Abnormal pulmonary venous connection represents a rare variant of congenital heart disease, in which the pulmonary veins fail to make their normal connection to the left atrium. Instead, they connect and drain anomalously into the systemic venous circulation. The abnormal connection could be partial, when one or more but not all the pulmonary veins connect anomalously or total, when all the pulmonary veins connect anomalously. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is by far the most common and most severe lesion, with a reported prevalence ranging between 1.5% and 2%. Its hemodynamics and clinical features are variable, and diagnosis can be challenging especially in resource-limited setting. This review discusses the embryology and pathogenesis of abnormal pulmonary venous connection, with emphasis on TAPVC. The clinical manifestations and various diagnostic options are also highlighted.
{"title":"An overview of abnormal pulmonary venous connection in children","authors":"M. Asani, U. Sani","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_2_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_2_16","url":null,"abstract":"Abnormal pulmonary venous connection represents a rare variant of congenital heart disease, in which the pulmonary veins fail to make their normal connection to the left atrium. Instead, they connect and drain anomalously into the systemic venous circulation. The abnormal connection could be partial, when one or more but not all the pulmonary veins connect anomalously or total, when all the pulmonary veins connect anomalously. Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is by far the most common and most severe lesion, with a reported prevalence ranging between 1.5% and 2%. Its hemodynamics and clinical features are variable, and diagnosis can be challenging especially in resource-limited setting. This review discusses the embryology and pathogenesis of abnormal pulmonary venous connection, with emphasis on TAPVC. The clinical manifestations and various diagnostic options are also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132918901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic illness, characterized by periods of painful crises, frequent hospitalizations, and multiorgan dysfunction; patients are frequently exposed to diverse psychological stressors and insults which adversely impact on overall quality of life (QOL) and survival. The following key words: “sickle cell disease,” “psychological dysfunction,”, “psychopathology,” “co-morbid depression,” “quality of life,” “disease severity,” “treatment,” and “clinical outcome” were used for literature search on PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, African Index Medicus, and Scopus database sources. No limitation as to the year of publication was applied and the oldest paper retrieved was published in 1989. The search was restricted to depression occurring in the background of SCD and publications in English language. The studies retrieved dealt mainly on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, and treatment of co-morbid depression in SCD, whereas papers dealing primarily with depression not related to SCD were rejected. All papers identified were assessed by the authors with a view to highlighting the prevalence and effect of depression on the clinical course of SCD. Comorbid depression was shown to constitute a significant burden in subjects living with SCD; the prevalence of which increases with increasing disease severity. In affected SCD patients, it has adverse effects on QOL and disease course. The need for early detection of comorbid depression in patients with SCD is hereby emphasized, with a view to instituting appropriate treatment geared toward ameliorating its adverse effect on disease morbidity.
镰状细胞病(SCD)是一种慢性疾病，特点是疼痛危象期、频繁住院和多器官功能障碍;患者经常暴露于各种心理压力源和侮辱，这对整体生活质量(QOL)和生存产生不利影响。使用以下关键词:“镰状细胞病”、“心理功能障碍”、“精神病理学”、“共病性抑郁症”、“生活质量”、“疾病严重程度”、“治疗”和“临床结果”在PubMed、PubMed Central、谷歌Scholar、African Index Medicus和Scopus数据库中进行文献检索。没有出版年份的限制，检索到的最古老的论文发表于1989年。本研究仅限于在SCD背景下发生的抑郁症和英文出版物。检索到的研究主要涉及SCD合并抑郁症的流行病学、发病机制和治疗，而主要涉及与SCD无关的抑郁症的论文被拒绝。作者对所有论文进行了评估，以突出抑郁症对SCD临床病程的患病率和影响。共病抑郁症被证明是SCD患者的重要负担;发病率随着疾病严重程度的增加而增加。在受影响的SCD患者中，对生活质量和病程有不利影响。在此强调早期发现SCD患者共病性抑郁症的必要性，以期制定适当的治疗措施，以改善其对疾病发病率的不利影响。
{"title":"Comorbid depression in sickle cell disease: An overview of determinants and need for early detection","authors":"J. Aneke, C. Okocha","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_11_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_11_17","url":null,"abstract":"Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic illness, characterized by periods of painful crises, frequent hospitalizations, and multiorgan dysfunction; patients are frequently exposed to diverse psychological stressors and insults which adversely impact on overall quality of life (QOL) and survival. The following key words: “sickle cell disease,” “psychological dysfunction,”, “psychopathology,” “co-morbid depression,” “quality of life,” “disease severity,” “treatment,” and “clinical outcome” were used for literature search on PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, African Index Medicus, and Scopus database sources. No limitation as to the year of publication was applied and the oldest paper retrieved was published in 1989. The search was restricted to depression occurring in the background of SCD and publications in English language. The studies retrieved dealt mainly on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, and treatment of co-morbid depression in SCD, whereas papers dealing primarily with depression not related to SCD were rejected. All papers identified were assessed by the authors with a view to highlighting the prevalence and effect of depression on the clinical course of SCD. Comorbid depression was shown to constitute a significant burden in subjects living with SCD; the prevalence of which increases with increasing disease severity. In affected SCD patients, it has adverse effects on QOL and disease course. The need for early detection of comorbid depression in patients with SCD is hereby emphasized, with a view to instituting appropriate treatment geared toward ameliorating its adverse effect on disease morbidity.