The authors present a design concept describing a multifunctional data acquisition and analysis architecture for advanced power system monitoring. The system is tailored to take advantage of the salient features of low energy sensors, particularly optical types. The discussion of the system concept and optical sensors is based on research at BPA and PNL and on progress made at existing BPA installations and other sites in the western power system.
{"title":"Multifunctional data acquisition and analysis and optical sensors: a Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) update","authors":"D. Erickson, M. Donnelly","doi":"10.1117/12.207751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.207751","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present a design concept describing a multifunctional data acquisition and analysis architecture for advanced power system monitoring. The system is tailored to take advantage of the salient features of low energy sensors, particularly optical types. The discussion of the system concept and optical sensors is based on research at BPA and PNL and on progress made at existing BPA installations and other sites in the western power system.","PeriodicalId":293004,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121947875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the well-known demonstration of a fiber-optic strain gage by Butter and Hocker in 1978, significant refinements have been made in the area of fiber optic sensing, enabling the measurement of many different physical quantities, including strain, displacement, linear and circular acceleration, temperature, degree of cure in plastics, chemical compositions, pressure, acoustic waves, and fluid flow rates. Both analytical and experimental efforts have contributed to our current understanding of the relationship between the elongation of a host medium and phase changes in the light passing through an optical fiber. This paper describes research which partially fills in the remaining gap by quantifying the influence of shear strains on the phase change of light passing through an embedded optical fiber. In this experiment, optical fibers were embedded in 18-inch long by 2.25-inch diameter composite tubes. Three tubes were fabricated with axial fibers and one with a helical fiber, using a hand layup fabrication technique. These tubes were also instrumented with two strain gage rosettes. The tubes were subjected to pure torsional loads while the surface strains and the fiber-optic phase changes were measured. A modified all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer with active homodyne feedback was used to determine the phase changes in the optical fibers due to the applied strains. The phase changes were also predicted using fundamental concepts of structural mechanics and existing phase-strain models.
{"title":"Influence of shear strains on the phase of light transmitted through single-mode fiber optic strain sensors","authors":"D. Jensen, S. P. Pai","doi":"10.1117/12.207764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.207764","url":null,"abstract":"Since the well-known demonstration of a fiber-optic strain gage by Butter and Hocker in 1978, significant refinements have been made in the area of fiber optic sensing, enabling the measurement of many different physical quantities, including strain, displacement, linear and circular acceleration, temperature, degree of cure in plastics, chemical compositions, pressure, acoustic waves, and fluid flow rates. Both analytical and experimental efforts have contributed to our current understanding of the relationship between the elongation of a host medium and phase changes in the light passing through an optical fiber. This paper describes research which partially fills in the remaining gap by quantifying the influence of shear strains on the phase change of light passing through an embedded optical fiber. In this experiment, optical fibers were embedded in 18-inch long by 2.25-inch diameter composite tubes. Three tubes were fabricated with axial fibers and one with a helical fiber, using a hand layup fabrication technique. These tubes were also instrumented with two strain gage rosettes. The tubes were subjected to pure torsional loads while the surface strains and the fiber-optic phase changes were measured. A modified all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer with active homodyne feedback was used to determine the phase changes in the optical fibers due to the applied strains. The phase changes were also predicted using fundamental concepts of structural mechanics and existing phase-strain models.","PeriodicalId":293004,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133388140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sliva, N. Anheier, N. Gordon, K. Simmons, K. A. Stahl, H. A. Undem
This paper has presented an overview of the type of optical-based structures that can be designed and constructed. These smart structures are capable of responding to their environment. The examples given represent a modest sampling of the complexity that can be achieved in both design and practice. Tamper-indicating containers and smart, sensing windows demonstrate just a few of the applications. We have shown that optical-based smart structures can be made multifunctional with the sensing built in. The next generation smart structure will combine the sensing functionality of these optical-based smart structures with other sensors such as piezoelectrics and electro-rheological fluids to not only be able to respond to the environment, but to adapt to it as well. An example of functionality in this regime would be a piezosensor that senses pressure changes (e.g., shock waves), which then causes an electro-rheological fluid to change viscosity. A fiber sensor located in or near the electro-rheological fluid senses the stiffness change and sends a signal through a feedback loop back to the piezosensor for additional adjustments to the electro-rheological fluid.
