Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.30732/IJBBB.20180302002
Vandana Gupta, J. Anandkumar
In this study, separation of protein (bovine serum albumin (BSA)) was carried out by ceramic microfiltration membranes. Ceramic membranes were fabricated by using fly-ash with different proportion (2-8 wt%) of fuller clay and fraction (20 wt%) of inorganic additives. Synthesized ceramic membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, mechanical-chemical stability, porosity and pure water flux. It was observed that the mechanical and chemical stability of ceramic membrane increases with increase in fuller clay’s content. Ceramic membrane with 8% fuller clay (C4) exhibited maximum flexural strength of 20 MPa. C4 membrane also shows least porosity of 29.9%, permeability of 0.397 L m-2h-1kPa-1, 20.15% water uptake capacity and 0.428 μm average pore radius. The BSA rejection efficiency of C4 membrane was studied for different operating parameter such as feed concentration (200-1000 mg/L), feed pH (2-10) and applied pressure (68-482 kPa). Maximum BSA rejection (82%) and flux (81 L m-2 h-1) has been observed at optimized condition (208 kPa, natural pH and 200 mg/L concentration). The results obtained in this work indicate that synthesized membrane could be used as proficient microfiltration membrane for protein rejection applications.
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Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.30732/IJBBB.20180302003
Ashfaque Ahmad, P. Sahu, B. P. Sahariah
With the increase of population and change in lifestyle, the quantity and quality of solid waste has drastically changed in Indian society. Aspects involved in solid waste management are mostly, collection, transportation, disposal and processing. The disposal of solid waste is concerned with disposal process followed and availability of disposal land. Proper care should be taken in choosing the disposal area and disposal mechanism. Monitoring of the sites is priority criteria for successful management of solid waste as leachate generation occurs which is associated with ground water as well as surface water contamination near dumping sites. Surface water system situated near the disposal or landfill sites shows more toxicity as the dose of toxicants passage from the nearby landfill [1]. This note is simplified on the basis of guidelines on landfill gas management by SEPA, 2004 [2]. Through this short note, authors make a glimpse of landfill gas characteristics and management practices.
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Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.30732/IJBBB.20180302001
Dessie Tibebe, F. Z. Beshah, B. Lemma, Yezbie Kassa, A. Bhaskarwar
Lake Ziway is shallow freshwater located in Northern part of Ethiopian Rift Valley. Expansions of the flower industry, fisheries, intensive agricultural activities, fast population growth lead to deterioration of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations in the external nutrient load and determine the trophic status of Lake Ziway in 2014 and 2015. The nutrients and Chlorophyll-a were measured according to the standard procedures outlined in APHA, 1999. From the result Ketar and Meki Rivers catchment showed the major sources of external nutrient loads to the lake ecosystem. The mean external soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and total nitrogen (TN) loads to Lake Ziway were 230, 2772, 4925 and 24016 kg day-1, respectively. A general trend which was expected that the nutrient loads would be much higher in rainy season than in dry season. The mean concentrations of trophic state variables for TN, TP and Chla were 6700, 212 and 42 mg L-1, respectively. The mean values of TSI-TP, TSI-Chl-a, TSI-TN and TSI-SD were 79, 66, 81 and 83, respectively and the overall evaluation of Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) of Lake Ziway was 77. Therefore, the lake is under eutrophic condition. The mean values of TN: TP ratio was 48 which were very high. The trophic state index determined with chlorophyll-a showed lower value than those determined with all trophic state indices values of TN, TP, and SD which indicated that non-algal turbidity affected light attenuation for algal growth. This suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in Lake Ziway. Due to its importance as being the lake is an intensive agricultural site, management solutions must be urgently developed in order to avoid the destruction of the lake.
齐威湖是位于埃塞俄比亚大裂谷北部的浅水淡水湖。花卉产业、渔业的扩张、集约化农业活动、人口的快速增长导致水质恶化和水生生物群的枯竭。本研究旨在评价2014年和2015年紫卫湖外部养分负荷的时空变化，确定紫卫湖的营养状况。营养物和叶绿素-a的测定方法参照1999年APHA的标准程序。结果表明，克达尔河和梅基河流域是湖泊生态系统外部营养负荷的主要来源。紫威湖外源可溶性活性磷(SRP)、总磷(TP)、总无机氮(TIN)和总氮(TN)的平均负荷分别为230、2772、4925和24016 kg d -1。总的趋势是，预计雨季的养分负荷要比旱季高得多。TN、TP和Chla的营养状态变量平均浓度分别为6700、212和42 mg L-1。TSI-TP、TSI-Chl-a、TSI-TN和TSI-SD的平均值分别为79、66、81和83,zway湖Carlson营养状态指数(CTSI)的综合评价为77。因此，该湖泊处于富营养化状态。TN: TP平均值为48，非常高。叶绿素-a测定的营养状态指数值低于TN、TP和SD测定的营养状态指数值，说明非藻浊度影响了藻类生长的光衰减。说明磷是紫卫湖的限制性养分。由于其作为一个集约化农业基地的重要性，必须紧急制定管理方案，以避免湖泊的破坏。
{"title":"External Nutrient Load and Determination of the Trophic Status of Lake Ziway","authors":"Dessie Tibebe, F. Z. Beshah, B. Lemma, Yezbie Kassa, A. Bhaskarwar","doi":"10.30732/IJBBB.20180302001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30732/IJBBB.20180302001","url":null,"abstract":"Lake Ziway is shallow freshwater located in Northern part of Ethiopian Rift Valley. Expansions of the flower industry, fisheries, intensive agricultural activities, fast population growth lead to deterioration of water quality and depletion of aquatic biota. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations in the external nutrient load and determine the trophic status of Lake Ziway in 2014 and 2015. The nutrients and Chlorophyll-a were measured according to the standard procedures outlined in APHA, 1999. From the result Ketar and Meki Rivers catchment showed the major sources of external nutrient loads to the lake ecosystem. The mean external soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and total nitrogen (TN) loads to Lake Ziway were 230, 2772, 4925 and 24016 kg day-1, respectively. A general trend which was expected that the nutrient loads would be much higher in rainy season than in dry season. The mean concentrations of trophic state variables for TN, TP and Chla were 6700, 212 and 42 mg L-1, respectively. The mean values of TSI-TP, TSI-Chl-a, TSI-TN and TSI-SD were 79, 66, 81 and 83, respectively and the overall evaluation of Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) of Lake Ziway was 77. Therefore, the lake is under eutrophic condition. The mean values of TN: TP ratio was 48 which were very high. The trophic state index determined with chlorophyll-a showed lower value than those determined with all trophic state indices values of TN, TP, and SD which indicated that non-algal turbidity affected light attenuation for algal growth. This suggested that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in Lake Ziway. Due to its importance as being the lake is an intensive agricultural site, management solutions must be urgently developed in order to avoid the destruction of the lake.","PeriodicalId":290882,"journal":{"name":"Vol 3 No 2 (2018)","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128627901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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