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116403991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: This study aimed to determinate the effects of serum prolactin (PRL) level on semen analysis parameters (semen volume, sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology). Subjects and Methods: This study was observational descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study. The study included 212 male patients selected by systematic random sampling from all patients who attended the reproductive health-care center in Khartoum. Data were collected from the all participants files. Serum PRL level and semen analysis parameters were obtained from laboratory records. Participants were classified into hyperprolactinemic and normal PRL level groups according to their serum PRL level. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 23. Descriptive data were presented as mean/median ± standard deviation/standard error of mean (SEM) or percentages. Independent t-test was used to determine the differences in semen analysis parameters between the two study groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our study showed high level of PRL hormone among study participants (median = 543.0, SEM = 43.1 ml IU/L). There were significant differences in sperm motility and morphology between normal and hyperprolactinemic patients (P = 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). However, there were no significant differences in semen volume or sperm count between the two study groups. There were negative significant correlations between the PRL level and percentage of motile sperms (P = 0.001) and the percentage of normal morphology sperms (P = 0.001). However, there were no significant correlations between PRL level and sperm count or semen volume. Conclusion: Hyperprolactinemia in males causes significant changes in semen contents which may explain infertility in those patients.
{"title":"The relationships between serum prolactin level and semen analysis parameters among patients attended the reproductive health center, Khartoum 2016–2017","authors":"Nada Ahmed, H. Ahmed","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_46_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_46_17","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: This study aimed to determinate the effects of serum prolactin (PRL) level on semen analysis parameters (semen volume, sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology). Subjects and Methods: This study was observational descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study. The study included 212 male patients selected by systematic random sampling from all patients who attended the reproductive health-care center in Khartoum. Data were collected from the all participants files. Serum PRL level and semen analysis parameters were obtained from laboratory records. Participants were classified into hyperprolactinemic and normal PRL level groups according to their serum PRL level. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 23. Descriptive data were presented as mean/median ± standard deviation/standard error of mean (SEM) or percentages. Independent t-test was used to determine the differences in semen analysis parameters between the two study groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our study showed high level of PRL hormone among study participants (median = 543.0, SEM = 43.1 ml IU/L). There were significant differences in sperm motility and morphology between normal and hyperprolactinemic patients (P = 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). However, there were no significant differences in semen volume or sperm count between the two study groups. There were negative significant correlations between the PRL level and percentage of motile sperms (P = 0.001) and the percentage of normal morphology sperms (P = 0.001). However, there were no significant correlations between PRL level and sperm count or semen volume. Conclusion: Hyperprolactinemia in males causes significant changes in semen contents which may explain infertility in those patients.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122078530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Manafa, C. Okocha, J. Aneke, Chijindi Nwakor, N. Ibeh, G. Chukwuma, E. Nwene
Background: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) has been linked with the occurrence of some tumors, including that of the urological system; the serum bladder tumor antigen has been shown to be a surrogate marker for bladder carcinoma. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate serum bladder tumor antigen in SCA subjects in comparison with disease severity and levels in subjects with other hemoglobin phenotypes. Subjects and Methods: A total of 50 subjects were randomly recruited which comprised of 20 homozygous SCA subjects in steady state, 20 heterozygous hemoglobin AS (HbAS), and 10 hemoglobin AA (HbAA) subjects. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected from each participant for hemoglobin type confirmation and estimation of bladder tumor antigen levels, using cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Disease severity scoring was based on the earlier report of Okocha et al. Results: The mean serum level of bladder tumor antigen was significantly lower in SCA compared with HbAS and HbAA subjects (23.12 ± 3.75 ng/ml vs. 29.60 ± 3.80 ng/ml and 34.65 ± 4.05 ng/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). Correspondingly, the mean serum bladder tumor antigen levels were significantly lower in HbAS compared with HbAA subjects (P < 0.001). Serum bladder tumor antigen level was not significantly correlated with disease severity in subjects with SCA (r = −0.267, P = 0.318). Conclusion: The low serum levels of bladder tumor antigen in subjects with SCA may indicate a lower risk of bladder carcinoma.
