Pub Date : 2023-01-20DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000000
Rana U. Ahmad, Muhammad A. Bilal, Muhammad F. Ashraf, Kanchan Kumari
Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in late 2019 as the first case was reported in China, and being the neighboring country, it reached Pakistan in early 2020 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC7240311/). Since the start of the pandemic, multiple waves of COVID-19 have affected Pakistan severely, with the death toll reaching around 30 000 (https://www.google. com/search?q=coid + 19 +Death + in + pakistan&oq=coid + 19 +Death + in + pakistan&aqs=chrome.69i57j0i22i30l6j69i60. 30843j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8). The death toll was higher than our expectations, as a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases wreaked havoc on an already overburdened country’s health system. As a South Asian country, Pakistan was already suffering from an epidemic of typhoid fever with increasing antibiotic resistance. Emergence of COVID-19 in Pakistan diverted the attention of the government and the general population, leading to the negligence towards typhoid fever resulting in shifting of all the available resources towards COVID-19. The first case of extensive drug-resistant typhoid was reported in 2016, and there were 5274 cases till 2018 (https://www. who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/27-december2018-typhoid-pakistan-en). This number has increased tremendously, reaching up to 14 360 in 2021. The bacterium Salmonella typhi causes extensive drug-resistant typhoid fever. It is resistant to at least five antibiotic classes used for treating typhoid. Multiple reasons contribute to the endemic, including lack of proper water sanitation, a poor hygienic environment, irrational use of antimicrobials leading to resistance, and the carelessness of the government as well as the general population (https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/02/cdcissues-health-advisory-extensively-drug-resistant-typhoid). Typhoid manifests in the form of high-grade fever, headache, malaise, abdominal pain, and rash. Typhidot and Widal tests are the most commonly used tests for the diagnosis of typhoid in Pakistan, but they are considered obsolete in the rest of the world. This leads to the misdiagnosis of typhoid. The typhidot test has only 26.7% sensitivity, 61.5% specificity, 7.4% positive predictive value, and 87.9% negative predictive value (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476358/#ref4). The Widal test has a sensitivity of 81.5%, a specificity of 18.3%, a positive predictive value of 10.1%, and a negative predictive value of 89.7%. The stool antigen test has a sensitivity of 31.3, a specificity of 91.5, a positive predictive value of 29%, and a negative predictive value of 91.5% (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6551910/#:~:text=Widal%20test% 20recorded%2081.5%25%20sensitivity,and%2091.5%25% 20negative%20predictive%20value). On the contrary, developed countries use blood and bone marrow cultures to test for and make an effective diagnosis of typhoid fever. Comparisons of these tests are shown in Figure 1.
{"title":"The misdiagnosis continues: an allegory of COVID-19, enteric fever, and a couple of outdated tests","authors":"Rana U. Ahmad, Muhammad A. Bilal, Muhammad F. Ashraf, Kanchan Kumari","doi":"10.1097/JS9.0000000000000000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000000000","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in late 2019 as the first case was reported in China, and being the neighboring country, it reached Pakistan in early 2020 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC7240311/). Since the start of the pandemic, multiple waves of COVID-19 have affected Pakistan severely, with the death toll reaching around 30 000 (https://www.google. com/search?q=coid + 19 +Death + in + pakistan&oq=coid + 19 +Death + in + pakistan&aqs=chrome.69i57j0i22i30l6j69i60. 30843j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8). The death toll was higher than our expectations, as a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases wreaked havoc on an already overburdened country’s health system. As a South Asian country, Pakistan was already suffering from an epidemic of typhoid fever with increasing antibiotic resistance. Emergence of COVID-19 in Pakistan diverted the attention of the government and the general population, leading to the negligence towards typhoid fever resulting in shifting of all the available resources towards COVID-19. The first case of extensive drug-resistant typhoid was reported in 2016, and there were 5274 cases till 2018 (https://www. who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/27-december2018-typhoid-pakistan-en). This number has increased tremendously, reaching up to 14 360 in 2021. The bacterium Salmonella typhi causes extensive drug-resistant typhoid fever. It is resistant to at least five antibiotic classes used for treating typhoid. Multiple reasons contribute to the endemic, including lack