Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172743
M. Mahfouz, G. To, M. Kuhn
Wireless medical instruments have revolutionized the medical industry for numerous applications including diagnostics, surgical, in vivo, remote patient monitoring, and indoor positioning. The current research trend is to integrate even more biosensors, electronics, and wireless technologies into low power, small form factor systems that can be worn or directly implanted into patients. Diagnostic monitoring systems can provide non-invasive in vivo tracking and real-time diagnosing capabilities. Smart surgical tools provide wireless sensing and tracking for computer assisted surgery and seamless use intraoperatively. Wireless systems will continue to play an integral role in the future of healthcare technology and hospital infrastructure including various types of wireless sensors networks (body area networks, personal area networks) and devices being deployed inside the hospital and operating room and extended into remote locations including the patient's home and workplace.
{"title":"Smart instruments: Wireless technology invades the operating room","authors":"M. Mahfouz, G. To, M. Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172743","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless medical instruments have revolutionized the medical industry for numerous applications including diagnostics, surgical, in vivo, remote patient monitoring, and indoor positioning. The current research trend is to integrate even more biosensors, electronics, and wireless technologies into low power, small form factor systems that can be worn or directly implanted into patients. Diagnostic monitoring systems can provide non-invasive in vivo tracking and real-time diagnosing capabilities. Smart surgical tools provide wireless sensing and tracking for computer assisted surgery and seamless use intraoperatively. Wireless systems will continue to play an integral role in the future of healthcare technology and hospital infrastructure including various types of wireless sensors networks (body area networks, personal area networks) and devices being deployed inside the hospital and operating room and extended into remote locations including the patient's home and workplace.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122029716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172727
T. Ballal, R. Shouldice, C. Heneghan, A. Zhu
In this paper, a non-contact method for human breathing rate estimation is discussed. The method utilises SleepMinder technology, which implements a radio-frequency Doppler radar system to capture physiological movements of the body in the form of phase modulation. To determine the breathing rate, the signals are down-converted and the baseband signals are processed. Previously reported methods used the conventional periodogram approach to estimate the breathing rate. A downside of the periodogram method is its limited capability in capturing respiration dynamics. The adaptive notch filter approach, discussed herein, provides a better respiration rate tracking performance than the periodogram approach, as demonstrated by the experimental results presented in this paper.
{"title":"Breathing rate estimation from a non-contact biosensor using an adaptive IIR notch filter","authors":"T. Ballal, R. Shouldice, C. Heneghan, A. Zhu","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172727","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a non-contact method for human breathing rate estimation is discussed. The method utilises SleepMinder technology, which implements a radio-frequency Doppler radar system to capture physiological movements of the body in the form of phase modulation. To determine the breathing rate, the signals are down-converted and the baseband signals are processed. Previously reported methods used the conventional periodogram approach to estimate the breathing rate. A downside of the periodogram method is its limited capability in capturing respiration dynamics. The adaptive notch filter approach, discussed herein, provides a better respiration rate tracking performance than the periodogram approach, as demonstrated by the experimental results presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134628817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172732
Chenyan Song, E. Yavari, A. Singh, O. Boric-Lubecke, V. Lubecke
A low cost, low power Doppler radar occupancy sensor is developed by building a customized passive sensor node into a low power System-on-Chip (SoC) CC2530 RF transceiver. Experiment on the periodic moving mechanic target illustrates that this SoC based Doppler radar sensor is able to accurately detect the motion of the target under CW, modulated CW and packet operation modes. The study on sensitivity and power consumption under these modes indicates the most cost efficiency and power efficiency can be achieved by operating the sensor under packet mode with an optimum output power level.