背景:镰状细胞性贫血(SCA)与一些肿瘤的发生有关，包括泌尿系统的肿瘤;血清膀胱肿瘤抗原已被证明是膀胱癌的替代标志物。目的:本研究的目的是评估SCA受试者的血清膀胱肿瘤抗原，并与其他血红蛋白表型受试者的疾病严重程度和水平进行比较。对象和方法:随机招募50例受试者，其中稳定状态纯合子SCA受试者20例，杂合子血红蛋白AS (HbAS)受试者20例，血红蛋白AA (HbAA)受试者10例。每位参与者采集5毫升静脉血，分别采用醋酸纤维素血红蛋白电泳和酶联免疫吸附法进行血红蛋白类型确认和膀胱肿瘤抗原水平估计。疾病严重程度评分基于Okocha等人的早期报告。结果:SCA患者膀胱肿瘤抗原平均水平明显低于HbAS和HbAA组(23.12±3.75 ng/ml vs. 29.60±3.80 ng/ml和34.65±4.05 ng/ml, P < 0.001)。相应地，与HbAA患者相比，HbAS患者的平均血清膀胱肿瘤抗原水平显著降低(P < 0.001)。SCA患者血清膀胱肿瘤抗原水平与疾病严重程度无显著相关性(r = - 0.267, P = 0.318)。结论:SCA患者血清膀胱肿瘤抗原水平较低，提示膀胱癌的发生风险较低。
{"title":"Serum bladder tumor antigen levels in subjects with sickle cell anemia: A preliminary report","authors":"P. Manafa, C. Okocha, J. Aneke, Chijindi Nwakor, N. Ibeh, G. Chukwuma, E. Nwene","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_31_16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_31_16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) has been linked with the occurrence of some tumors, including that of the urological system; the serum bladder tumor antigen has been shown to be a surrogate marker for bladder carcinoma. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate serum bladder tumor antigen in SCA subjects in comparison with disease severity and levels in subjects with other hemoglobin phenotypes. Subjects and Methods: A total of 50 subjects were randomly recruited which comprised of 20 homozygous SCA subjects in steady state, 20 heterozygous hemoglobin AS (HbAS), and 10 hemoglobin AA (HbAA) subjects. Five milliliters of venous blood was collected from each participant for hemoglobin type confirmation and estimation of bladder tumor antigen levels, using cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Disease severity scoring was based on the earlier report of Okocha et al. Results: The mean serum level of bladder tumor antigen was significantly lower in SCA compared with HbAS and HbAA subjects (23.12 ± 3.75 ng/ml vs. 29.60 ± 3.80 ng/ml and 34.65 ± 4.05 ng/ml, P < 0.001, respectively). Correspondingly, the mean serum bladder tumor antigen levels were significantly lower in HbAS compared with HbAA subjects (P < 0.001). Serum bladder tumor antigen level was not significantly correlated with disease severity in subjects with SCA (r = −0.267, P = 0.318). Conclusion: The low serum levels of bladder tumor antigen in subjects with SCA may indicate a lower risk of bladder carcinoma.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123014572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Isara, J. Osagie, Nosakhare Omodamwen, Iziegbe Sonia Omorodion
Background: There is growing evidence that the consumption of street foods is increasingly cutting across people of all socioeconomic groups in many countries of the world. This study was conducted to assess the food hygiene and safety practices of mobile food vendors in Benin City, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among mobile food vendors in Benin City, Nigeria. A structured, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire and an observational checklist were the data collection tools. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results: Two hundred and fifty respondents with a mean age of 31.7 ± 8.7 years were studied. There were 24 (9.6%) males and 226 (90.4%) females. Most of them knew regular handwashing practices with soap and water (95.5%), proper covering of stored food (92.8%), proper cleaning of cutting/sale surfaces (89.6%), and storage of food at appropriate temperature (79.6%). Forty-seven (18.8%) respondents kept long finger nails and 58 (23.2%) blew air into the cellophane. Handwashing before and after serving food was practiced by 115 (46.0%) respondents, 14 (5.6%) used hand gloves while serving food, 143 (57.3%) properly covered their hair, and 205 (82.0%) concurrently served food and collected money from consumers. The utensils used in serving food were considered clean in majority (217 [86.8%]) of the food vendors. Conclusion: There was a high level of knowledge of food hygiene among the mobile food vendors but their food safety practices were poor. This finding suggests that the street foods sold in Benin City may be heavily contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms.
