Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00053-4
Michael T. Murray, J. Nowicki
{"title":"Angelica Species","authors":"Michael T. Murray, J. Nowicki","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00053-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00053-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"380 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123088827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00174-6
Michael T. Murray, J. Nowicki
{"title":"Gout","authors":"Michael T. Murray, J. Nowicki","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00174-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00174-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125323227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00058-3
Joseph E. Pizzorno
{"title":"Boron","authors":"Joseph E. Pizzorno","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00058-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00058-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126762999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2333-5.00146-2
Michael Traub, Michael T. Murray
{"title":"Aphthous Stomatitis","authors":"Michael Traub, Michael T. Murray","doi":"10.1016/b978-1-4377-2333-5.00146-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4377-2333-5.00146-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121593662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00205-3
R. Kachko, P. Logiudice
{"title":"Parkinson’s Disease","authors":"R. Kachko, P. Logiudice","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00205-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-43044-9.00205-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125271133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1201/9781420009330.ch44
E. Kutter, N. Hoyle, W. Eisner, S. Kuhl, Z. Alavidze, B. Blasdel
Phage therapy refers to the use of bacteriophages (phages bacterial viruses) as therapeutic agents against infectious bacterial diseases. This therapeutic approach emerged in the beginning of the 20th century but was progressively replaced by the use of antibiotics in most parts of the world after the second world war. More recently however, the alarming rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the consequent need for antibiotic alternatives has renewed interest in phages as antimicrobial agents. Several scientific, technological and regulatory advances have supported the credibility of a second revolution in phage therapy. Nevertheless, phage therapy still faces many challenges that include: i) the need to increase phage collections from reference phage banks; ii) the development of efficient phage screening methods for the fast identification of the therapeutic phage(s); iii) the establishment of efficient phage therapy strategies to tackle infectious biofilms; iv) the validation of feasible phage production protocols that assure quality and safety of phage preparations; and (v) the guarantee of stability of phage preparations during manufacturing, storage and transport. Moreover, current maladapted regulatory structures represent a significant hurdle for potential commercialization of phage therapeutics. This article describes the past and current status of phage therapy and presents the most recent advances in this domain. History of Phage Therapy Origins of Phage Therapy In 1915, Frederick Twort, a medically trained bacteriologist from England, reported a bacteriolytic phenomenon and advanced the hypothesis that it may be due to a virus. However, excitement with the possibilities of bacteriophage can be said to have begun six months before when Félix d'Hérelle, a microbiologist at the Pasteur Institute, was sent 50 miles from the Western Front to Maisons-Laffitte to investigate an outbreak of dysentery among 10 French mounted infantrymen. Returning with samples he described a soon eponymous novel bacillus. However, in his investigations of this bacteria over the next 18 months, he found that some seemingly sterile Chamberland filtrates of it were capable of effecting the killing (lysis) of another dysentery bacillus (likely Shigella). In one of the great scientific works of the