{"title":"Detection sensitivity and power consumption vs. operation modes using system-on-chip based Doppler radar occupancy sensor","authors":"Chenyan Song, E. Yavari, A. Singh, O. Boric-Lubecke, V. Lubecke","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172732","url":null,"abstract":"A low cost, low power Doppler radar occupancy sensor is developed by building a customized passive sensor node into a low power System-on-Chip (SoC) CC2530 RF transceiver. Experiment on the periodic moving mechanic target illustrates that this SoC based Doppler radar sensor is able to accurately detect the motion of the target under CW, modulated CW and packet operation modes. The study on sensitivity and power consumption under these modes indicates the most cost efficiency and power efficiency can be achieved by operating the sensor under packet mode with an optimum output power level.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121141023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172731
Changzhan Gu, Z. Salmani, Hualiang Zhang, Changzhi Li
Lung cancer radiotherapy is subject to tumor motion caused mainly by respiration, due to the internal organ link. Motion-adaptive radiotherapy delivers most effective radiation dose to the tumor, while minimizes the damage to normal tissues. Accurate tumor tracking, an attractive motion-adaptive radiotherapy, requires accurate measurement of respiration at multiple body locations. Radar respiration measurement is a promising noncontact and noninvasive approach for lung cancer radiotherapy. However, the limited room for integrating radar sensors in the linear accelerator calls for miniature but high-performance antennas. In this paper, compact antenna array is employed for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive lung cancer radiotherapy. Potentially, one radar is enough to simultaneously measure respiration at chest and abdomen. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed antenna array serves as a good option for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive radiotherapy.
{"title":"Antenna array technology for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive lung cancer radiotherapy","authors":"Changzhan Gu, Z. Salmani, Hualiang Zhang, Changzhi Li","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172731","url":null,"abstract":"Lung cancer radiotherapy is subject to tumor motion caused mainly by respiration, due to the internal organ link. Motion-adaptive radiotherapy delivers most effective radiation dose to the tumor, while minimizes the damage to normal tissues. Accurate tumor tracking, an attractive motion-adaptive radiotherapy, requires accurate measurement of respiration at multiple body locations. Radar respiration measurement is a promising noncontact and noninvasive approach for lung cancer radiotherapy. However, the limited room for integrating radar sensors in the linear accelerator calls for miniature but high-performance antennas. In this paper, compact antenna array is employed for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive lung cancer radiotherapy. Potentially, one radar is enough to simultaneously measure respiration at chest and abdomen. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed antenna array serves as a good option for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive radiotherapy.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":" 47","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113950327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172737
G. To, M. Mahfouz
Body motion analyzing has always been a useful tool to evaluate patients' joint kinematics. Optical tracking is one of the most accurate dynamic tracking systems, and is commonly used as diagnosis devices for joint motion analysis. However, these systems are usually located in gait analysis laboratory and not readily available in clinic or hospital for day to day diagnostic use. In order to provide an alternative means for joint kinematics assessment, the following method is examined. An inertial sensing node composes of a set of inertial micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes and magneto-meters) were used to track two adjacent joint segments. This paper presents a preliminary study of motion tracking of the upper and lower extremities of the leg during dynamic activities. Each node communicates wirelessly to the base station with Bluetooth. A quaternion based Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was implemented to process the data for orientation estimation. Anatomy constraint is applied to the relative orientation of the estimation. The focus of this paper is to introduce the framework of easy to use, high mobility, low cost motion analysis and diagnostic system that can be used in doctor's office.