{"title":"Food hygiene and safety practices of mobile food vendors in Benin City, Nigeria","authors":"A. Isara, J. Osagie, Nosakhare Omodamwen, Iziegbe Sonia Omorodion","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_36_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_36_17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is growing evidence that the consumption of street foods is increasingly cutting across people of all socioeconomic groups in many countries of the world. This study was conducted to assess the food hygiene and safety practices of mobile food vendors in Benin City, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among mobile food vendors in Benin City, Nigeria. A structured, pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire and an observational checklist were the data collection tools. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0 software. Results: Two hundred and fifty respondents with a mean age of 31.7 ± 8.7 years were studied. There were 24 (9.6%) males and 226 (90.4%) females. Most of them knew regular handwashing practices with soap and water (95.5%), proper covering of stored food (92.8%), proper cleaning of cutting/sale surfaces (89.6%), and storage of food at appropriate temperature (79.6%). Forty-seven (18.8%) respondents kept long finger nails and 58 (23.2%) blew air into the cellophane. Handwashing before and after serving food was practiced by 115 (46.0%) respondents, 14 (5.6%) used hand gloves while serving food, 143 (57.3%) properly covered their hair, and 205 (82.0%) concurrently served food and collected money from consumers. The utensils used in serving food were considered clean in majority (217 [86.8%]) of the food vendors. Conclusion: There was a high level of knowledge of food hygiene among the mobile food vendors but their food safety practices were poor. This finding suggests that the street foods sold in Benin City may be heavily contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114495606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gamal Mohamed Ejaimi, Fatimah Alzhrani, Waleed Alfaifi, Sittelnissa Ahmed, Faris Alzhrani, Ali Alzhrani, Faisal Al Ghadam, Yousif Elamin Alhindi
Background: The aim of this study was to determine and assess the awareness, concept, and satisfaction of pregnant women about anesthesia for cesarean section (C/S) and to evaluate the role of health staff, including anesthesia, in providing safe, efficient anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 post-C/S women admitted to the postnatal wards or attended the postnatal clinics at Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Khamis Mushayt City Hospital, and Khamis Mushayt Military Hospital were included. A self-administered questionnaire was designed. It comprised personal characteristics, types of anesthesia, satisfaction about anesthesia, and complications during and after the procedure. Results: The use of general anesthesia among patients with previous C/S was found to be higher than spinal anesthesia. However, in the current C/S, the use of spinal anesthesia had increased to reach 53.5%. Excellent satisfaction about anesthesia was demonstrated by only 43.5% of patients, while 29.4% and 17% stated good and fair satisfaction, respectively. A 9.4% of patients demonstrated poor satisfaction. Breastfeeding within the day of the procedure and 1 day after was 29.4% and 34.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Utilization of general anesthesia as a technique for C/S was high among parturients. Excellent satisfaction about the procedure and anesthesia was found to be low. Regional anesthesia should be used for C/S whenever it is feasible. Implementation of modes of birth delivery and modalities of anesthesia for C/S in the antenatal program is recommended.
