Chemical protective clothing information, chemicals and mixtures permeation index numbers where to find additional technical information. (Part Contents).
化学防护服信息，化学品和混合物渗透指数数字在哪里可以找到额外的技术信息。(部分内容)。
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Pub Date : 2001-04-16DOI: 10.1002/0471435139.HYG041
D. Paustenbach
Over the past 50 years, many organizations in numerous countries have proposed occupational exposure limits (OEL) for airborne contaminants. The limits or guidelines that have gradually become the most widely accepted both in the United States and in most other countries are those issued annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and are termed Threshold Limit Values® (TLVs). The usefulness of establishing OELs for potentially harmful agents in the working environment has been demonstrated repeatedly since their inception. It has been claimed that whenever these limits have been implemented in a particular industry, no worker has been shown to have sustained serious adverse effects on his health as a result of exposure to these concentrations of an industrial chemical. Although this statement is arguable with respect to the acceptability of OELs for those chemicals established before 1980 and later found to be carcinogenic, there is little doubt that hundreds of thousands of persons have avoided serious effects of workplace exposure due to their existence. The contribution of OELs to the prevention or minimization of disease is widely accepted, but for many years such limits did not exist, and even when they did, they were often not observed. Although it is not possible for any single book chapter to discuss how each of the various biological issues that need to be considered when establishing an OEL should be quantitatively accounted for, most of them have at least been generally addressed here. It should be clear from the discussion that the process for setting OELs remains remarkably similar to those that were used in the late 1940s but that the quality and quantity of data used to set these limits, as well as the methodology, has evolved with our increased level of scientific understanding. It is also clear that as occupational health professionals develop a better understanding of toxicology and medicine, techniques for quantitatively accounting for pharmacokinetic differences among chemicals, and better knowledge of the mechanisms of action of toxicants, more refined approaches for identifying safe levels of exposure will be developed. Hopefully, the end result will be that future occupational exposure limits will be based on the best scientific principles and, therefore, our confidence that workers will be protected at these limits will be even greater than it is today. Keywords: Occupational exposure limits; Uncertainty factors; Limits; Reference concentrations; Ceiling limits; Neurotoxic agents; Odors Persistent chemicals; Mixtures; Chemical carcinogens; Threshold Limit Values; Corporate OELs; Brief and Scala Models; Haber's Law; Exposure limits; U.S.; Exposure limits; International
{"title":"The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents","authors":"D. Paustenbach","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG041","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 50 years, many organizations in numerous countries have proposed occupational exposure limits (OEL) for airborne contaminants. The limits or guidelines that have gradually become the most widely accepted both in the United States and in most other countries are those issued annually by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and are termed Threshold Limit Values® (TLVs). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The usefulness of establishing OELs for potentially harmful agents in the working environment has been demonstrated repeatedly since their inception. It has been claimed that whenever these limits have been implemented in a particular industry, no worker has been shown to have sustained serious adverse effects on his health as a result of exposure to these concentrations of an industrial chemical. Although this statement is arguable with respect to the acceptability of OELs for those chemicals established before 1980 and later found to be carcinogenic, there is little doubt that hundreds of thousands of persons have avoided serious effects of workplace exposure due to their existence. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The contribution of OELs to the prevention or minimization of disease is widely accepted, but for many years such limits did not exist, and even when they did, they were often not observed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Although it is not possible for any single book chapter to discuss how each of the various biological issues that need to be considered when establishing an OEL should be quantitatively accounted for, most of them have at least been generally addressed here. It should be clear from the discussion that the process for setting OELs remains remarkably similar to those that were used in the late 1940s but that the quality and quantity of data used to set these limits, as well as the methodology, has evolved with our increased level of scientific understanding. It is also clear that as occupational health professionals develop a better understanding of toxicology and medicine, techniques for quantitatively accounting for pharmacokinetic differences among chemicals, and better knowledge of the mechanisms of action of toxicants, more refined approaches for identifying safe levels of exposure will be developed. Hopefully, the end result will be that future occupational exposure limits will be based on the best scientific principles and, therefore, our confidence that workers will be protected at these limits will be even greater than it is today. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000Occupational exposure limits; \u0000Uncertainty factors; \u0000Limits; \u0000Reference concentrations; \u0000Ceiling limits; \u0000Neurotoxic agents; \u0000Odors Persistent chemicals; \u0000Mixtures; \u0000Chemical carcinogens; \u0000Threshold Limit Values; \u0000Corporate OELs; \u0000Brief and Scala Models; \u0000Haber's Law; \u0000Exposure limits; \u0000U.S.; \u0000Exposure limits; \u0000International","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121033710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-04-16DOI: 10.1002/0471435139.HYG011.PUB2
L. Todd
A variety of air monitoring methods are used by industrial hygienists to evaluate human exposures to contaminants, monitor process emissions and leaks, and determine the effectiveness of ventilation systems. Although methods may vary in the length of time over which the samples are obtained, essentially all of the methods use point samplers. Therefore, the results are spatially limited to the discrete locations of the sampling devices. In addition, when the concentrations are integrated over time, they are temporally limited to the length of the sample time. Limited spatial and temporal resolution is important because it reduces an industrial hygienist's ability to evaluate and control exposures to chemicals effectively. When sampling devices are placed in the breathing zones of workers, the results relate only to the physical location of the workers or to the paths that they travel during the sampling period. Industrial hygienists take these spatially limited results and assume they are representative of the larger unsampled workforce. This assumption may not always be valid; in practice, it is difficult to select a representative subset of individuals to sample because the concentration distributions in a room are unknown. Before choosing a subset of workers to sample, a larger homogeneous group is usually created based upon similarities in the tasks they perform and in the local environments in the rooms where they work. The local environment is important because contaminant flow patterns are strong determinants of exposure; however, environmental similarity is difficult to predict. Data on ventilation systems and airflow patterns are usually lacking and individuals selected for sampling may not be truly representative. An entirely new air monitoring technique, for both the occupational and environmental field, may provide spatially and temporally resolved estimates of contaminant concentrations noninvasively (does not pump air out of a space through collection media), and in real-time, over large areas. This technique combines the real-time chemical detection methods of optical remote sensing, such as an open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometer, with the mapping capabilities of computed tomography (CT). This environmental CT system generates near real-time spatially and temporally resolved two-dimensional concentration maps of multiple chemicals at low limits of detection (ppb–low ppm) for an entire area. Not just another nifty tool, this technology represents a major departure from conventional industrial hygiene air sampling methods and could allow researchers to understand and evaluate human exposures, source emissions, and chemical transport in ways that are unavailable using conventional methods. This technique provides a powerful tool for visualizing air contaminant species, concentrations, and flows in industry and outdoors in the community. Each tomographic concentration map provides
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