{"title":"Design of wireless inertial trackers for human joint motion analysis","authors":"G. To, M. Mahfouz","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172737","url":null,"abstract":"Body motion analyzing has always been a useful tool to evaluate patients' joint kinematics. Optical tracking is one of the most accurate dynamic tracking systems, and is commonly used as diagnosis devices for joint motion analysis. However, these systems are usually located in gait analysis laboratory and not readily available in clinic or hospital for day to day diagnostic use. In order to provide an alternative means for joint kinematics assessment, the following method is examined. An inertial sensing node composes of a set of inertial micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes and magneto-meters) were used to track two adjacent joint segments. This paper presents a preliminary study of motion tracking of the upper and lower extremities of the leg during dynamic activities. Each node communicates wirelessly to the base station with Bluetooth. A quaternion based Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was implemented to process the data for orientation estimation. Anatomy constraint is applied to the relative orientation of the estimation. The focus of this paper is to introduce the framework of easy to use, high mobility, low cost motion analysis and diagnostic system that can be used in doctor's office.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116614716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172729
M. Mercuri, D. Schreurs, P. Leroux
The use of a Stepped-Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) radar is proposed for non-invasive fall and vital signs detection. A fall in principle involves changes both in position and in speed. Measurements have been performed with the radar fixed both on the wall and on the ceiling. In both situations, position and speed of a target have been measured with good accuracy. By combining this information a fall can be properly detected, distinguishing the fall from both walking and sitting movements. The results show the feasibility of this approach. Moreover, the results demonstrate that vital signs can be monitored also.
{"title":"SFCW microwave radar for in-door fall detection","authors":"M. Mercuri, D. Schreurs, P. Leroux","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172729","url":null,"abstract":"The use of a Stepped-Frequency Continuous Wave (SFCW) radar is proposed for non-invasive fall and vital signs detection. A fall in principle involves changes both in position and in speed. Measurements have been performed with the radar fixed both on the wall and on the ceiling. In both situations, position and speed of a target have been measured with good accuracy. By combining this information a fall can be properly detected, distinguishing the fall from both walking and sitting movements. The results show the feasibility of this approach. Moreover, the results demonstrate that vital signs can be monitored also.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133250610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172736
Y. Baskharoun, A. Trehan, N. Nikolova, M. Noseworthy
Research on microwave imaging for medical diagnostics has recently expanded significantly. There is substantial need for physical phantoms in order to conduct experiments. These phantoms should mimic the electrical properties of the target tissues. They must also have certain mechanical properties. This paper proposes recipes for breast tissue and malignant tumor phantoms that have been tested and used in experiments for over two years now. These phantoms mimic breast tissues in the ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range from 3 GHz to 10 GHz. The recipes presented here use non-biological materials.
{"title":"Physical phantoms for microwave imaging of the breast","authors":"Y. Baskharoun, A. Trehan, N. Nikolova, M. Noseworthy","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172736","url":null,"abstract":"Research on microwave imaging for medical diagnostics has recently expanded significantly. There is substantial need for physical phantoms in order to conduct experiments. These phantoms should mimic the electrical properties of the target tissues. They must also have certain mechanical properties. This paper proposes recipes for breast tissue and malignant tumor phantoms that have been tested and used in experiments for over two years now. These phantoms mimic breast tissues in the ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range from 3 GHz to 10 GHz. The recipes presented here use non-biological materials.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115506634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172739
E. Yavari, V. Lubecke, O. Boric-Lubecke
Direct-conversion CW microwave Doppler radar can be used to wirelessly detect cardiopulmonary activity. One of the limitations of homodyne CW Doppler radar systems for physiological monitoring is large DC offset in baseband outputs. The common method to avoid the DC offset is AC coupling. While AC coupling removes the DC offset efficiently, it introduces large settling time and signal distortion in baseband. In this paper we explore the use of direction conversion pulsed Doppler radar to overcome this issue. Performance of CWand pulse radar is compared using mechanical target movement which simulates respiratory motion. The results demonstrate while AC coupling distorts CW radar output, it has a negligible effect on pulse radar output.