twentieth century, d'Herelle described in two short pages the experiments that he performed demonstrating that this lytic property could be serially passaged from one culture to the next by transferring 10 dilutions to new cultures fifty times. Any toxin would be too diluted after fifty passages to have a biological effect. Similarly, he showed that no dilution of these lysed cultures would produce partial growth inhibition when added over a lawn of bacteria like an antibacterial toxin would, but instead would display a number of clear glassy holes (called "plaques") equal to the concentration that would lyse a liquid culture. From these observations, d'Hérelle radica
噬菌体治疗是指利用噬菌体(噬菌体细菌病毒)作为治疗传染性细菌疾病的药物。这种治疗方法出现在20世纪初，但在第二次世界大战后，世界大部分地区逐渐被抗生素的使用所取代。然而，最近，耐多药细菌的惊人增长以及随之而来的对抗生素替代品的需求重新引起了人们对噬菌体作为抗菌剂的兴趣。一些科学、技术和监管方面的进步支持了噬菌体治疗的第二次革命的可信性。然而，噬菌体治疗仍然面临许多挑战，包括:1)需要增加参考噬菌体库的噬菌体收集量;Ii)开发高效的噬菌体筛选方法，以快速鉴定治疗噬菌体;Iii)建立有效的噬菌体治疗策略以应对感染性生物膜;Iv)验证可行的噬菌体生产方案，确保噬菌体制剂的质量和安全;(五)噬菌体制剂在生产、储存和运输过程中的稳定性保证。此外，目前不适应的监管结构是噬菌体疗法潜在商业化的重大障碍。本文介绍了噬菌体治疗的过去和现状，并介绍了该领域的最新进展。噬菌体治疗的历史噬菌体治疗的起源1915年，来自英国的受过医学训练的细菌学家弗雷德里克·特沃特报告了一种细菌溶解现象，并提出了这可能是由病毒引起的假设。然而，人们对噬菌体的可能性的兴奋之感可以说早在6个月前就开始了，当时巴斯德研究所的微生物学家fasslix d' hsamrelle从西线被派往50英里外的Maisons-Laffitte，调查10名法国骑兵中爆发的痢疾。带着样品回来后，他描述了一种很快与他同名的新型芽孢杆菌。然而，在接下来的18个月里，他对这种细菌的研究发现，一些看似无菌的张伯伦滤液能够杀死(裂解)另一种痢疾杆菌(可能是志贺氏杆菌)。在二十世纪最伟大的科学著作之一中，d'Herelle用两页的篇幅描述了他所做的实验，证明了这种分解特性可以通过将10种稀释剂转移到新的培养基中50次，从一种培养基连续传递到另一种培养基。任何毒素在经过50次传代后都会被稀释到无法产生生物效应。同样地，他证明，当将这些溶解的培养物稀释后，在细菌草坪上添加抗菌毒素时，不会产生部分生长抑制，而是会显示出许多透明的玻璃孔(称为“斑块”)，其浓度等于溶解液体培养物的浓度。从这些观察中，德·赫萨雷尔从根本上直觉到，他发现了" unmicrobe invisible antagoniste des bacilles dysentmoriques "，将其描述为" unbactmoriphage obligatoire"("一种对痢疾杆菌具有拮抗作用的不可见微生物")，这表明他的其他细菌也会被这些病原体的病原体感染，并且(也许过于激进)假设这些噬菌体是自然免疫的真正病原体。[a]葡萄牙布拉加Minho大学生物工程中心[b]比利时布拉加Minho大学生物工程中心[d] g . Eliava噬菌体微生物研究所[e]波兰科学院，Wrocław，波兰[f]比利时Heverlee KU Leuven基因技术部门[g] vacei Bioscience, vacei Pharma, noville - surmehaigne，比利时[i]作者通信:jazeredo@deb.uminho.pt ORCID:[0000-0002-5180-7133]许可协议:CC-BY-SA维基医学杂志，2021,8(1):4 doi: 10.15347/wjm/2021.[004]西方的噬菌体疗法在这篇具有开创性的论文发表后不久，d’hsamrelle和其他人开始试验使用噬菌体作为治疗感染的抗菌药物，首先是对鸡伤寒的治疗。1919年，在巴黎的“Hôpital des Enfants-Malades”医院，达姆雷勒利用噬菌体成功治疗了四名儿童痢疾。这可能是噬菌体在人类中的首次临床应用。然而，他的实验结果当时并没有发表，所以第一次发表使用噬菌体治疗人类细菌感染是在1921年由理查德·布鲁诺格和约瑟夫·迈辛报道的。他们使用噬菌体治疗手术损伤处的葡萄球菌感染，并且能够在24至48小时内报告感染的消退。 当前缺乏有效的抗菌治疗和这些早期结果令人兴奋的前景产生了噬菌体治疗的热情“早期”。然而，由两位医生Eaton和Bayne-Jones在1934年受美国医学协会委托撰写的一份深刻批判和广泛阅读的报告提供了清醒的后见之明。这份报告清楚地表明，这一时期的主要特点是结果不一致，主张不切实际，公司不可靠。在一个连对噬菌体的本质都缺乏基本了解的时代，噬菌体制剂被推销为治疗诸如胆结石、疱疹、肾结石和各种癌症等难以置信的疾病的药物。商业制剂，甚至来自大型制药公司，被发现缺乏对目标病原体有活性的噬菌体。有时这些缺陷是由于实际的考虑，如有害的灭菌程序或在储存中失活。然而，一些噬菌体制剂是针对错误的病原体，或仅限于一组有限的菌株正确的病原体。然而，即使在1934年Eaton/Bayne-Jones报告发表几十年后，噬菌体疗法在20世纪50年代和60年代仍在西方零星使用，直到20世纪90年代才在法国停止使用。然而，噬菌体继续被研究作为揭示生命过程的工具。噬菌体在基因工程、癌症生物学和CRISPR的发现中也发挥了重要作用。在东欧和中欧的噬菌体治疗1934年左右，格鲁吉亚微生物学家乔治·埃利亚瓦(George Eliava)邀请d' h<s:1> relle帮助扩大位于现在的格鲁吉亚共和国第比利斯的一个科学研究所，以生产疫苗和噬菌体制剂。这个研究所，现在被称为乔治·埃利亚瓦噬菌体、微生物学和病毒学研究所，与苏联各地的其他研究所一起，负责向红军、公共卫生官员和公众提供可用于预防和治疗肠道和化脓性感染的制剂。该研究所开始迅速分离噬菌体，然后工业化生产用于各种军事和民用目的的噬菌体制剂，噬菌体被用作各种疾病的护理标准的一部分。尽管仅仅三年后，Eliava和他的妻子就被指控犯有令人难以置信的反国家罪，并在一场公审后被处决，但该研究所在两名男性培养的主要是女性科学家的领导下蓬勃发展。与西方相比，苏联医疗体系的结构和苏联科学家对传染病的独特知识框架为探索噬菌体疗法提供了几个特别的优势。事实上，苏联医疗保健系统的集中控制使得从苏联感染病人身上提取细菌的综合中央银行得以建立。这使得噬菌体科学家能够维持噬菌体文库，这些噬菌体将以一种特别定制的方式对最新的病原体有活性。与此同时，苏联微生物学家过早地将细菌感染部分地视为生态问题，这使得噬菌体提供的生态解决方案变得特别自然。此外，重要的是，苏联研究人员所要求的意识形态眼罩，非常有效地将噬菌体科学家与主导西方关于噬菌体治疗讨论的批评隔绝开来。此外，抗生素(特别是专门的抗生素)的数量不足以满足西方医疗系统的正常运转，导致需要替代品。在20世纪80年代的高峰期，苏联噬菌体的产量达到每周2吨，主要作为针对肠道适应症的配方片剂，供应给红军和中亚共和国。值得注意的是，尽管大多数早期噬菌体治疗相关的科学工作是用俄语、格鲁吉亚语或波兰语发表的，因此在西方不容易获得，但经过广泛的测试，人们普遍认为这一概念在60年代得到了确凿的证明。今天，包括Eliava研究所在内的来自前苏联的研究人员用英语发表了他们的结果和临床经验，但这些还不包括RCTs(随机临床试验)，这将被欧盟和美国当局认为是药物上市许可所必需的。2012年出版了一本英文书，全面回顾了在Eliava研究所图书馆发现的有关噬菌体治疗的出版物。维基医学杂志