{"title":"Postcesarean section patient's concept and satisfaction about types of anesthesia","authors":"Gamal Mohamed Ejaimi, Fatimah Alzhrani, Waleed Alfaifi, Sittelnissa Ahmed, Faris Alzhrani, Ali Alzhrani, Faisal Al Ghadam, Yousif Elamin Alhindi","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_14_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_14_17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of this study was to determine and assess the awareness, concept, and satisfaction of pregnant women about anesthesia for cesarean section (C/S) and to evaluate the role of health staff, including anesthesia, in providing safe, efficient anesthesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 170 post-C/S women admitted to the postnatal wards or attended the postnatal clinics at Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Khamis Mushayt City Hospital, and Khamis Mushayt Military Hospital were included. A self-administered questionnaire was designed. It comprised personal characteristics, types of anesthesia, satisfaction about anesthesia, and complications during and after the procedure. Results: The use of general anesthesia among patients with previous C/S was found to be higher than spinal anesthesia. However, in the current C/S, the use of spinal anesthesia had increased to reach 53.5%. Excellent satisfaction about anesthesia was demonstrated by only 43.5% of patients, while 29.4% and 17% stated good and fair satisfaction, respectively. A 9.4% of patients demonstrated poor satisfaction. Breastfeeding within the day of the procedure and 1 day after was 29.4% and 34.1%, respectively. Conclusion: Utilization of general anesthesia as a technique for C/S was high among parturients. Excellent satisfaction about the procedure and anesthesia was found to be low. Regional anesthesia should be used for C/S whenever it is feasible. Implementation of modes of birth delivery and modalities of anesthesia for C/S in the antenatal program is recommended.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127842553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: The irrational use of antibiotics could be noticed during prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics or when the drug is misused by the patients themselves. Misuse is also noticed at veterinary practice related to/or in food production of animal source. The vast majority of livestock antibiotics are used not only for therapeutic purposes but also for prophylaxis and enhancement of growth. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic misuse and resistance in Khartoum state, and to assess the knowledge and awareness of poultry producers and consumers regarding the production and hygiene of animal-derived foods. Methodology: A descriptive, analytical, observational, cross-sectional study was done in Khartoum. The study covered 130 poultry producers and 130 consumers of poultry meats. The data were collected using two sets of structured interviews one for poultry producers and veterinary workers and the other for consumers of poultry meat to obtain information on the use of antibiotics for animals and the perception about the induced antibiotic resistance in humans due to misuse of veterinary antibiotics in poultry. Furthermore, clinical laboratories were visited to obtain the information about the cases resistant to antibiotics. Results: This study reveals that 48% of the producers were found using antibiotics for medical treatment, 37% used antibiotics for prophylaxis, and 8% used antibiotics together with other interventions to stimulate growth and gain weight for their livestock. As for butchering, 68% of the producers agreed that the production department always commits to slaughtering regulation. However, 48% of the participants claim that the marketing department interferes with the veterinary department decisions in a way that is not consistent with the slaughtering or production control measures. This interference is the major cause of the implications that accompany the production finishing process. As a result of this irrational practice, the resistant types of pathogens in human have been found as follows, 95% resistant to co-trimoxazole, 89% to norfloxacin, 81% to cephalexin, 75% to tetracycline, 69% to pefloxacin, 65% to nalidixic acid, 59% to ciprofloxacin, and 46% resistant to ofloxacin. Most of the consumers have good knowledge about chemicals additives given to food-producing animals. They are also quite aware that the irrational use of these chemicals can lead to negative effects on human's health. Discussion: Wide ranges of antibiotics, belonging to different classes of drugs were applied. It is perceived that these antibiotics are used also in humans, sub-therapeutic doses or traces of these antibiotics might reach healthy humans by the food chain which gives a chance to the resistant strain of bacteria to develop, or might cause allergic reactions to susceptible individuals. High resistant rates to antibiotics were observed. It is obvious that antibiotics are used for treatme