{"title":"AC/DC coupling effects on CW and pulse transmission modes in Doppler radar physiological monitoring system","authors":"E. Yavari, V. Lubecke, O. Boric-Lubecke","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172739","url":null,"abstract":"Direct-conversion CW microwave Doppler radar can be used to wirelessly detect cardiopulmonary activity. One of the limitations of homodyne CW Doppler radar systems for physiological monitoring is large DC offset in baseband outputs. The common method to avoid the DC offset is AC coupling. While AC coupling removes the DC offset efficiently, it introduces large settling time and signal distortion in baseband. In this paper we explore the use of direction conversion pulsed Doppler radar to overcome this issue. Performance of CWand pulse radar is compared using mechanical target movement which simulates respiratory motion. The results demonstrate while AC coupling distorts CW radar output, it has a negligible effect on pulse radar output.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124254930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172734
M. Kuhn, M. Mahfouz, N. Rowe, E. Elkhouly, J. Turnmire, A. Fathy
Ultra wideband (UWB) wireless positioning systems are robust for use in indoor environments where multipath is a factor. Indoor hospital environments including the operating room provide a challenging medium for wireless propagation. Medical applications for UWB positioning include tracking people and assets as well as computer assisted surgery. Our UWB positioning system can achieve real-time 3-D millimeter accuracy. Simultaneous tracking of multiple tags has been added to our system by designing an integrated tag, incorporating a squaring receiver, and careful real-time digital synchronization of the incoming data. Both static and dynamic experiments have been performed in 3-D. The 3-D dynamic experiment shows that a standalone integrated tag utilizing a high phase noise voltage controlled oscillator can still be tracked within 6.53 mm of 3-D real-time root mean square error. A static reference tag helps in mitigating errors due to receiver clock jitter and drift since these errors are consistent across all tags.
{"title":"Ultra wideband 3-D tracking of multiple tags for indoor positioning in medical applications requiring millimeter accuracy","authors":"M. Kuhn, M. Mahfouz, N. Rowe, E. Elkhouly, J. Turnmire, A. Fathy","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172734","url":null,"abstract":"Ultra wideband (UWB) wireless positioning systems are robust for use in indoor environments where multipath is a factor. Indoor hospital environments including the operating room provide a challenging medium for wireless propagation. Medical applications for UWB positioning include tracking people and assets as well as computer assisted surgery. Our UWB positioning system can achieve real-time 3-D millimeter accuracy. Simultaneous tracking of multiple tags has been added to our system by designing an integrated tag, incorporating a squaring receiver, and careful real-time digital synchronization of the incoming data. Both static and dynamic experiments have been performed in 3-D. The 3-D dynamic experiment shows that a standalone integrated tag utilizing a high phase noise voltage controlled oscillator can still be tracked within 6.53 mm of 3-D real-time root mean square error. A static reference tag helps in mitigating errors due to receiver clock jitter and drift since these errors are consistent across all tags.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124277912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-03DOI: 10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172740
C. P. Costa, G. Fontgalland, S. Barbin
In this paper an analysis of the electromagnetic fields (EMF) produced by dipole antennas located near a passive user is presented. A passive user is understood to be a subscriber that is not accessing a wireless device while it is exposed to radiation. The model adopted for the human head consists of four concentric geoid layers of human tissue. For the worst case of electric coupling, which in a real case represents the hot spot in the human head, spatial arrangements of up to three antennas are obtained using a genetic algorithm. For the simulations, horizontally polarized antennas are placed at a fixed distance from the head. Results for the maximum EMF levels on a passive user are presented. The levels obtained are compared to ICNIRP and ANATEL's reference levels.
{"title":"Analysis of passive electromagnetic exposure to multisource distributed in outdoor places","authors":"C. P. Costa, G. Fontgalland, S. Barbin","doi":"10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BIOWIRELESS.2012.6172740","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper an analysis of the electromagnetic fields (EMF) produced by dipole antennas located near a passive user is presented. A passive user is understood to be a subscriber that is not accessing a wireless device while it is exposed to radiation. The model adopted for the human head consists of four concentric geoid layers of human tissue. For the worst case of electric coupling, which in a real case represents the hot spot in the human head, spatial arrangements of up to three antennas are obtained using a genetic algorithm. For the simulations, horizontally polarized antennas are placed at a fixed distance from the head. Results for the maximum EMF levels on a passive user are presented. The levels obtained are compared to ICNIRP and ANATEL's reference levels.","PeriodicalId":297010,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Biomedical Wireless Technologies, Networks, and Sensing Systems (BioWireleSS)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116811425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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