Pub Date : 2018-11-30DOI: 10.1049/PBPO096E_APPENDIXA
R. Belu
The book chapter appendix presents common parameters, units, and conversion factors related to industrial power systems with distributed and embedded generation.
本书章节附录介绍了与分布式和嵌入式发电工业电力系统相关的常见参数，单元和转换因素。
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Electric power distribution is the portion of the power delivery infrastructure, taking the electricity from the highly meshed, high-voltage transmission systems and delivers it to customers. Primary distribution lines are medium-voltage circuits, usually in the range of 600 V to 35 kV. Close to the end-users, transformers stepdown the primary distribution voltages to the low-voltage secondary distribution levels, commonly 120/240 V or other utilization voltages used mainly in industrial facilities. From the power distribution transformer, the secondary distribution circuits connect to the end-users, where the connection is made at the service entrance. Distribution infrastructure is extensive and complex, the electricity has to be delivered to customers concentrated in cities, suburbs or rural areas, industrial and commercial facilities, schools, hospitals, military bases, or communication infrastructure. In industrial and large commercial facilities, electricity is provided to the loads from specialized power distribution units and the load centers containing equipment necessary to protect, operate, and control the loads. The terms switchgear and load centers are used to describe combinations of enclosures, busbars, circuit breakers, power contactors, fuses, protective relays, controls, and indicating devices. There are several load center types, with their selection based primarily on the electrical requirements and installation environment. The essential parts of electrical distribution systems are discussed in this chapter, as well as in other sections of the book. After completing this chapter, the readers will have a good understanding and knowledge of several aspects of power distribution networks, load, and motor functionalities and requirements, such as: understanding the role, configurations and topologies of power distribution, ratings and characteristics, the purpose, basic construction, and configurations of load centers, switchgear and motor control centers, purpose, specifications of switchgear and motor control centers, their ratings, structure, and major applications. Readers will also understand the basics of circuit breaker and motor starter operation and applications, as well as protection requirements for switchgear and motor control centers, and learn about the most important provisions of standards and codes used in power distribution networks and load centers.
{"title":"Power distribution, load, and motor centers","authors":"R. Belu","doi":"10.1049/PBPO096E_ch5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO096E_ch5","url":null,"abstract":"Electric power distribution is the portion of the power delivery infrastructure, taking the electricity from the highly meshed, high-voltage transmission systems and delivers it to customers. Primary distribution lines are medium-voltage circuits, usually in the range of 600 V to 35 kV. Close to the end-users, transformers stepdown the primary distribution voltages to the low-voltage secondary distribution levels, commonly 120/240 V or other utilization voltages used mainly in industrial facilities. From the power distribution transformer, the secondary distribution circuits connect to the end-users, where the connection is made at the service entrance. Distribution infrastructure is extensive and complex, the electricity has to be delivered to customers concentrated in cities, suburbs or rural areas, industrial and commercial facilities, schools, hospitals, military bases, or communication infrastructure. In industrial and large commercial facilities, electricity is provided to the loads from specialized power distribution units and the load centers containing equipment necessary to protect, operate, and control the loads. The terms switchgear and load centers are used to describe combinations of enclosures, busbars, circuit breakers, power contactors, fuses, protective relays, controls, and indicating devices. There are several load center types, with their selection based primarily on the electrical requirements and installation environment. The essential parts of electrical distribution systems are discussed in this chapter, as well as in other sections of the book. After completing this chapter, the readers will have a good understanding and knowledge of several aspects of power distribution networks, load, and motor functionalities and requirements, such as: understanding the role, configurations and topologies of power distribution, ratings and characteristics, the purpose, basic construction, and configurations of load centers, switchgear and motor control centers, purpose, specifications of switchgear and motor control centers, their ratings, structure, and major applications. Readers will also understand the basics of circuit breaker and motor starter operation and applications, as well as protection requirements for switchgear and motor control centers, and learn about the most important provisions of standards and codes used in power distribution networks and load centers.","PeriodicalId":296238,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130819780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book is covering three major disciples: basic and fundamental knowledge in power systems, such as power engineering basic and foundations, motors and transformers, power distribution basic, second the building and industrial power distribution, such as load characteristics and calculations, load and motor centers, building electrical systems and lighting, and motor protection and control, and the third fundamentals of the major renewable energy sources and energy storage, such as solar and wind energy, photovoltaics, geothermal energy and small hydro-power systems, major energy storage technologies, and a brief description of microgrids, distributed generation issues and energy management. Due to the fast pace of changes into the energy sectors and uses, more and more professional and the fresh graduates in the industrial and engineering fields, and not only are required to have better understanding of the energy industries, energy supply issues, energy conservation, alternative energy sources, or sustainability.
