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The Impact of Gas Exploration Taxes on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1981-2020) 天然气勘探税对尼日利亚经济增长的影响(1981-2020)
Pub Date : 2021-05-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3854230
Wonders Ebimotimimowei Pibowei, M. Marei
The primary function of a resilient oil and gas tax system is to raise enough revenue to finance essential government expenditure that will raise the standard of living, promote sustainable firms and create jobs of the future for economic growth. This study seeks to determine the impact of gas exploration taxes on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. An expo-facto research design with two (2) objectives and one (1) baseline theory anchored this empirical paper. The population of the study is Nigeria with a tax history of forty years from 1981 to 2020. The study adopted an interval scale of measurement and the preceding year basis of sampling, with a sample size of nine (9) years from 2010 to 2018. The source of data was secondary, obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics, OECD Statistics, and World Bank Group. The study adopted univariate analysis and bivariate analysis for data analysis with MS Excel 2019 and SPSS Statistics 26. The study found that and that ITG has no significant relationship with PCI but has a significant relationship with JOB. The study concluded that: given high levels of oil price stability and production boom, income tax on gas exploration might significantly contribute to per capita income and employment rate, with a correlation of more than 67%. The study recommended that government should reduce the tax incentives granted to petroleum companies in Nigeria, and increase the tax rate of non-petroleum companies, which will increase government revenue from petroleum taxes, during times of oil price volatility and production cuts.
弹性石油和天然气税收制度的主要功能是筹集足够的收入来资助基本的政府支出,从而提高生活水平,促进可持续发展的公司,并为未来的经济增长创造就业机会。本研究旨在确定1981年至2020年尼日利亚天然气勘探税对经济增长的影响。一个具有两(2)个目标和一(1)个基线理论的实证研究设计锚定了这篇实证论文。该研究的人口是尼日利亚,从1981年到2020年,有40年的税收历史。本研究采用区间计量量表,以上一年为抽样基数,样本量为2010 - 2018年9年。数据来源为二级数据,来自尼日利亚中央银行、国家统计局、经合组织统计局和世界银行集团。本研究采用MS Excel 2019和SPSS Statistics 26进行数据分析,采用单因素分析和双因素分析。研究发现,ITG与PCI无显著相关性,但与JOB有显著相关性。该研究得出结论:考虑到油价的高度稳定和生产的繁荣,天然气勘探的所得税可能会对人均收入和就业率产生重大影响,相关性超过67%。该研究建议,在油价波动和减产时期,政府应减少给予尼日利亚石油公司的税收优惠,并提高非石油公司的税率,这将增加政府的石油税收收入。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Analysis of Determinants of Dividend in Oil and Gas Sector of Pakistan 巴基斯坦油气行业红利决定因素的比较分析
Pub Date : 2021-02-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3788783
Yasser Muhammad
Dividend policy is an important aspect of the organization‟s corporate policies about which many researchers argued. It has become one of the most debatable topic for researchers due to the vagueness of its theories on the significance of dividend policy while indicating firm‟s value.

In this competitive environment the challenge to financial experts is to develop a dividend policy aiming at maximizing shareholder‟s wealth by efficient utility of investment. So, there is a need to find out the determinants of dividend payout policy that ultimately affect the firm‟s performance. These include firm size, debt, profitability, liquidity and sales. The main purpose of this research is to explore the dividend policy determinants of concerned firms by using a conceptual model that may help in increasing firms‟ performance and shareholders‟ interest.

The firms of oil and gas field of Pakistan were selected as sample for this research and to analyze the determinants of dividend payout requires practical efforts. For this purpose, various types of statistical techniques have been used namely descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. Entire sample was analyzed on yearly basis for more comprehensive understanding from 2011 to 2018.

The findings of the study indicated that there is no single best dividend policy that fits on all firms both at micro and macro level. Due to the differences in the conditions that correspond to firm-specific (financial policies, production processes, management style, Human Resource Management etc.) as well as industry-specific (social, cultural, political, technical, economic environment etc.) every firm decides its own dividend policy that tends to the potential long term success of the business. In this scenario, a unique dividend policy doesn't seem a good fit for all the firms.
