imposing travel restrictions, lockdowns, and mandatory travel quarantine for individuals returning from infected areas. These were necessary to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The situation in India required urgent, bold measures and close cooperation between India and the global community. Currently, free vaccinations for the whole population are being given. With 1.4 billion people, this is going to be a massive effort. The pandemic and the aftermath need a paradigm shift from our traditional medical care models to one that is person centered. A person-centered model of care will be best solution here and all across the world. This is especially so, when we are fighting a disastrous pandemic.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125122227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: While the social security programs offer financial assistance to patients with severe mental illness in high-income countries, no such systems exist in low- and middle-income countries. During recent years, poverty alleviation programs have been found to alleviate poverty in many countries. However, such programs have not been tried in persons with severe mental illness. We report 1-year outcomes of a microfinance program to alleviate poverty in patients with schizophrenia in a low-income country. Objectives: The objectives were to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a poverty alleviation program and to study the effect of the program on clinical and financial variables. Methods: Twenty-five (25) unemployed, young persons (19–35) with severe mental illness living with the family were recruited into a microfinance-based poverty alleviation program. Feasibility was assessed through recruitment and retention. Psychopathology and functioning were assessed through Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Global Assessment of Functioning at baseline and 12 months. Results: The program was feasible and acceptable, with excellent recruitment and retention rates. There were statistically significant improvements in PANSS-positive symptoms (P < 0.000), PANSS-negative symptoms (P < 0.000), PANSS-general score (P < 0.000), and functioning (P < 0.001). At 12 months, participants earned an average of $USD 40/month, with an average of $USD 10 spent on medication, $USD 12.5 on loan repayment, and $USD 17.5 contribution to family living. Conclusions: Poverty alleviation programs can be used to help younger persons with severe mental illness. However, this study has numerous limitations, and there is a need to conduct definitive trials in this area.
{"title":"Can Microfinance-Based Poverty Alleviation Programs Help Patients with Severe Mental Illness?","authors":"A. Javed, F. Naeem","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_57_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_57_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: While the social security programs offer financial assistance to patients with severe mental illness in high-income countries, no such systems exist in low- and middle-income countries. During recent years, poverty alleviation programs have been found to alleviate poverty in many countries. However, such programs have not been tried in persons with severe mental illness. We report 1-year outcomes of a microfinance program to alleviate poverty in patients with schizophrenia in a low-income country. Objectives: The objectives were to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a poverty alleviation program and to study the effect of the program on clinical and financial variables. Methods: Twenty-five (25) unemployed, young persons (19–35) with severe mental illness living with the family were recruited into a microfinance-based poverty alleviation program. Feasibility was assessed through recruitment and retention. Psychopathology and functioning were assessed through Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, and Global Assessment of Functioning at baseline and 12 months. Results: The program was feasible and acceptable, with excellent recruitment and retention rates. There were statistically significant improvements in PANSS-positive symptoms (P < 0.000), PANSS-negative symptoms (P < 0.000), PANSS-general score (P < 0.000), and functioning (P < 0.001). At 12 months, participants earned an average of $USD 40/month, with an average of $USD 10 spent on medication, $USD 12.5 on loan repayment, and $USD 17.5 contribution to family living. Conclusions: Poverty alleviation programs can be used to help younger persons with severe mental illness. However, this study has numerous limitations, and there is a need to conduct definitive trials in this area.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126050846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The COVID-19 pandemic of the last 2 years has changed everything about life. There is wide recognition that following the pandemic, the world will be a different place than it was. The social factors have come to the forefront with regard to the vulnerabilities to infection, severity of illness, access to medical care, hospitalization, intensive care unit care, mortality, post-COVID complications, and work and social lives. The pandemic has held a mirror to the social situations of countries and communities. It also provides opportunities for the application of principles and practices of social psychiatry to build resilience of individuals, families, and communities.
{"title":"Lessons from COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Psychiatry","authors":"R. Murthy","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_53_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_53_21","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic of the last 2 years has changed everything about life. There is wide recognition that following the pandemic, the world will be a different place than it was. The social factors have come to the forefront with regard to the vulnerabilities to infection, severity of illness, access to medical care, hospitalization, intensive care unit care, mortality, post-COVID complications, and work and social lives. The pandemic has held a mirror to the social situations of countries and communities. It also provides opportunities for the application of principles and practices of social psychiatry to build resilience of individuals, families, and communities.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114655241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early Career Psychiatry (ECP) sections have had a considerable impact on the way psychiatric associations function around the world. Early inclusion and participation of young professionals in an association's activities often is beneficial to both the participants and objective of the Association. The World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP) has incorporated activities for early career psychiatrists uring many of its Congresses right from the early days. This article will look at the evolution of the ECP section of the WASP, its vision, the activities, and the need for a potential shift in the way early career organizations function around the world. It also highlights the WASP-ECP section program held in the recent WASP Asia Pacific Hybrid Congress 2021.
{"title":"Early Career Psychiatry Section – World Association of Social Psychiatry – History and Future Directions","authors":"A. Enara, D. Banerjee, A. Tripathi","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_48_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_48_21","url":null,"abstract":"Early Career Psychiatry (ECP) sections have had a considerable impact on the way psychiatric associations function around the world. Early inclusion and participation of young professionals in an association's activities often is beneficial to both the participants and objective of the Association. The World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP) has incorporated activities for early career psychiatrists uring many of its Congresses right from the early days. This article will look at the evolution of the ECP section of the WASP, its vision, the activities, and the need for a potential shift in the way early career organizations function around the world. It also highlights the WASP-ECP section program held in the recent WASP Asia Pacific Hybrid Congress 2021.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114477835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of more than one chronic condition. Multimorbidity is likely to rapidly rise in the lower- and middle-income countries (LAMICs). Multimorbidity involving noncommunicable diseases and mental illness negatively impacts the quality of life and clinical recovery in both conditions. Most health systems and programs cater to single diseases. In this article, we discuss the extent of the problem, potential challenges, and opportunities with focus on LAMIC exemplified by India. Integration of care is required in the context of multimorbidity. These can be provided in the existing national programs in India. Service provision needs to become personal recovery oriented. Service users should be engaged in the development of services and research in this area. Existing models emphasize on self-management/self-care and provider–patient partnership. These need to be adapted and tested for feasibility in LAMIC.