of proper water sanitation, a poor hygienic environment, irrational use of antimicrobials leading to resistance, and the carelessness of the government as well as the general population (https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/02/cdcissues-health-advisory-extensively-drug-resistant-typhoid). Typhoid manifests in the form of high-grade fever, headache, malaise, abdominal pain, and rash. Typhidot and Widal tests are the most commonly used tests for the diagnosis of typhoid in Pakistan, but they are considered obsolete in the rest of the world. This leads to the misdiagnosis of typhoid. The typhidot test has only 26.7% sensitivity, 61.5% specificity, 7.4% positive predictive value, and 87.9% negative predictive value (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4476358/#ref4). The Widal test has a sensitivity of 81.5%, a specificity of 18.3%, a positive predictive value of 10.1%, and a negative predictive value of 89.7%. The stool antigen test has a sensitivity of 31.3, a specificity of 91.5, a positive predictive value of 29%, and a negative predictive value of 91.5% (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6551910/#:~:text=Widal%20test% 20recorded%2081.5%25%20sensitivity,and%2091.5%25% 20negative%20predictive%20value). On the contrary, developed countries use blood and bone marrow cultures to test for and make an effective diagnosis of typhoid fever. Comparisons of these tests are shown in Figure 1. ","PeriodicalId":297147,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgery (London, England)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129326247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106440
S. Kapoor, Pathik Parikh, V. Waghmare, Jitendra Kotadiya, T. Parikh
{"title":"Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a LDLT recipient transplanted for COVID 19 precipitated ACLF: Treated with ribavirin and IVIg","authors":"S. Kapoor, Pathik Parikh, V. Waghmare, Jitendra Kotadiya, T. Parikh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106440","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297147,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgery (London, England)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114851893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106483
Fitriyan Kurnia
{"title":"Covid19 vaccines for liver transplant recipient: Yes or no?","authors":"Fitriyan Kurnia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106483","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297147,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgery (London, England)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122605589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106376
M. Sharma
{"title":"Possibility of liver malfunction during COVID-19 infection","authors":"M. Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297147,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgery (London, England)","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117196135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106411
Tamer M. Shaker, J. Fisher, A. Dinesh, Roy Kiberange, V. Kirchner, Sarwat Khalil, Karam M Obeid, Nicholas Lim, S. Chinnakotla
{"title":"Liver transplantation in a patient with persistently positive nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 virus after a recent infection","authors":"Tamer M. Shaker, J. Fisher, A. Dinesh, Roy Kiberange, V. Kirchner, Sarwat Khalil, Karam M Obeid, Nicholas Lim, S. Chinnakotla","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106411","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297147,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgery (London, England)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114571830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106424
K. Okumura, H. Sogawa, Ryosuke Misawa, G. Veillette, D. John, T. Diflo, Bernard Partiula, R. Bodin, D. Wolf, S. Nishida
{"title":"Impact of COVID 19 pandemic on hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplantation in the United States","authors":"K. Okumura, H. Sogawa, Ryosuke Misawa, G. Veillette, D. John, T. Diflo, Bernard Partiula, R. Bodin, D. Wolf, S. Nishida","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106424","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297147,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgery (London, England)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133150551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106492
Lintong Hottua, Rosinta Hotmaida Pebrianti Purba, Aprilia Grace A. Maay
{"title":"The urgency of the Covid-19 vaccine in liver transplantation patients: What, how, and when?","authors":"Lintong Hottua, Rosinta Hotmaida Pebrianti Purba, Aprilia Grace A. Maay","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106492","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297147,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Surgery (London, England)","volume":"430 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133362798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：