股利政策是公司政策的一个重要方面,许多研究者对此争论不休。由于对股利政策对公司价值的指示意义的理论模糊,这已经成为研究者争论最多的话题之一。在这种竞争环境下,金融专家面临的挑战是制定一项旨在通过有效利用投资使股东财富最大化的股息政策。因此,有必要找出最终影响公司业绩的股利支付政策的决定因素。这些指标包括公司规模、债务、盈利能力、流动性和销售额。本研究的主要目的是通过使用一个概念模型来探索相关公司的股息政策决定因素,这可能有助于提高公司绩效和股东利益。本研究选取巴基斯坦油气田公司作为样本,分析股利支付的决定因素需要实际的努力。为此目的,使用了各种类型的统计技术,即描述性统计、相关和回归分析。从2011年到2018年,为了更全面地了解整个样本,我们每年对整个样本进行分析。研究结果表明,在微观和宏观层面上都不存在适合所有公司的单一最佳股息政策。由于企业特定(财务政策,生产流程,管理风格,人力资源管理等)以及行业特定(社会,文化,政治,技术,经济环境等)条件的差异,每个公司决定自己的股息政策,倾向于潜在的长期成功的业务。在这种情况下,一项独特的股息政策似乎并不适合所有公司。
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引用次数: 1
Does Star Analysts’ Departure Trigger the Brokerage's Internal Competition? 明星分析师离职引发券商内部竞争?
Pub Date : 2020-01-07 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3515249
C. Li, Zhifan Tian, Shengnian Wang, Pin Zhou
This paper examines whether the departure of star analysts stimulates the internal competition and motivates non-star analysts who are employed by the previous brokerages to issue more accurate forecasts. We find that the departure of star analysts motivates non-star analysts to provide more accurate forecasts, and this incentive effect has a nature of long-term effect. Through mechanism analysis, we also find that the departure of star analysts hurts brokerages’ enthusiasm to cultivate star analysts, which further results in the vacancy of the star analyst in those brokerages. This vacancy plays an incentive role for non-star analysts. Moreover, the departure behavior motivates to produce accurate forecasts by hard working. In addition, we examine whether the departure’s incentive effect can be affected by the conflict of interest. The results show that non-star analysts who issue optimistic forecasts before the departure of star analysts are more likely to issue more accurate forecast reports after the departure of star analysts, which verifies the conflict of interest hypothesis. Finally, through the heterogeneity analysis, we find that the incentive effect on the non-star analysts is more significant when the number of star analysts in the previous employer is smaller, institutional investors hold more shares, and the market value of the companies is larger.
本文考察了明星分析师的离职是否刺激了内部竞争,并激励了之前受雇于券商的非明星分析师做出更准确的预测。我们发现,明星分析师的离职会激励非明星分析师提供更准确的预测,并且这种激励效应具有长期效应的性质。通过机制分析,我们还发现,明星分析师的离职损害了券商培养明星分析师的积极性,进而导致明星分析师在券商中出现空缺。这一职位空缺对非明星分析师起到了激励作用。此外,离场行为促使人们通过努力工作做出准确的预测。此外,我们还考察了利益冲突是否会影响离职激励效应。结果表明,在明星分析师离开前发布乐观预测的非明星分析师,在明星分析师离开后更有可能发布更准确的预测报告,从而验证了利益冲突假设。最后,通过异质性分析,我们发现当前雇主的明星分析师数量较少、机构投资者持股较多、公司市值较大时,对非明星分析师的激励效应更为显著。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of CSR Impact on Private Sector Secondary School: A Study in North and South Delhi (India) 企业社会责任对私立中学的影响分析——以印度德里北部和南部为例
Pub Date : 2019-12-28 DOI: 10.33445/sds.2019.9.6.2
P. Dixit, Rahim Jafar Mohammad Sharif
Educational organizations in private sector require strong corporate strategies. In order to get success in the globally competitive environment they must adopt the strategy of Corporate Social Responsibility. This study analyzed corporate social responsibility and its impact on private sector secondary schools in district North & South Delhi.  For this purpose primary data were collected through five point Likert’s scale. The questionnaire was fielded to private sector secondary school teachers in order to get data about the impact of corporate social responsibility on performance of secondary schools.  The population of the study was 184 registered private sector secondary schools (140 boys and 44 girls) which included 900 teachers (who taught to class 10th students during session 2017-18) in district North & South Delhi. A sample of 280 teachers (140 male and 140 female) in 70 private sector secondary schools (35 for boys and 35 for girls) were selected through equal allocation sampling formula. Mean, Standard Deviation and t-test were applied for analyzing the data. The Pearson’s correlation r was used to evaluate the variable effects.  The result from the data indicated that all the four aspects of CSR have positive significant impact on the performance of secondary schools.