{"title":"Tamper indicating and sensing optical-based smart structures","authors":"P. Sliva, N. Anheier, N. Gordon, K. Simmons, K. A. Stahl, H. A. Undem","doi":"10.1117/12.207754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.207754","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has presented an overview of the type of optical-based structures that can be designed and constructed. These smart structures are capable of responding to their environment. The examples given represent a modest sampling of the complexity that can be achieved in both design and practice. Tamper-indicating containers and smart, sensing windows demonstrate just a few of the applications. We have shown that optical-based smart structures can be made multifunctional with the sensing built in. The next generation smart structure will combine the sensing functionality of these optical-based smart structures with other sensors such as piezoelectrics and electro-rheological fluids to not only be able to respond to the environment, but to adapt to it as well. An example of functionality in this regime would be a piezosensor that senses pressure changes (e.g., shock waves), which then causes an electro-rheological fluid to change viscosity. A fiber sensor located in or near the electro-rheological fluid senses the stiffness change and sends a signal through a feedback loop back to the piezosensor for additional adjustments to the electro-rheological fluid.","PeriodicalId":293004,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124862560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This report presents the results of experiments performed to verify the performance of the fiber-optic absolute extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (AEFPI) for strain measurements. In these experiments, AEFPI sensors are surface mounted and embedded in various materials and subjected to mechanical and thermal strains. Strains measured by the AEFPI are compared to analytical predictions and to metallic foil strain gage measurements where possible. The AEFPI sensors and demodulation equipment were purchased from Fiber and Sensor Technologies (F&S) in Virginia, and all experiments were performed at the Composites Laboratory of Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California. The results of the tests indicate that these sensors are suitable for static and quasi-static strain measurements in both surface mounted and embedded configurations; however, they have a resolution of 100 (mu) (epsilon) , which limits their potential applications. A brief explanation of the theory behind the operation of the AEFPI sensor is presented along with the manufacturer's specifications for the particular model used in thee experiments. The details of the experiments are then described, and a summary of the results presented. Finally, conclusions regarding the accuracy, resolution, linearity, and repeatability of the AEFPI are extracted from the data.
{"title":"Validation of the absolute extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer for strain measurements","authors":"C. M. Lawrence, D. Nelson","doi":"10.1117/12.207763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.207763","url":null,"abstract":"This report presents the results of experiments performed to verify the performance of the fiber-optic absolute extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (AEFPI) for strain measurements. In these experiments, AEFPI sensors are surface mounted and embedded in various materials and subjected to mechanical and thermal strains. Strains measured by the AEFPI are compared to analytical predictions and to metallic foil strain gage measurements where possible. The AEFPI sensors and demodulation equipment were purchased from Fiber and Sensor Technologies (F&S) in Virginia, and all experiments were performed at the Composites Laboratory of Sandia National Laboratories in Livermore, California. The results of the tests indicate that these sensors are suitable for static and quasi-static strain measurements in both surface mounted and embedded configurations; however, they have a resolution of 100 (mu) (epsilon) , which limits their potential applications. A brief explanation of the theory behind the operation of the AEFPI sensor is presented along with the manufacturer's specifications for the particular model used in thee experiments. The details of the experiments are then described, and a summary of the results presented. Finally, conclusions regarding the accuracy, resolution, linearity, and repeatability of the AEFPI are extracted from the data.","PeriodicalId":293004,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125840461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advances in technology have reshaped the fiber optic acoustic sensing landscape. The Sagnac interferometer configuration can be used to sense environmental parameters other than rotation simply by creating a path length difference. The output of the acoustic sensor contains information about the amplitude and location of an acoustic disturbance. The Sagnac interferometer has the ability to generate polarization effects. These effects are used to generate nonreciprocal phase shifts between counterpropagating beams in the fiber coil, which combine with variations in the different polarization states of the counter propagating beams in the fiber coil to generate intensity fluctuations that are used to monitor acoustic signals. The operating wavelength of the acoustic sensor is 1300 nm. The primary purpose of the acoustic sensor is to sense acoustic signals with frequencies of 0 - 50 kHz. The following are methods for improving the sensitivity and linearity of the acoustic sensor. At the center of the Sagnac loop, sensitivity is minimal. Thus, the sensing region is placed closer to one end of the loop. Also, introducing `teeth' in the sensing region, using different fiber coatings and shielding the sensor achieves better sensitivity. Additionally, a piezoelectric cylinder wrapped with a length of fiber is included in the Sagnac loop to take care of phase modulation. Choosing a light source and a light detector with linear operation will improve linearity. Also, effective signal processing is employed in our system to improve overall performance.