{"title":"Rethinking Recovery in Mental Illness - Integrating Physical and Mental Health","authors":"K. Muliyala, P. Murthy","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_59_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_59_21","url":null,"abstract":"Multimorbidity is the co-occurrence of more than one chronic condition. Multimorbidity is likely to rapidly rise in the lower- and middle-income countries (LAMICs). Multimorbidity involving noncommunicable diseases and mental illness negatively impacts the quality of life and clinical recovery in both conditions. Most health systems and programs cater to single diseases. In this article, we discuss the extent of the problem, potential challenges, and opportunities with focus on LAMIC exemplified by India. Integration of care is required in the context of multimorbidity. These can be provided in the existing national programs in India. Service provision needs to become personal recovery oriented. Service users should be engaged in the development of services and research in this area. Existing models emphasize on self-management/self-care and provider–patient partnership. These need to be adapted and tested for feasibility in LAMIC.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122588662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The psychological assistance of a person requires a certain number of competencies: psychiatric competencies to comprehend neuropsychiatric disorders and psychotherapeutic competencies to discern psychological disorders or psychological suffering plus being able to take into account the social determinants. The author describes all the different approaches when it comes to provide ethical answer and help concerning migrants and refugees, focusing on social determinants and cultural references, without the risk of the stigmatization. All scientific approaches are available and it is important to insist on the necessity to train mental professionals to master this complex psychotherapeutic setting and to keep in mind a person centered approach.
{"title":"Anthropology, Social Psychiatry, and Mental Health","authors":"R. Bennegadi","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_54_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_54_21","url":null,"abstract":"The psychological assistance of a person requires a certain number of competencies: psychiatric competencies to comprehend neuropsychiatric disorders and psychotherapeutic competencies to discern psychological disorders or psychological suffering plus being able to take into account the social determinants. The author describes all the different approaches when it comes to provide ethical answer and help concerning migrants and refugees, focusing on social determinants and cultural references, without the risk of the stigmatization. All scientific approaches are available and it is important to insist on the necessity to train mental professionals to master this complex psychotherapeutic setting and to keep in mind a person centered approach.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"8 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116722454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Challenges to the Medical World during Pandemic: Looking for Innovations","authors":"R. Chadda, R. Bennegadi","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_49_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_49_21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128967729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sood, Nishtha Chawla, T. Shukla, Rekha Patel, Pushpendra Singh, M. Mohan, S. Singh, R. Chadda
Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders cause significant disability and burden. Majority of these patients receive minimal psychosocial care. Globally, there has been explosive growth of telecom network with high internet penetration even in low-resource settings like India that has the second largest network in the world. Mobile apps for these patients have been designed in high-income countries. The studies from low and middle-income countries are lacking. Over this background, we aimed to develop a mobile app for patients with schizophrenia and related disorders for a funded project by an interdisciplinary team comprising of mental health professionals and computer science engineers. The plan was to conduct focused group discussions (FGDs) to assess needs and viewpoints of the stakeholders, followed by designing of text-based modules that would be digitally transformed into mobile-based application for use by the intended participants. Six key domains were identified in FGDs for intervention: medication adherence, activities of daily living, promoting physical health, engagement in meaningful work, building of social and support networks, and psychoeducation. We developed a mobile app (Saksham) for both patients with schizophrenia and their caregivers in English and Hindi. The development process was complex and passed through many phases. Saksham app was subsequently deployed in the research project. In this paper, we document the process of designing the mobile app with an aim to guide future developers and sensitize them about the inherent complexities in this endeavor.
{"title":"A Process Narrative of Developing a Mobile App (Saksham) for Patients with Schizophrenia and Related Disorders in Low-Resource Settings","authors":"M. Sood, Nishtha Chawla, T. Shukla, Rekha Patel, Pushpendra Singh, M. Mohan, S. Singh, R. Chadda","doi":"10.4103/wsp.wsp_67_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_67_21","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders cause significant disability and burden. Majority of these patients receive minimal psychosocial care. Globally, there has been explosive growth of telecom network with high internet penetration even in low-resource settings like India that has the second largest network in the world. Mobile apps for these patients have been designed in high-income countries. The studies from low and middle-income countries are lacking. Over this background, we aimed to develop a mobile app for patients with schizophrenia and related disorders for a funded project by an interdisciplinary team comprising of mental health professionals and computer science engineers. The plan was to conduct focused group discussions (FGDs) to assess needs and viewpoints of the stakeholders, followed by designing of text-based modules that would be digitally transformed into mobile-based application for use by the intended participants. Six key domains were identified in FGDs for intervention: medication adherence, activities of daily living, promoting physical health, engagement in meaningful work, building of social and support networks, and psychoeducation. We developed a mobile app (Saksham) for both patients with schizophrenia and their caregivers in English and Hindi. The development process was complex and passed through many phases. Saksham app was subsequently deployed in the research project. In this paper, we document the process of designing the mobile app with an aim to guide future developers and sensitize them about the inherent complexities in this endeavor.","PeriodicalId":285109,"journal":{"name":"World Social Psychiatry","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131205270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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