{"title":"Prevalence and knowledge of antibiotics misuse and resistance in poultry and livestock in Khartoum State - Sudan","authors":"M. Ishak, H. Ali, S. Kheder","doi":"10.4103/summ.summ_43_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/summ.summ_43_17","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The irrational use of antibiotics could be noticed during prescribing and dispensing of antibiotics or when the drug is misused by the patients themselves. Misuse is also noticed at veterinary practice related to/or in food production of animal source. The vast majority of livestock antibiotics are used not only for therapeutic purposes but also for prophylaxis and enhancement of growth. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic misuse and resistance in Khartoum state, and to assess the knowledge and awareness of poultry producers and consumers regarding the production and hygiene of animal-derived foods. Methodology: A descriptive, analytical, observational, cross-sectional study was done in Khartoum. The study covered 130 poultry producers and 130 consumers of poultry meats. The data were collected using two sets of structured interviews one for poultry producers and veterinary workers and the other for consumers of poultry meat to obtain information on the use of antibiotics for animals and the perception about the induced antibiotic resistance in humans due to misuse of veterinary antibiotics in poultry. Furthermore, clinical laboratories were visited to obtain the information about the cases resistant to antibiotics. Results: This study reveals that 48% of the producers were found using antibiotics for medical treatment, 37% used antibiotics for prophylaxis, and 8% used antibiotics together with other interventions to stimulate growth and gain weight for their livestock. As for butchering, 68% of the producers agreed that the production department always commits to slaughtering regulation. However, 48% of the participants claim that the marketing department interferes with the veterinary department decisions in a way that is not consistent with the slaughtering or production control measures. This interference is the major cause of the implications that accompany the production finishing process. As a result of this irrational practice, the resistant types of pathogens in human have been found as follows, 95% resistant to co-trimoxazole, 89% to norfloxacin, 81% to cephalexin, 75% to tetracycline, 69% to pefloxacin, 65% to nalidixic acid, 59% to ciprofloxacin, and 46% resistant to ofloxacin. Most of the consumers have good knowledge about chemicals additives given to food-producing animals. They are also quite aware that the irrational use of these chemicals can lead to negative effects on human's health. Discussion: Wide ranges of antibiotics, belonging to different classes of drugs were applied. It is perceived that these antibiotics are used also in humans, sub-therapeutic doses or traces of these antibiotics might reach healthy humans by the food chain which gives a chance to the resistant strain of bacteria to develop, or might cause allergic reactions to susceptible individuals. High resistant rates to antibiotics were observed. It is obvious that antibiotics are used for treatme","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115720797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1. Faruque AS, Ahmed AM, Ahmed T, Islam MM, Hossain MI, Roy SK, et al. Nutrition: Basis for healthy children and mothers in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2008;26:325‐39. 2. Ubesie A, Ibeziakor N. High burden of protein‐energy malnutrition in Nigeria: Beyond the health care setting. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2012;2:66‐9. 3. Chowdhury FR, Marufuzzaman MD, Rashid AM, Islam MD, Islam A, Khasru MR. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with rickets. J Med 2005;6:30‐2. 4. Cundiff DK, Harris W. Case report of 5 siblings: Malnutrition? Rickets? DiGeorge syndrome? Developmental delay? Nutr J 2006;5:1. 5. Walter EA, Scariano JK, Easington CR, Polaco AM, Hollis BW, Dasgupta A, et al. Rickets and protein malnutrition in Northern Sir, Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) is still much of a public concern in Nigeria and other developing countries, and it accounts for about 50%–60% of under‐five mortality in developing countries.[1,2] It is often described as the silent emergency.[3] However, growth failure in PEM affects all tissues including the bones. Therefore, this impairs bone mineralization; hence, diseases such as rickets are unusual in them. While there have been reports of rickets in children with PEM,[4] most of them are moderately malnourished.[5] Therefore, the case of a severely malnourished child with rickets is highlighted in this communication.
