{"title":"Solid Surfaces Sensing in the Visible and Near Infrared","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.CH3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132310132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ocean Surface Sensing","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.ch7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.ch7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132826465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Visible and Infrared","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.CH11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.CH11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134052214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electromagnetic energy is the means by which information is transmitted from an object to a sensor. Information could be encoded in the frequency content, intensity, or polarization of the electromagnetic wave. The information is propagated by electromagnetic radiation at the velocity of light from the source directly through free space, or indirectly by reflection, scattering, and reradiation to the sensor. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with natural surfaces and atmospheres is strongly dependent on the frequency of the waves. Waves in different spectral bands tend to excite different interaction mechanisms such as electronic, molecular, or conductive mechanisms.
{"title":"Nature and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.CH2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.CH2","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic energy is the means by which information is transmitted from an object to a sensor. Information could be encoded in the frequency content, intensity, or polarization of the electromagnetic wave. The information is propagated by electromagnetic radiation at the velocity of light from the source directly through free space, or indirectly by reflection, scattering, and reradiation to the sensor. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with natural surfaces and atmospheres is strongly dependent on the frequency of the waves. Waves in different spectral bands tend to excite different interaction mechanisms such as electronic, molecular, or conductive mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"520 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124484932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic Principles of Atmospheric Sensing and Radiative Transfer","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.CH8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.CH8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131729405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The detailed study of a planetary surface or atmosphere requires the simultaneous use of multiple sensors covering a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is a result of the fact that any individual sensor covers only a small part of the spectrum in which the wave–matter interaction mechanisms are driven by a limited number of the medium properties. For example, in the case of solid surfaces, x-ray sensors provide information on the content of radioactive materials, visible and near-infrared sensors provide information about the surface chemical composition, thermal infrared sensors measure the near-surface thermal properties, and radar sensors are mainly sensitive to the surface physical properties (topography, roughness, moisture, and dielectric constant). Similarly, in the case of the atmosphere, in order to cover the wide range of possible chemical constituents, detect and characterize atmospheric particles (including rain), and sound the physical properties of the atmosphere, a suite of sensors covering selected bands in the visible, infrared, millimeter, and microwave spectral regions will be needed. To illustrate howmultiple sensors can be used collectively to enhance the ability of an interpreter in the study of a planetary surface, a set of data products covering the area of Death Valley in eastern California are presented. Figure A.1 shows three images of Death Valley acquired with three separate instruments in the visible/near IR (Figure A.1a), thermal IR (Figure A.1b), and radar (Figure A.1c) spectral bands. With the topography database, false illumination images can be generated to highlight the surface topography (Fig. A.2). This topography database can then be coregistered to the multispectral image data (Fig. A.1) and used to generate perspective images from a variety of observing directions, as illustrated in Figures A.3 and A.4. The observing direction, the vertical exaggeration, the spectral bands, and the color coding can be selected by the interpreter and displayed on a monitor instantaneously. This will effectively be equivalent to bringing the study site into the laboratory for detailed “dissection” and analysis. Of course, there will always be the need to do field work for direct surface observation, but the above-described database will go a long way in developing a basic understanding of the surface properties. 507