{"title":"Post-face and pedagogical suggestions","authors":"R. Belu","doi":"10.1049/PBPO096E_ch14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO096E_ch14","url":null,"abstract":"The book is covering three major disciples: basic and fundamental knowledge in power systems, such as power engineering basic and foundations, motors and transformers, power distribution basic, second the building and industrial power distribution, such as load characteristics and calculations, load and motor centers, building electrical systems and lighting, and motor protection and control, and the third fundamentals of the major renewable energy sources and energy storage, such as solar and wind energy, photovoltaics, geothermal energy and small hydro-power systems, major energy storage technologies, and a brief description of microgrids, distributed generation issues and energy management. Due to the fast pace of changes into the energy sectors and uses, more and more professional and the fresh graduates in the industrial and engineering fields, and not only are required to have better understanding of the energy industries, energy supply issues, energy conservation, alternative energy sources, or sustainability.","PeriodicalId":296238,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation","volume":"11 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126928174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sustainable energy management, a paradigm and theory, having concepts, principles, and methods that are only recently fully accepted and employed is an important and comprehensive framework, part of the sustainable development, attempting to plan the energy use on the past experience and future needs. The energy management fundamental goals are to produce goods and to provide services with the minimum energy use and environmental impacts. The term energy management has different meaning to different people and in different areas. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurements and uses, throughout the organization and to minimize energy costs and energy waste without affecting production levels and quality, while minimizing the environmental energy use effects. This rather broad definition covers many operations from the services, product, and equipment design through the product shipment and delivery. Waste minimization and disposal, important aspects of an energy management plan are also presenting several and important energy management opportunities and solutions. Energy savings and waste reductions constitute primary measures for the protection of the environment and, in addition, for the reduction of exchange effluxes, which are used to purchase the polluting fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas. Noticing that in most process industries, energy costs are second only to raw materials. Very often entire department is devoted to optimizing raw material choices and product slates, by using planning models, energy management, supply strategies, and optimization approaches. This chapter provides guidelines and information how to set up an energy management program. Energy efficiency is about getting the same or better services using less energy. This energy management aspect is in contrast to the energy conservation, which involves doing less with less. The critical issues for energy efficiency and energy management are to identify the services that are needed and make sure that these are being provided cost-effectively, with minimum energy use with the least environmental impacts. Irrespective of the energy cost size, the continuous process nature or the types of equipment employed, energy efficiency is a must. Understandably, though, management gives the greatest amount of attention to the largest costs. The basic principles of energy management and energy efficiency are universal but different types of facilities require different types of energy management programs. Energy management is a long-term commitment, not just something that is conducted once and then is forgotten. The term energy audit, an important tool of energy management is widely used and may have different meaning depending on the energy service companies. Energy auditing of buildings can range from a short walk-through of the facility to a detailed analysis with hourly computer simulation.