1. Faruque AS, Ahmed AM, Ahmed T, Islam MM, Hossain MI, Roy SK等。营养:孟加拉国健康儿童和母亲的基础。[J]中华卫生杂志，2008;26(3):398 - 398。2. 乌贝西，伊贝齐亚科。尼日利亚蛋白质-能量营养不良的高负担:超越卫生保健环境。中华医学杂志，2012;2:66‐9。3.Chowdhury FR, Marufuzzaman医学博士，Rashid AM, Islam医学博士，Islam A, Khasru先生。中华医学杂志2005;6:30‐2。4. 康迪夫DK，哈里斯W. 5个兄弟姐妹的病例报告:营养不良?佝偻病?迪格奥尔格综合征?发育迟缓?中华医学杂志2006;5:1。5. Walter EA, Scariano JK, Easington CR, Polaco AM, Hollis BW, Dasgupta A等。在尼日利亚和其他发展中国家，蛋白质-能量营养不良(PEM)仍然是一个公众关注的问题，在发展中国家，它约占5岁以下儿童死亡率的50%-60%。[1,2]它通常被描述为无声的紧急情况然而，PEM的生长失败会影响包括骨骼在内的所有组织。因此，这会损害骨矿化;因此，像佝偻病这样的疾病在他们中并不常见。虽然有报道称患有PEM的儿童患有佝偻病，但其中大多数是中度营养不良因此，在本信函中强调了一名患有佝偻病的严重营养不良儿童的情况。
{"title":"Severe acute malnutrition and rickets: A diagnostic dilemma","authors":"Zainab F Ibrahim, I. Aliyu","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_9_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_9_17","url":null,"abstract":"1. Faruque AS, Ahmed AM, Ahmed T, Islam MM, Hossain MI, Roy SK, et al. Nutrition: Basis for healthy children and mothers in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2008;26:325‐39. 2. Ubesie A, Ibeziakor N. High burden of protein‐energy malnutrition in Nigeria: Beyond the health care setting. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2012;2:66‐9. 3. Chowdhury FR, Marufuzzaman MD, Rashid AM, Islam MD, Islam A, Khasru MR. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with rickets. J Med 2005;6:30‐2. 4. Cundiff DK, Harris W. Case report of 5 siblings: Malnutrition? Rickets? DiGeorge syndrome? Developmental delay? Nutr J 2006;5:1. 5. Walter EA, Scariano JK, Easington CR, Polaco AM, Hollis BW, Dasgupta A, et al. Rickets and protein malnutrition in Northern Sir, Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) is still much of a public concern in Nigeria and other developing countries, and it accounts for about 50%–60% of under‐five mortality in developing countries.[1,2] It is often described as the silent emergency.[3] However, growth failure in PEM affects all tissues including the bones. Therefore, this impairs bone mineralization; hence, diseases such as rickets are unusual in them. While there have been reports of rickets in children with PEM,[4] most of them are moderately malnourished.[5] Therefore, the case of a severely malnourished child with rickets is highlighted in this communication.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117196847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Asthma is a multidimensional disease with noticeable heterogeneity in its presentation and reaction to treatment. Noninvasive biomarkers to determine disease progression are highly desirable. This study sought to identify fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), FeNO as a prognostic biomarker for asthma exacerbations, as well as a predictive biomarker for change in other known asthma indicators. Materials and Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted with a cohort of adult patients with severe asthma who required daily treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Patients underwent lung function testing using spirometry, sputum samples were taken for inflammatory cell count, and sputum supernatant and exhaled respiration were taken for FeNO, FeNO measurement. Forced expiratory volume levels were measured, along with immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophil count, asthma-specific health-related quality of life, asthma-exact signs scores, and time to treatment failure. These indicators were measured over the 22-week study period. Results: A total of 1800 participants were recruited, 56.7% were female, and 70% of the participants were aged 18–27 years. FeNO was valuable prognostic biomarker for asthma exacerbations, along with forced expiratory volume in 1 s reduction. A greater quantity of eosinophils was correlated with a reduced risk of exacerbation in females, with no correlation in males. Elevated serum IgE levels were correlated with an increased risk of lung fibrosis. We found no significant relationships between the investigated indicators and hospitalization. Conclusion: FeNO, in conjunction with other biomarkers, is a useful prognostic indicator of exacerbations of symptoms in asthma patients.