私营部门的教育机构需要强有力的企业战略。为了在全球竞争环境中取得成功,他们必须采取企业社会责任战略。本研究分析了企业社会责任及其对德里北部和南部地区私立中学的影响。为此,主要数据是通过李克特五点量表收集的。调查问卷是发给私营中学教师,以了解企业社会责任对中学表现的影响。该研究的对象是德里北部和南部的184所注册私立中学(140名男生和44名女生),其中包括900名教师(在2017-18学年期间教10年级学生)。通过平等分配抽样公式,选取了70所私立中学(男生35所,女生35所)的280名教师(男140名,女140名)作为样本。采用均值、标准差和t检验对数据进行分析。Pearson相关系数r用于评价变量效应。数据分析结果表明,企业社会责任的四个方面对中学绩效都有显著的正向影响。
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引用次数: 2
Does Tax Transparency Tackle Tax Avoidance?: A Stakeholder Perspective 税收透明度能解决避税问题吗?利益相关者的视角
Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3324304
P. Eisenberg
The present work approaches the research question: Does tax transparency through mandatory corporate tax return disclosure tackle tax avoidance? Tax avoidance has far-reaching social implications. The aim of this study is to shed light on tax avoidance and to help mitigate its adverse social repercussions. The research is inspired by The United Kingdom Corporate and Individual Tax and Financial Transparency Bill, which was proposed, albeit unsuccessfully, during the 2010-2015 UK Parliament. The implications of a tax return disclosure regime are assessed against the WPP Group, a major UK public company listed on FTSE 100.  The stakeholders affected by corporate tax return disclosure are analysed using the Power-Interest-Matrix. Their power is assessed through financial indicators derived from the company’s financial statements. Their interest is scrutinized through vocabulary analysis with the Form-Oriented Content Analytic Method. The impact of the disclosed tax avoidance on the stakeholders and their response are mixed. There are numerous pathways available depending on the stakeholder group and their incentives. Also, stakeholders of the same group do not behave unanimously. These findings are supported by empirical evidence from Europe, Asia and the USA. In order to channel dispersed stakeholder activity the study makes a proposal to introduce a threshold for parties interested in corporate tax information. The author is not aware on any tax avoidance research combining the Power-Interest-Matrix and the Form-Oriented Content Analytic Method. This enhances the originality of the study and may encourage other scholars to enrich their research inventory through these instruments. Keywords: Tax Avoidance, Tax Transparency, Stakeholder Analysis, Content Analysis, Power-Interest-Matrix.