{"title":"Phage Therapy","authors":"E. Kutter, N. Hoyle, W. Eisner, S. Kuhl, Z. Alavidze, B. Blasdel","doi":"10.1201/9781420009330.ch44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420009330.ch44","url":null,"abstract":"Phage therapy refers to the use of bacteriophages (phages bacterial viruses) as therapeutic agents against infectious bacterial diseases. This therapeutic approach emerged in the beginning of the 20th century but was progressively replaced by the use of antibiotics in most parts of the world after the second world war. More recently however, the alarming rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the consequent need for antibiotic alternatives has renewed interest in phages as antimicrobial agents. Several scientific, technological and regulatory advances have supported the credibility of a second revolution in phage therapy. Nevertheless, phage therapy still faces many challenges that include: i) the need to increase phage collections from reference phage banks; ii) the development of efficient phage screening methods for the fast identification of the therapeutic phage(s); iii) the establishment of efficient phage therapy strategies to tackle infectious biofilms; iv) the validation of feasible phage production protocols that assure quality and safety of phage preparations; and (v) the guarantee of stability of phage preparations during manufacturing, storage and transport. Moreover, current maladapted regulatory structures represent a significant hurdle for potential commercialization of phage therapeutics. This article describes the past and current status of phage therapy and presents the most recent advances in this domain. History of Phage Therapy Origins of Phage Therapy In 1915, Frederick Twort, a medically trained bacteriologist from England, reported a bacteriolytic phenomenon and advanced the hypothesis that it may be due to a virus. However, excitement with the possibilities of bacteriophage can be said to have begun six months before when Félix d'Hérelle, a microbiologist at the Pasteur Institute, was sent 50 miles from the Western Front to Maisons-Laffitte to investigate an outbreak of dysentery among 10 French mounted infantrymen. Returning with samples he described a soon eponymous novel bacillus. However, in his investigations of this bacteria over the next 18 months, he found that some seemingly sterile Chamberland filtrates of it were capable of effecting the killing (lysis) of another dysentery bacillus (likely Shigella). In one of the great scientific works of the twentieth century, d'Herelle described in two short pages the experiments that he performed demonstrating that this lytic property could be serially passaged from one culture to the next by transferring 10 dilutions to new cultures fifty times. Any toxin would be too diluted after fifty passages to have a biological effect. Similarly, he showed that no dilution of these lysed cultures would produce partial growth inhibition when added over a lawn of bacteria like an antibacterial toxin would, but instead would display a number of clear glassy holes (called \"plaques\") equal to the concentration that would lyse a liquid culture. From these observations, d'Hérelle radica","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":" 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113952444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-2333-5.00159-0
G. Espinosa, Michael T. Murray
{"title":"Cystitis and Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome","authors":"G. Espinosa, Michael T. Murray","doi":"10.1016/B978-1-4377-2333-5.00159-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-2333-5.00159-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"7 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120851110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-2333-5.00010-9
M. James
{"title":"Bacterial Overgrowth of the Small Intestine Breath Test","authors":"M. James","doi":"10.1016/B978-1-4377-2333-5.00010-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-2333-5.00010-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116823560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-323-43044-9.00064-9
Michael T. Murray, J. Nowicki
{"title":"Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola)","authors":"Michael T. Murray, J. Nowicki","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-323-43044-9.00064-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-43044-9.00064-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":297383,"journal":{"name":"Textbook of Natural Medicine","volume":"46 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124175140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：