{"title":"Fiber optic acoustic sensor based on the Sagnac interferometer","authors":"Angeline Yap, T. Vo, Hendra Wijaya","doi":"10.1117/12.207749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.207749","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in technology have reshaped the fiber optic acoustic sensing landscape. The Sagnac interferometer configuration can be used to sense environmental parameters other than rotation simply by creating a path length difference. The output of the acoustic sensor contains information about the amplitude and location of an acoustic disturbance. The Sagnac interferometer has the ability to generate polarization effects. These effects are used to generate nonreciprocal phase shifts between counterpropagating beams in the fiber coil, which combine with variations in the different polarization states of the counter propagating beams in the fiber coil to generate intensity fluctuations that are used to monitor acoustic signals. The operating wavelength of the acoustic sensor is 1300 nm. The primary purpose of the acoustic sensor is to sense acoustic signals with frequencies of 0 - 50 kHz. The following are methods for improving the sensitivity and linearity of the acoustic sensor. At the center of the Sagnac loop, sensitivity is minimal. Thus, the sensing region is placed closer to one end of the loop. Also, introducing `teeth' in the sensing region, using different fiber coatings and shielding the sensor achieves better sensitivity. Additionally, a piezoelectric cylinder wrapped with a length of fiber is included in the Sagnac loop to take care of phase modulation. Choosing a light source and a light detector with linear operation will improve linearity. Also, effective signal processing is employed in our system to improve overall performance.","PeriodicalId":293004,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123845042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. A. Davis, Fred P. McNair, P. Davis, J. Bush, J. C. Ha, J. Duryea
The design and test result of an ultra miniature interferometric fiber optic rate gyro (IFOG) are reported. A unique IFOG gyro has been fabricated and tested. The gyro implements low cost components packaged in a volume less than 2.3 cubic inches including electronics. Test results verify that operational performance requirements over the temperature range of -57 to +71 C are met in the design. Key results include: electronic power consumption of 2.3 Watts, noise < 0.16 deg/sec/rt-Hz, scale factor of 32.9 mV/deg.sec, activation time of < 300 msec, threshold and resolution of 0.01 deg/sec, scale factor linearity error < 0.14 percent, and bias < 0.1 deg/sec. The gyro also survived a vibration test at 26.5 Grms. The gyro design is presented and accompanied with test data showing general conformance to the design's operational performance requirements.
{"title":"Fiber optic rate gyros","authors":"C. A. Davis, Fred P. McNair, P. Davis, J. Bush, J. C. Ha, J. Duryea","doi":"10.1117/12.285602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.285602","url":null,"abstract":"The design and test result of an ultra miniature interferometric fiber optic rate gyro (IFOG) are reported. A unique IFOG gyro has been fabricated and tested. The gyro implements low cost components packaged in a volume less than 2.3 cubic inches including electronics. Test results verify that operational performance requirements over the temperature range of -57 to +71 C are met in the design. Key results include: electronic power consumption of 2.3 Watts, noise < 0.16 deg/sec/rt-Hz, scale factor of 32.9 mV/deg.sec, activation time of < 300 msec, threshold and resolution of 0.01 deg/sec, scale factor linearity error < 0.14 percent, and bias < 0.1 deg/sec. The gyro also survived a vibration test at 26.5 Grms. The gyro design is presented and accompanied with test data showing general conformance to the design's operational performance requirements.","PeriodicalId":293004,"journal":{"name":"Pacific Northwest Fiber Optic Sensor","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116044404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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