目前的工作接近研究问题:税收透明度通过强制性公司纳税申报表披露解决避税问题?避税具有深远的社会影响。这项研究的目的是阐明避税,并帮助减轻其不利的社会影响。这项研究的灵感来自于英国公司和个人税收和财务透明度法案,该法案在2010-2015年英国议会期间被提出,尽管没有成功。我们以富时100指数(FTSE 100)成分股的英国大型上市公司WPP Group为对象,对纳税申报披露制度的影响进行了评估。利用权力-利益矩阵分析了受企业纳税申报表披露影响的利益相关者。他们的权力是通过来自公司财务报表的财务指标来评估的。他们的兴趣是通过以形式为导向的内容分析方法进行词汇分析。披露的避税行为对利益相关者的影响和他们的反应是复杂的。根据利益相关者群体和他们的动机,有许多可行的途径。同样,同一群体的利益相关者的行为也不一致。这些发现得到了来自欧洲、亚洲和美国的经验证据的支持。为了引导分散的利益相关者的活动,本研究提出了引入企业税收信息利益相关者门槛的建议。笔者尚未见到将权力-利益矩阵与形式导向内容分析法相结合的避税研究。这提高了研究的原创性,并可能鼓励其他学者通过这些工具来丰富他们的研究清单。关键词:避税,税收透明,利益相关者分析,内容分析,权力-利益矩阵
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引用次数: 1
Impact of Accounting Data on Stock Prices: The Case of Vietnam 会计数据对股价的影响:以越南为例
Pub Date : 2018-03-05 DOI: 10.5296/IJAFR.V8I1.12671
H. Ha, Dang Ngoc Hung, D. Tran
This research is conducted for evaluating the impact of accounting numbers on stock prices of listed firms on Vietnam Stock Exchange. Data were collected from 416 listed firms for the period from 2012 to 2016. By using models of OLS, FEM, REM and GLS for evaluating the relationship between earnings per share (EPS), book value of stock (BV) and stock prices, the results show that EPS, BV have positive relationships with stock prices with the level of 48.13% basing on the model of Ohlson (1995) and on the model of Ohlson adjusted to Aboody et al. (2002). Based on the findings, some implications for investors and stakeholders have been given in the context of Vietnam.
本研究旨在评估会计编号对越南证券交易所上市公司股价的影响。数据收集自2012年至2016年期间的416家上市公司。运用OLS、FEM、REM和GLS模型对每股收益(EPS)、股票账面价值(BV)与股价之间的关系进行评价,结果表明,基于Ohlson(1995)模型和经Aboody等(2002)调整后的Ohlson模型,EPS、BV与股价之间的正相关水平为48.13%。根据调查结果,在越南的背景下给出了对投资者和利益相关者的一些影响。
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引用次数: 6
Marmara Bölgesinde Muhasebe-Denetim Mesleğinin Önemi Üzerine Bir Araştirma (A Research on the Significance of Accounting-Auditing Profession in Marmara Region)
Pub Date : 2015-03-10 DOI: 10.16992/asos.510
Cevdet Kizil, Vedat Akman, H. Korkmaz
Turkish Abstract: Denetimin tarihi aslen Dünya’da çok eski zamanlara dayanmakta olsa da, Türkiye’de modern anlamda denetim anlayışının geçmişi uzun değildir. Buna karşın, denetimin önemi hem Dünya’da hem de Türkiye’de son yıllarda giderek artmaktadır. Denetimin işletmelere, yatırımcılara, kamu kuruluşlarına ve diğer paydaşlara sayısız yararı bulunmaktadır. Firma mali tablolarının gerçeği yansıtması, yatırımların doğru bir şekilde kanalize edilmesi, işletme paydaşlarının doğru bilgilerle donatılması, muhasebe hile ve usulsüzlüklerinin engellenmesi, verginin adaletli bir şekilde toplanması ve şeffaflığın temin edilmesi denetim ile mümkün olmaktadır. Denetimin vurgulanan öneminden hareketle, bu çalışmada özel sektör ve kamu sektörü denetim uygulamaları ile bakış açısı birlikte incelenmiştir. Araştırma, özel sektör kapsamında bağımsız denetçiler ve kamu sektörü kapsamında da vergi müfettişi yardımcıları üzerinde mülakat metodolojisini uygulamış, önemli bulgulara ulaşmıştır. English Abstract: Although the history of auditing in world dates back to very old times, the history of modern auditing concept in Turkey is considered new. Despite the mentioned situation, auditing is gaining more and more importance in the recent both in the world and Turkey. Auditing provides numerous advantages to businesses, investors, state enterprises and other stakeholders. Also, having financial statements which reflect the actual situation of firm, canalizing investments logically, arming business stakeholders with correct information, eliminating accounting mistakes and fraud, owning a fair tax collection system and ensuring transparency are all possible with auditing operations. Thus, with reference to the significance of auditing, this study analyzes the private sector and state sector auditing practices as well as viewpoints simultaneously. The research reaches to eye-catching findings by implementing the interview methdology on indepedent (external) auditors in the context of private sector and assistant tax inspectors in the context of state sector.