{"title":"Fractional exhaled nitric oxide along with a reduced force expiratory volume are conclusive prognostic biomarkers to alert for asthma exacerbation","authors":"Mohamed A M Iesa, Hiba A Awooda, E. Konozy","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_13_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_13_17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asthma is a multidimensional disease with noticeable heterogeneity in its presentation and reaction to treatment. Noninvasive biomarkers to determine disease progression are highly desirable. This study sought to identify fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), FeNO as a prognostic biomarker for asthma exacerbations, as well as a predictive biomarker for change in other known asthma indicators. Materials and Methods: A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted with a cohort of adult patients with severe asthma who required daily treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Patients underwent lung function testing using spirometry, sputum samples were taken for inflammatory cell count, and sputum supernatant and exhaled respiration were taken for FeNO, FeNO measurement. Forced expiratory volume levels were measured, along with immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophil count, asthma-specific health-related quality of life, asthma-exact signs scores, and time to treatment failure. These indicators were measured over the 22-week study period. Results: A total of 1800 participants were recruited, 56.7% were female, and 70% of the participants were aged 18–27 years. FeNO was valuable prognostic biomarker for asthma exacerbations, along with forced expiratory volume in 1 s reduction. A greater quantity of eosinophils was correlated with a reduced risk of exacerbation in females, with no correlation in males. Elevated serum IgE levels were correlated with an increased risk of lung fibrosis. We found no significant relationships between the investigated indicators and hospitalization. Conclusion: FeNO, in conjunction with other biomarkers, is a useful prognostic indicator of exacerbations of symptoms in asthma patients.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125613730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Aliyu, G. Michael, H. Ibrahim, Zainab F Ibrahim, A. Isah, K. M. Kani
Background: The blood group refers to the blood grouping system and their specificity which is genetically determined; however, the “blood phenotype” describes the reactivity of blood to specific testing antiserum. Although racial and regional variations have been established in the prevalence of the blood groups, most of these studies were done among blood donors, but the blood transfusion recipients who actually need these transfusions have been poorly studied. This study seeks to determine the common blood groups encountered among blood transfusion recipients in Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kudu. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of the blood grouping pattern among blood transfusion recipients in FMC, Birnin Kudu over a 2-year period from January 2011 to December 2013. Blood grouping is determined commonly using venous blood through tile agglutination method. Standard commercially produced anti-A, anti-B monoclonal grouping reagents and anti-D sera are used for the tests and performed at room temperature. Evidence of agglutination is substantiated microscopically after waiting for 2 min. Results: There were 4129 blood requests during the study period; however, 28 of the entries were excluded due to grossly incomplete data. Among the 4101 entries analyzed, there were 1206 (29.4%) males and 2895 (70.6%) females; male/female ratio of 1:2.4. Blood group O (44.1%) was the most common blood group whereas blood group AB (5.9%) was the least; however, majority (96.2%) of the recipients were rhesus positive. Conclusion: Group O and rhesus positive antigens remain the most common blood group distribution among blood transfusion recipients.
{"title":"Blood group pattern and its distribution among blood transfusion recipients in a semi-urban setting in North-West Nigeria","authors":"I. Aliyu, G. Michael, H. Ibrahim, Zainab F Ibrahim, A. Isah, K. M. Kani","doi":"10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_6_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/SUMM.SUMM_6_17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The blood group refers to the blood grouping system and their specificity which is genetically determined; however, the “blood phenotype” describes the reactivity of blood to specific testing antiserum. Although racial and regional variations have been established in the prevalence of the blood groups, most of these studies were done among blood donors, but the blood transfusion recipients who actually need these transfusions have been poorly studied. This study seeks to determine the common blood groups encountered among blood transfusion recipients in Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kudu. Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of the blood grouping pattern among blood transfusion recipients in FMC, Birnin Kudu over a 2-year period from January 2011 to December 2013. Blood grouping is determined commonly using venous blood through tile agglutination method. Standard commercially produced anti-A, anti-B monoclonal grouping reagents and anti-D sera are used for the tests and performed at room temperature. Evidence of agglutination is substantiated microscopically after waiting for 2 min. Results: There were 4129 blood requests during the study period; however, 28 of the entries were excluded due to grossly incomplete data. Among the 4101 entries analyzed, there were 1206 (29.4%) males and 2895 (70.6%) females; male/female ratio of 1:2.4. Blood group O (44.1%) was the most common blood group whereas blood group AB (5.9%) was the least; however, majority (96.2%) of the recipients were rhesus positive. Conclusion: Group O and rhesus positive antigens remain the most common blood group distribution among blood transfusion recipients.","PeriodicalId":287344,"journal":{"name":"Sudan Medical Monitor","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126086968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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