{"title":"Energy management, RES, and distributed generation economics","authors":"R. Belu","doi":"10.1049/PBPO096E_ch13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO096E_ch13","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable energy management, a paradigm and theory, having concepts, principles, and methods that are only recently fully accepted and employed is an important and comprehensive framework, part of the sustainable development, attempting to plan the energy use on the past experience and future needs. The energy management fundamental goals are to produce goods and to provide services with the minimum energy use and environmental impacts. The term energy management has different meaning to different people and in different areas. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurements and uses, throughout the organization and to minimize energy costs and energy waste without affecting production levels and quality, while minimizing the environmental energy use effects. This rather broad definition covers many operations from the services, product, and equipment design through the product shipment and delivery. Waste minimization and disposal, important aspects of an energy management plan are also presenting several and important energy management opportunities and solutions. Energy savings and waste reductions constitute primary measures for the protection of the environment and, in addition, for the reduction of exchange effluxes, which are used to purchase the polluting fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas. Noticing that in most process industries, energy costs are second only to raw materials. Very often entire department is devoted to optimizing raw material choices and product slates, by using planning models, energy management, supply strategies, and optimization approaches. This chapter provides guidelines and information how to set up an energy management program. Energy efficiency is about getting the same or better services using less energy. This energy management aspect is in contrast to the energy conservation, which involves doing less with less. The critical issues for energy efficiency and energy management are to identify the services that are needed and make sure that these are being provided cost-effectively, with minimum energy use with the least environmental impacts. Irrespective of the energy cost size, the continuous process nature or the types of equipment employed, energy efficiency is a must. Understandably, though, management gives the greatest amount of attention to the largest costs. The basic principles of energy management and energy efficiency are universal but different types of facilities require different types of energy management programs. Energy management is a long-term commitment, not just something that is conducted once and then is forgotten. The term energy audit, an important tool of energy management is widely used and may have different meaning depending on the energy service companies. Energy auditing of buildings can range from a short walk-through of the facility to a detailed analysis with hourly computer simulation.","PeriodicalId":296238,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126330340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The generation, transmission, and distribution of the electricity is the business of the large utility companies, being performed through complex networks of interconnected generators, transformers, transmission lines, control, monitoring, measurement, and protection equipment, developed over a century. The chapter starts with a brief power system description and presentation, some details on major power system components, and functions. Various fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear energy, or water power) or energy sources (e.g., wind energy, solar energy, ocean energy, or geothermal energy) are used to generate electricity in modern power systems. Most of the modern power systems are three-phase, as it enabled more efficient and economical energy generation and transmission to the users. Power is changed from three-phase to single-phase only for consumers living very near. However, the power distribution is usually changed from three-phase to single-phase networks near consumers (end-users). In modern power systems, the generator voltages are transformed into high voltages for the efficient and economic transmission at long distances, then the voltages are lowered to the levels required by the consumers near the industrial and residential locations. The chapter also contains a brief introduction on the per-unit system, a very useful tool to simplify calculations and analysis of the power system. A brief discussion of the frequency characteristics and issues is the focus of the last section of the chapter. The chapter topics are the basics to understand the electric motor, transformer, and generator operations and characteristics, so it is vital that the readers must have good understanding of three-phase and per-unit systems and must be able to apply them.
{"title":"Power system basics","authors":"R. Belu","doi":"10.1049/PBPO096E_CH2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO096E_CH2","url":null,"abstract":"The generation, transmission, and distribution of the electricity is the business of the large utility companies, being performed through complex networks of interconnected generators, transformers, transmission lines, control, monitoring, measurement, and protection equipment, developed over a century. The chapter starts with a brief power system description and presentation, some details on major power system components, and functions. Various fuels (e.g., coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear energy, or water power) or energy sources (e.g., wind energy, solar energy, ocean energy, or geothermal energy) are used to generate electricity in modern power systems. Most of the modern power systems are three-phase, as it enabled more efficient and economical energy generation and transmission to the users. Power is changed from three-phase to single-phase only for consumers living very near. However, the power distribution is usually changed from three-phase to single-phase networks near consumers (end-users). In modern power systems, the generator voltages are transformed into high voltages for the efficient and economic transmission at long distances, then the voltages are lowered to the levels required by the consumers near the industrial and residential locations. The chapter also contains a brief introduction on the per-unit system, a very useful tool to simplify calculations and analysis of the power system. A brief discussion of the frequency characteristics and issues is the focus of the last section of the chapter. The chapter topics are the basics to understand the electric motor, transformer, and generator operations and characteristics, so it is vital that the readers must have good understanding of three-phase and per-unit systems and must be able to apply them.","PeriodicalId":296238,"journal":{"name":"Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117252675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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