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引用次数: 0
Accounting Education Approach in the Context of New Turkish Commercial Code and Turkish Accounting Standards 新土耳其商法典和土耳其会计准则背景下的会计教育途径
Pub Date : 2014-02-07 DOI: 10.5195/EMAJ.2014.62
Cevdet Kizil, Ayse Tansel Cetin, Ahmed Bulunmaz
The aim of this article is to investigate the impact of new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards on accounting education. This study takes advantage of the survey method for gathering information and running the research analysis. For this purpose, questionnaire forms are distributed to university students personally and via the internet. This paper includes significant research questions such as “Are accounting academicians informed and knowledgeable on new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards?”, “Do accounting academicians integrate new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards to their lectures?”, “How does modern accounting education methodology and technology coincides with the teaching of new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards?”, “Do universities offer mandatory and elective courses which cover the new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards?” and “If such courses are offered, what are their names, percentage in the curriculum and degree of coverage?” Research contributes to the literature in several ways. Firstly, new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards are current significant topics for the accounting profession. Furthermore, the accounting education provides a basis for the implementations in public and private sector. Besides, one of the intentions of new Turkish commercial code and Turkish accounting standards is to foster transparency. That is definitely a critical concept also in terms of mergers, acquisitions and investments. Stakeholders of today’s business world such as investors, shareholders, entrepreneurs, auditors and government are in need of more standardized global accounting principles Thus, revision and redesigning of accounting educations plays an important role. Emphasized points also clearly prove the necessity and functionality of this research.
本文的目的是调查新的土耳其商法典和土耳其会计准则对会计教育的影响。本研究采用调查法收集资料并进行研究分析。为此目的,问卷表格被亲自或通过互联网分发给大学生。本文包括重要的研究问题,如“会计学者是否了解新的土耳其商法典和土耳其会计准则?”、“会计学者是否将新的土耳其商法典和土耳其会计准则融入到他们的讲座中?”、“现代会计教育方法和技术如何与土耳其新商法典和土耳其会计准则的教学相吻合?”、“大学是否提供涵盖土耳其新商法和土耳其会计准则的必修课和选修课?”及“如有开设,课程名称、占课程的百分比及涵盖程度为何?”研究对文献的贡献体现在几个方面。首先,新的土耳其商法典和土耳其会计准则是当前会计行业的重要话题。此外,会计教育为公共和私营部门的实施提供了基础。此外,土耳其新商法和会计准则的意图之一是促进透明度。在并购和投资方面,这绝对是一个关键的概念。当今商业世界的利益相关者,如投资者、股东、企业家、审计师和政府都需要更标准化的全球会计原则,因此,会计教育的修订和重新设计起着重要的作用。重点也清楚地证明了本研究的必要性和功能性。
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引用次数: 4
Econometrics of the Basu Asymmetric Timeliness Coefficient and Accounting Conservatism 巴苏不对称时效性系数与会计稳健性的计量经济学
Pub Date : 2013-01-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.999710
Citation Ball, S. P. Ray, Valeri V Nikolaev Kothari, Wiley Blackwell, Ray Ball, S. P. Kothari, Valeri V. Nikolaev, Valeri V. Nikolaev, Sudipta Basu, John Core, Andrei Kovrijnykh, Jerry Zimmerman, Phil Berger
A substantial literature investigates conditional conservatism, defined as asymmetric accounting recognition of economic shocks (�news�), and how it depends on various market, political, and institutional variables. Studies typically assume the Basu [1997] asymmetric timeliness coefficient (the incremental slope on negative returns in a piecewise-linear regression of accounting income on stock returns) is a valid conditional conservatism measure. We analyze the measure's validity, in the context of a model with accounting income incorporating different types of information with different lags, and with noise. We demonstrate that the asymmetric timeliness coefficient varies with firm characteristics affecting their information environments, such as the length of the firm's operating and investment cycles, and its degree of diversification. We particularly examine one characteristic, the extent to which �unbooked� information (such as revised expectations about rents and growth options) is independent of other information, and discuss the conditions under which a proxy for this characteristic is the market-to-book ratio. We also conclude that much criticism of the Basu regression misconstrues researchers� objectives.
