Thompson's Modern Land Law最新文献_第2页

Thompson's Modern Land Law

Pub Date : 2019-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0014

Martin George, A. Layard

Proprietary estoppel is a doctrine of considerable antiquity, which, while the subject of considerable judicial development in the nineteenth century, lurked in a degree of obscurity until interest in the subject was revived comparatively recently. Estoppel is seen as having two main forms; in land law, it has long been accepted that estoppel can operate directly to found a cause of action. When operating in this way, the doctrine is referred to as proprietary estoppel, which is the focus of this chapter. It first considers the origin of the doctrine before turning to equitable estoppel, estoppel and other concepts, and estoppel and third parties.

所有权禁止反悔是一种相当古老的学说，虽然这一主题在19世纪得到了相当大的司法发展，但在一定程度上一直默默无闻，直到最近才重新引起人们对这一主题的兴趣。禁止反言被认为有两种主要形式;在土地法中，禁止反言可以直接用于寻找诉因，这一点早已被接受。当以这种方式运作时，该学说被称为专有禁止反悔，这是本章的重点。首先考察该学说的起源，然后再讨论衡平法禁止反言、禁止反言等概念，以及禁止反言与第三人。

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7. Consecutive and Concurrent Interests in Land 7. 土地连续及并列权益

Thompson's Modern Land Law

Pub Date : 2019-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0007

Martin George, A. Layard

According to the doctrine of estates, which provides the theoretical underpinnings of modern Land Law in England, a number of estates could exist simultaneously with regard to the same piece of land. Land could be settled upon one person for life, the remainder to a second person in fee tail, and the remainder to a third person in fee simple. The interests of the second and third persons are called future interests, which are considered consecutive interests in the land. In addition to consecutive interests, one can also have concurrent interests in the land. This chapter discusses the methods by which English law accommodates both consecutive and concurrent interests in the land. It also considers the law relating to co-ownership of land, the powers of the tenant for life, the structure of settlements, sale of trust, trust of land, the rights of beneficiaries, and overreaching.

根据为英国现代土地法提供理论基础的地产学说，同一块土地上可以同时存在多个地产。土地可以终身归一人所有，剩余部分归另一人所有，剩余部分归第三人所有。第二人和第三人的利益被称为未来利益，被认为是土地的连续利益。除了连续权益外，一个人还可以在土地上拥有并列权益。本章讨论了英国法律对土地连续利益和共同利益的处理方法。它还考虑了与土地共有、承租人终身权力、定居点结构、信托出售、土地信托、受益人权利和过度扩张有关的法律。

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4. Unregistered Land and the 1925 Legislation 4. 未注册土地与1925年立法

Thompson's Modern Land Law

Pub Date : 2019-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0004

Martin George, A. Layard

In 1925, England enacted substantial legislation that recast the existing Land Law, and which provided the framework on which modern Land Law was developed for more than seventy-five years. The essential framework remained intact until the enactment of the Land Registration Act 2002, which replaced, and substantially modified, the Land Registration Act 1925. But while the Land Registration Act 2002 is expected to be an important piece of legislation relating to land ownership in England, the 1925 legislation will still provide a good deal of the theoretical underpinning of the subject. This chapter discusses the main strategies of the Land Registration Act 1925, focusing on its effect on unregistered land. It first describes Land Law after 1925 before turning to legal estates, legal interests in land, equitable rights, land charges registration under the Land Charges Act 1925, unregistrable interests, and classification of interests.

1925年，英国颁布了实质性的立法，重新制定了现行的土地法，并为现代土地法的发展提供了超过75年的框架。在《2002年土地登记法》颁布之前，基本框架一直保持不变，该法取代并大幅修改了《1925年土地登记法》。但是，虽然《2002年土地登记法》有望成为英格兰土地所有权的重要立法，1925年的立法仍将为这一主题提供大量的理论基础。本章讨论了1925年《土地登记法》的主要策略，重点讨论了它对未注册土地的影响。它首先描述了1925年之后的土地法，然后转向法律遗产，土地的合法权益，衡平法权利，根据1925年土地收费法案进行的土地收费登记，不可登记的利益和利益分类。

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3. Law, Equity, and Human Rights 3.法律、公平与人权

Thompson's Modern Land Law

Pub Date : 2019-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0003

Martin George, A. Layard

In addition to the concepts of tenure and estates, another fundamental aspect of England’s Land Law is the impact of equity. The intervention of equity was originally based upon the need to enforce obligations of conscience and to redress defects in the common law, and also gave rise to the trust. But while the trust might be equity’s greatest creation, the intervention of equity also addressed other areas of Land Law where the common law position was considered to be defective or oppressive. A notable example is the law of mortgages. Aside from modifying the common law, equity also recognized other rights that did not result in the beneficial entitlement to the land. This chapter discusses the historical basis of equity in England, the creation of equitable rights, the enforceability of equitable and legal rights, and human rights.

除了权属和地产的概念外，英国土地法的另一个基本方面是衡平法的影响。衡平法的介入最初是基于执行良心义务和纠正普通法缺陷的需要，也产生了信托。但是，虽然信托可能是衡平法最伟大的创造，但衡平法的干预也解决了土地法的其他领域，在这些领域，普通法的地位被认为是有缺陷的或压迫性的。一个显著的例子是抵押法。除了修改普通法之外，衡平法还承认了其他不导致土地受益权的权利。本章讨论了英国衡平法的历史基础、衡平法权利的产生、衡平法权利的可执行性以及人权。

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10. Leasehold Estates 10. 租赁财产

Thompson's Modern Land Law

Pub Date : 2019-08-08 DOI: 10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0010

Martin George, A. Layard

The lease was not originally perceived to be within Land Law at all, but is now a familiar part of landholding. The underlying basis of the lease is a contractual one, a factor that has led, at times, to conflict between landlord and tenant as to whether the relationship should be regarded as the incidents of that estate, or should be governed by normal contractual principles. Leases are employed in three main areas: residential property, commercial property, and agricultural property. This chapter, which deals with leasehold estates, examines the context of leases, the essentials of a lease, exclusive possession, types of tenancy, and equitable leases, and also discusses the rights and duties under a lease, the enforceability of covenants, and termination of tenancies.

租约最初并不被认为是在土地法范围内，但现在是一个熟悉的土地持有的一部分。租赁的基本基础是合同，这一因素有时会导致房东和租客之间的冲突，即这种关系是否应被视为该地产的事件，还是应受正常合同原则的约束。租赁主要用于三个领域:住宅物业、商业物业和农业物业。本章涉及租赁地产，考察租赁的背景、租赁的要素、独家占有、租赁的类型和衡平法租赁，并讨论租赁下的权利和义务、契约的可执行性和租赁的终止。

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