Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.7591/9781501726149-011
{"title":"Conclusion: An Improbable Quest","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501726149-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501726149-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122199501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.7591/9781501726149-009
{"title":"6. Contending with Decline","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501726149-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501726149-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"103 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122601726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.1515/9781501726149-002
{"title":"List of Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501726149-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501726149-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134623768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.7591/9781501726149-004
{"title":"1. Pursuing Hegemony","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501726149-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501726149-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115425463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-27DOI: 10.7591/9781501726149-fm
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.7591/9781501726149-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501726149-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117118832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-15DOI: 10.7591/CORNELL/9781501726132.003.0009
W. Walker
The conclusion revisits the history of Luce’s American Century, surveying how this imagined community never lived up to either his expectations or those of the policymakers who tried but failed to bring the world under American leadership. As the American Century fell into dormancy after 1968, some former officials like Thomas L. Hughes tried to define it in terms Luce would not have recognized. The idea of an American Century largely vanished until the 1990s when neoconservatives revived it in an adulterated form, the Project for the New American Century. Then during Barack Obama’s presidency, Hillary Clinton called for a new American Century to contain China’s ambitions. Subsequently, Donald Trump’s aversion to exerting global leadership likely dashed all such hopes.
结论部分重温了卢斯的“美国世纪”的历史，考察了这个想象中的社区是如何辜负他的期望的，以及那些试图将世界置于美国领导之下但未能成功的政策制定者的期望的。1968年之后，随着美国世纪进入休眠状态，托马斯·l·休斯(Thomas L. Hughes)等一些前官员试图用卢斯不会认可的方式来定义它。“美国世纪”的概念在很大程度上消失了，直到20世纪90年代，新保守主义者以一种掺假的形式——“新美国世纪计划”(Project for The New American Century)——将其复兴。然后在巴拉克•奥巴马(Barack Obama)担任总统期间，希拉里•克林顿(Hillary Clinton)呼吁建立一个新的美国世纪，以遏制中国的野心。随后，唐纳德•特朗普(Donald Trump)对发挥全球领导作用的厌恶可能粉碎了所有这些希望。
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Pub Date : 2018-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0004
W. Walker
This chapter examines how the Eisenhower administration sought to bring stability to a changing world. Global containment remained at the heart of grand strategy, focusing on developments in the Third World. The rise to power of the Shah of Iran and Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam after France’s defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 bolstered the American Century, yet officials could not ignore the growth of radical nationalism, as represented by Jacobo Árbenz Guzmân in Guatemala, Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, and nations present at the Bandung Conference in April 1955. Nation-building offered one response through educational programs and religious missions. To guard against revolution, Washington supported counterinsurgency operations in places where radicalism took hold.
{"title":"Seeking Order and Stability","authors":"W. Walker","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how the Eisenhower administration sought to bring stability to a changing world. Global containment remained at the heart of grand strategy, focusing on developments in the Third World. The rise to power of the Shah of Iran and Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam after France’s defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 bolstered the American Century, yet officials could not ignore the growth of radical nationalism, as represented by Jacobo Árbenz Guzmân in Guatemala, Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, and nations present at the Bandung Conference in April 1955. Nation-building offered one response through educational programs and religious missions. To guard against revolution, Washington supported counterinsurgency operations in places where radicalism took hold.","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116678743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0008
W. Walker
This chapter explores Richard Nixon’s and Henry Kissinger’s disdain for hegemony and search for primacy as they sought to refurbish America’s tarnished reputation. Through their pursuit of détente with the Soviet Union and China, their resort to the Nixon Doctrine (to exit as gracefully as possible from Indochina), and the meeting at the Smithsonian Institution in December 1971 to restore America’s global economic stature, they attempted to achieve U.S. primacy in world affairs. Their efforts to implement the novel grand strategy of strategic globalism fell short, as seen in the difficulty of extricating the United States from Vietnam, Nixon’s Watergate imbroglio, and the presence of competing visions of world order among allies, most notably in West Germany’s pursuit of Ostpolitik.
