{"title":"Linguistic Beginnings","authors":"H. Burton, V. Ferreira","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131604687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Probing with Pronouns","authors":"H. Burton, V. Ferreira","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124245572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retrieval","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128047261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mind-Brain Redux","authors":"H. Burton, V. Ferreira","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133650260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continuing the Conversation","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123682535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Network science is a rapidly emerging analysis method for investigating complex systems, such as the brain, in terms of their components and the interactions among them. Within the brain, music affects an intricate set of complex neural processing systems. These include structural components as well as functional elements such as memory, motor planning and execution, cognition and mood fluctuation. Because music affects such diverse brain systems, it is an ideal candidate for applying network science methods. Using as naturalistic an approach as possible, the authors investigated whether listening to different genres of music affected brain connectivity. Here the authors show that varying levels of musical complexity affect brain connectivity. These results suggest that network science offers a promising new method to study the dynamic impact of music on the brain. Network science has emerged as a method that offers a useful framework for capturing and studying complex systems [1]. Based on graph theory, network science measures complex system properties and quantifies the relationships among network property components [2]. There is arguably no more complex biological system for investigation than the human brain. The brain exhibits characteristics of small-world connectivity with regional specificity manifesting through high local clustering and distributed information via short path-lengths. The ability to study how the brain behaves and functions as an integrated system offers the opportunity to pursue new research questions while advancing the knowledge of both structural and functional connectivity [3]. Brain Networks vs. Brain Activations Using network methods to study the brain is different from traditional neuroscience imaging. In traditional neuroscience, scientists typically administer a task and measure specific activation areas within the brain relative to the given task: what turns “on” in the brain while performing the task. This method requires the experiment to be extremely narrow in scope to accurately measure activation site(s). However, the brain does not activate areas in static isolation. Rather, the brain functions as a cohesive whole and, therefore, as a network. We are interested in how the entire brain network changes across tasks. We also study the effects of each brain area on every other brain area within the network during a specific task. There are a multitude of metrics one can use to measure and analyze brain connectivity, e.g. degree distribution, community structure, local and global efficiency, centrality and path length. Each of these metrics provides a layer of information to help us determine brain connectivity. This kind of analysis may therefore help us understand how structural brain connectivity contributes to functional connectivity and reveal the consistency of networks across people. We have chosen in this manuscript to focus on the network metric degree, often denoted K. Degree is the number of edges
{"title":"In the Brain","authors":"Robin Cook","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.13","url":null,"abstract":"Network science is a rapidly emerging analysis method for investigating complex systems, such as the brain, in terms of their components and the interactions among them. Within the brain, music affects an intricate set of complex neural processing systems. These include structural components as well as functional elements such as memory, motor planning and execution, cognition and mood fluctuation. Because music affects such diverse brain systems, it is an ideal candidate for applying network science methods. Using as naturalistic an approach as possible, the authors investigated whether listening to different genres of music affected brain connectivity. Here the authors show that varying levels of musical complexity affect brain connectivity. These results suggest that network science offers a promising new method to study the dynamic impact of music on the brain. Network science has emerged as a method that offers a useful framework for capturing and studying complex systems [1]. Based on graph theory, network science measures complex system properties and quantifies the relationships among network property components [2]. There is arguably no more complex biological system for investigation than the human brain. The brain exhibits characteristics of small-world connectivity with regional specificity manifesting through high local clustering and distributed information via short path-lengths. The ability to study how the brain behaves and functions as an integrated system offers the opportunity to pursue new research questions while advancing the knowledge of both structural and functional connectivity [3]. Brain Networks vs. Brain Activations Using network methods to study the brain is different from traditional neuroscience imaging. In traditional neuroscience, scientists typically administer a task and measure specific activation areas within the brain relative to the given task: what turns “on” in the brain while performing the task. This method requires the experiment to be extremely narrow in scope to accurately measure activation site(s). However, the brain does not activate areas in static isolation. Rather, the brain functions as a cohesive whole and, therefore, as a network. We are interested in how the entire brain network changes across tasks. We also study the effects of each brain area on every other brain area within the network during a specific task. There are a multitude of metrics one can use to measure and analyze brain connectivity, e.g. degree distribution, community structure, local and global efficiency, centrality and path length. Each of these metrics provides a layer of information to help us determine brain connectivity. This kind of analysis may therefore help us understand how structural brain connectivity contributes to functional connectivity and reveal the consistency of networks across people. We have chosen in this manuscript to focus on the network metric degree, often denoted K. Degree is the number of edges","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133182232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Philosophical Divertimento","authors":"H. Burton, V. Ferreira","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128665051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Minimizing Ambiguity","authors":"H. Burton, V. Ferreira","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"297 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133269996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Future Investigations","authors":"H. Burton, V. Ferreira","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnmc6.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":296086,"journal":{"name":"Speaking and Thinking","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131699264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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