{"title":"Appendix A: Use of Multiple Sensors for Surface Observations","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.APP1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.APP1","url":null,"abstract":"The detailed study of a planetary surface or atmosphere requires the simultaneous use of multiple sensors covering a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is a result of the fact that any individual sensor covers only a small part of the spectrum in which the wave–matter interaction mechanisms are driven by a limited number of the medium properties. For example, in the case of solid surfaces, x-ray sensors provide information on the content of radioactive materials, visible and near-infrared sensors provide information about the surface chemical composition, thermal infrared sensors measure the near-surface thermal properties, and radar sensors are mainly sensitive to the surface physical properties (topography, roughness, moisture, and dielectric constant). Similarly, in the case of the atmosphere, in order to cover the wide range of possible chemical constituents, detect and characterize atmospheric particles (including rain), and sound the physical properties of the atmosphere, a suite of sensors covering selected bands in the visible, infrared, millimeter, and microwave spectral regions will be needed. To illustrate howmultiple sensors can be used collectively to enhance the ability of an interpreter in the study of a planetary surface, a set of data products covering the area of Death Valley in eastern California are presented. Figure A.1 shows three images of Death Valley acquired with three separate instruments in the visible/near IR (Figure A.1a), thermal IR (Figure A.1b), and radar (Figure A.1c) spectral bands. With the topography database, false illumination images can be generated to highlight the surface topography (Fig. A.2). This topography database can then be coregistered to the multispectral image data (Fig. A.1) and used to generate perspective images from a variety of observing directions, as illustrated in Figures A.3 and A.4. The observing direction, the vertical exaggeration, the spectral bands, and the color coding can be selected by the interpreter and displayed on a monitor instantaneously. This will effectively be equivalent to bringing the study site into the laboratory for detailed “dissection” and analysis. Of course, there will always be the need to do field work for direct surface observation, but the above-described database will go a long way in developing a basic understanding of the surface properties. 507","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122966669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This means that the frequency varies linearly with time between values fc− Kτ/2 and fc+ Kτ/2. The center frequency of the chirp is fc, the chirp rate is K, and the signal bandwidth is B = Kτ. If we transmit this signal at time t = 0, we will receive a signal from a point scatterer that is a distance R away after a time tR, where tR = 2R c D 4 This received signal can be written as vr t = αv t− tR D 5 where the constant α takes into account any attenuation during propagation, as well as the radar cross section of the scatterer. The pulse is compressed by convolving the received signal with a replica of the transmitted signal:
这意味着频率在fc−Kτ/2和fc+ Kτ/2之间随时间线性变化。啁啾的中心频率为fc，啁啾速率为K，信号带宽为B = Kτ。如果我们在时间t = 0发射这个信号，我们将在时间tR = 2R c D 4之后接收到距离R的点散射体的信号，接收到的信号可以写成vr t = αv t - tR D 5，其中常数α考虑了传播过程中的任何衰减，以及散射体的雷达横截面。通过将接收到的信号与发射信号的副本进行卷积来压缩脉冲:
{"title":"Appendix D: Compression of a Linear FM Chirp Signal","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.APP4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.APP4","url":null,"abstract":"This means that the frequency varies linearly with time between values fc− Kτ/2 and fc+ Kτ/2. The center frequency of the chirp is fc, the chirp rate is K, and the signal bandwidth is B = Kτ. If we transmit this signal at time t = 0, we will receive a signal from a point scatterer that is a distance R away after a time tR, where tR = 2R c D 4 This received signal can be written as vr t = αv t− tR D 5 where the constant α takes into account any attenuation during propagation, as well as the radar cross section of the scatterer. The pulse is compressed by convolving the received signal with a replica of the transmitted signal:","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122014914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orbit selection and sensor characteristics are closely related to the strategy required to achieve the desired results. Different types of orbits are required to achieve continuous monitoring, repetitive coverage of different periodicities, global mapping, or selective imaging. The vast majority of earth-orbiting remote sensing satellites use circular orbits. Planetary orbiters usually have elliptical orbits, which are less taxing on the spacecraft orbital propulsion system and combine some of the benefits of high and low orbits thus allowing a broader flexibility to achieve multiple scientific objectives.
{"title":"Appendix B: Summary of Orbital Mechanics Relevant to Remote Sensing","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.APP2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.APP2","url":null,"abstract":"Orbit selection and sensor characteristics are closely related to the strategy required to achieve the desired results. Different types of orbits are required to achieve continuous monitoring, repetitive coverage of different periodicities, global mapping, or selective imaging. The vast majority of earth-orbiting remote sensing satellites use circular orbits. Planetary orbiters usually have elliptical orbits, which are less taxing on the spacecraft orbital propulsion system and combine some of the benefits of high and low orbits thus allowing a broader flexibility to achieve multiple scientific objectives.","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124702018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Atmospheric Remote Sensing in the Microwave Region","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.CH9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.CH9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124398115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Millimeter and Submillimeter Sensing of Atmospheres","authors":"C. Elachi, J. V. Zyl","doi":"10.1002/0471783390.ch10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471783390.ch10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":285445,"journal":{"name":"Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131586190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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