{"title":"Attaining Primacy","authors":"W. Walker","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Richard Nixon’s and Henry Kissinger’s disdain for hegemony and search for primacy as they sought to refurbish America’s tarnished reputation. Through their pursuit of détente with the Soviet Union and China, their resort to the Nixon Doctrine (to exit as gracefully as possible from Indochina), and the meeting at the Smithsonian Institution in December 1971 to restore America’s global economic stature, they attempted to achieve U.S. primacy in world affairs. Their efforts to implement the novel grand strategy of strategic globalism fell short, as seen in the difficulty of extricating the United States from Vietnam, Nixon’s Watergate imbroglio, and the presence of competing visions of world order among allies, most notably in West Germany’s pursuit of Ostpolitik.","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134538097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0006
W. Walker
This chapter assesses the various obstacles impeding the expansion of the American Century from early 1961 through 1964. Numerous problems, including Laos, Berlin, the Cuban missile crisis, and Vietnam brought into question John F. Kennedy’s leadership. His response too often minimized consultation with allies and, across the Third World, increasingly focused on security and stability through civic action programs, overseen by the Office of Public Safety in the Agency for International Development—to the great detriment, for example, of experiments like the Alliance for Progress. Meanwhile, the rise of multinational corporations and deficit-induced flight of gold thwarted Kennedy’s and Lyndon Johnson’s economic policies, while weakening America’s hegemony and credibility.
{"title":"Bearing Burdens","authors":"W. Walker","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the various obstacles impeding the expansion of the American Century from early 1961 through 1964. Numerous problems, including Laos, Berlin, the Cuban missile crisis, and Vietnam brought into question John F. Kennedy’s leadership. His response too often minimized consultation with allies and, across the Third World, increasingly focused on security and stability through civic action programs, overseen by the Office of Public Safety in the Agency for International Development—to the great detriment, for example, of experiments like the Alliance for Progress. Meanwhile, the rise of multinational corporations and deficit-induced flight of gold thwarted Kennedy’s and Lyndon Johnson’s economic policies, while weakening America’s hegemony and credibility.","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116021147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0003
W. Walker
This chapter, covering the years 1950-1952, demonstrates how the United States expanded the American Century by protecting the Free World. In April 1950, the National Security Council led by Paul H. Nitze formalized the grand strategy of global containment in NSC 68. Thereafter, U.S. influence spread throughout the world, especially to Syngman Rhee’s South Korea, Taiwan, Indochina, and the oil-rich Middle East. Economically, the Truman administration turned to economic aid and, importantly, the International Monetary Fund to improve the chances of modernization in developing lands. U.S. officials also sought to strengthen the Free World through cultural programs, which meant Americanization at the local level. These efforts largely succeeded, greatly aiding the cause of the American Century.
这一章涵盖了1950-1952年，展示了美国如何通过保护自由世界来拓展美国世纪。1950年4月，由保罗·h·尼采(Paul H. Nitze)领导的国家安全委员会在NSC 68中正式确立了全球遏制的大战略。在经济上，杜鲁门政府转向经济援助，更重要的是，转向国际货币基金组织，以提高发展中国家实现现代化的机会。美国官员还试图通过文化项目来加强自由世界，这意味着在地方层面上的美国化。这些努力在很大程度上取得了成功，极大地促进了美国世纪的事业。
{"title":"Protecting the Free World","authors":"W. Walker","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501726132.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter, covering the years 1950-1952, demonstrates how the United States expanded the American Century by protecting the Free World. In April 1950, the National Security Council led by Paul H. Nitze formalized the grand strategy of global containment in NSC 68. Thereafter, U.S. influence spread throughout the world, especially to Syngman Rhee’s South Korea, Taiwan, Indochina, and the oil-rich Middle East. Economically, the Truman administration turned to economic aid and, importantly, the International Monetary Fund to improve the chances of modernization in developing lands. U.S. officials also sought to strengthen the Free World through cultural programs, which meant Americanization at the local level. These efforts largely succeeded, greatly aiding the cause of the American Century.","PeriodicalId":294203,"journal":{"name":"The Rise and Decline of the American Century","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128087428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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