大量文献研究了条件保守主义,定义为对经济冲击(“新闻”)的不对称会计识别,以及它如何依赖于各种市场、政治和制度变量。研究通常假设Basu[1997]非对称时效性系数(会计收入对股票收益分段线性回归中负收益的增量斜率)是一种有效的条件稳健性度量。我们在会计收入模型的背景下分析了该措施的有效性,该模型包含不同类型的信息,具有不同的滞后和噪声。研究表明,不对称时效性系数随影响信息环境的企业特征(如企业经营周期和投资周期的长度、多元化程度)而变化。我们特别研究了一个特征,即“未入账”信息(如对租金和增长期权的修订预期)在多大程度上独立于其他信息,并讨论了在何种条件下,市净率可以代表这一特征。我们还得出结论,对巴苏回归的许多批评误解了研究人员的目标。
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引用次数: 214
Effective Internal Control in Business Relocation Process: A Conceptual Model 企业搬迁过程中的有效内部控制:一个概念模型
Pub Date : 2012-10-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3134063
Juthamon Sithipolvanichgul
Relocation has gradually become a typical issue for many organisations. The reasons for those companies to be are, such as government restrictions on development, business growth, shortage of labour, etc. Although relocation of the business seems to have many advantages, the disadvantages due to it must not be overlooked. The involved disruption can cause serious consequence if the relocation is not effectively carried out. The business relocation can be limited by the restraints of an existing location and it becomes essential for all the business to be moved. “Badly organised and planned, with a lack of financial provision, it can ruin the business. The extent of prior planning needed for successful development in the new location is usually underestimated, even by the large firm.” (Haines,1970). It is necessary to smooth business operation during business relocation and has a well-organised plan for the whole relocation project. In this paper, the conceptual framework of internal control in business relocation process initially extended from the past literature and propose with eight steps; the relocation feasibility survey; selection of location; planning to move; financial analysis for relocation project planning; personnel policies; the local community and public relations; the transfer process and evaluate results of relocation.
搬迁已逐渐成为许多组织的典型问题。这些公司倒闭的原因有:政府限制发展、业务增长、劳动力短缺等。虽然搬迁业务似乎有很多优点,但它的缺点也不容忽视。如果搬迁工作不能有效进行,所涉及的干扰会造成严重后果。业务迁移可能受到现有位置的限制,因此所有业务都必须迁移。“如果组织和计划不当,再加上缺乏资金支持,可能会毁掉生意。在新地点成功开发所需的事先规划程度通常被低估,即使是大公司。”(海恩斯,1970)。在企业搬迁过程中,要保证业务的顺利进行,对整个搬迁项目有一个周密的计划。本文对企业搬迁过程内部控制的概念框架进行了初步的延伸,提出了八个步骤;搬迁可行性调查;选址;计划搬家的;搬迁工程规划的财务分析人事政策;当地社区和公共关系;搬迁过程及搬迁结果评估。
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引用次数: 0
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