Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7458-3.CH009
M. Moh
The rapidly evolving 5G cellular system adapts cloud computing technology in its radio access networks (RAN), namely Cloud RAN or CRAN. CRAN enables better scalability, flexibility, and performance that allows 5G to provide connectivity for the vast volume of IoT devices. This chapter presents two major research results addressing the load balance (LB) problem in CRAN. First, the authors propose a generic online learning (GOL) system; GOL integrates reinforcement learning (RL) with deep learning method for an environment not fully visible, changing over time, while receiving feedbacks of fluctuating delays. Simulation results show that GOL successfully achieves the LB objectives of reducing both cache-misses and communication load. Next, they study eight practical LB based on real cellular network traffic characteristics provided by Nokia Research. Experiment results of these algorithms on queue-length analysis show that the simple, light-weight queue-based LB is almost as effectively as the much more complex waiting-time-based LB.
{"title":"Online Learning and Heuristic Algorithms for 5G Cloud-RAN Load Balance","authors":"M. Moh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7458-3.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7458-3.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"The rapidly evolving 5G cellular system adapts cloud computing technology in its radio access networks (RAN), namely Cloud RAN or CRAN. CRAN enables better scalability, flexibility, and performance that allows 5G to provide connectivity for the vast volume of IoT devices. This chapter presents two major research results addressing the load balance (LB) problem in CRAN. First, the authors propose a generic online learning (GOL) system; GOL integrates reinforcement learning (RL) with deep learning method for an environment not fully visible, changing over time, while receiving feedbacks of fluctuating delays. Simulation results show that GOL successfully achieves the LB objectives of reducing both cache-misses and communication load. Next, they study eight practical LB based on real cellular network traffic characteristics provided by Nokia Research. Experiment results of these algorithms on queue-length analysis show that the simple, light-weight queue-based LB is almost as effectively as the much more complex waiting-time-based LB.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123552678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9554-0.CH009
Arvind Dhaka, Amita Nandal, Rahul Dixit
This chapter deals with the main development challenges of 5G network. The 5G terminals can be made as reconfigurable multimode and cognitive radio enabled. Such networks will have software defined radio modulation schemes. The 5G mobile networks will focus on the development of the user terminals where the terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and will combine different flows from different technologies. It is beneficial to deploy cloud-computing platforms running on general-purpose hardware, leading to a cloud-RAN system. This chapter is focused on the challenges and benefits of implementing reconfigurable signal processing algorithms on a cloud-computing platform and address various security issues with cognitive radio networks.
{"title":"Cognitive Radio Network-Based Design and Security Challenges in 5G Communication","authors":"Arvind Dhaka, Amita Nandal, Rahul Dixit","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9554-0.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9554-0.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the main development challenges of 5G network. The 5G terminals can be made as reconfigurable multimode and cognitive radio enabled. Such networks will have software defined radio modulation schemes. The 5G mobile networks will focus on the development of the user terminals where the terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and will combine different flows from different technologies. It is beneficial to deploy cloud-computing platforms running on general-purpose hardware, leading to a cloud-RAN system. This chapter is focused on the challenges and benefits of implementing reconfigurable signal processing algorithms on a cloud-computing platform and address various security issues with cognitive radio networks.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"63 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128452846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-2023-8.CH009
B. Panigrahi, H. Rath, B. Jagyasi, Anantha Simha
With the advancement of smart phone technologies cellular communication has come to a stage where user bandwidth has surpassed the available bandwidth. In addition, the well-organized but stubborn architecture of cellular networks sometimes creates hindrance to the optimal usage of the network resources. Due to this, a User Equipment (UE) experiencing a poor channel to the Base Station (BTS) or evolved NodeB (eNB) or any other Access Point (AP) retransmits the data. In such scenarios, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication and offload/relay underlying the cellular networks or the access networks provides a unique solution where the affected UE can find a close proximity offloader UE to relay its data to eNB. Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) is another framework which has potential usage in low-connectivity zones like cell edge and/or remote locations in cellular networks. This chapter investigates various possibilities where D2D and DTN can be jointly used to improve teledensity as well delayed but guaranteed services to poor or no connectivity areas.
{"title":"D2D- and DTN-Based Efficient Data Offloading Techniques for 5G Networks","authors":"B. Panigrahi, H. Rath, B. Jagyasi, Anantha Simha","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-2023-8.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2023-8.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"With the advancement of smart phone technologies cellular communication has come to a stage where user bandwidth has surpassed the available bandwidth. In addition, the well-organized but stubborn architecture of cellular networks sometimes creates hindrance to the optimal usage of the network resources. Due to this, a User Equipment (UE) experiencing a poor channel to the Base Station (BTS) or evolved NodeB (eNB) or any other Access Point (AP) retransmits the data. In such scenarios, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication and offload/relay underlying the cellular networks or the access networks provides a unique solution where the affected UE can find a close proximity offloader UE to relay its data to eNB. Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) is another framework which has potential usage in low-connectivity zones like cell edge and/or remote locations in cellular networks. This chapter investigates various possibilities where D2D and DTN can be jointly used to improve teledensity as well delayed but guaranteed services to poor or no connectivity areas.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133093415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7539-9.CH001
Rupesh Kumar, C. Menudier
This chapter gives an insight view of the evolving additive manufacturing technology and its application for designing steerable front-end (FE) array antenna architecture dedicated to mmWave for the 5G network and the adaptive cruise control (ACC) applications. The manufacturing of RF system is a challenging work because it comes with complex designs, a long realization time, and high cost as well as weight. Technically, all these challenges could be addressed up with the use of additive manufacturing technology. It allows an increased flexibility in the manufacturing of complex designs such as steerable beamforming and other advanced RF products. Traditional machining technologies used to manufacture RF products are limited in their ability to produce complex shape. The AM technology allows to realize the entire designs in one single time-phase which positively impacts mass, cost, realization time, assembly quality and RF performance.
{"title":"Additive Manufacturing of Steerable Antenna Systems for 5G and Adaptive Cruise Control Applications","authors":"Rupesh Kumar, C. Menudier","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7539-9.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7539-9.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter gives an insight view of the evolving additive manufacturing technology and its application for designing steerable front-end (FE) array antenna architecture dedicated to mmWave for the 5G network and the adaptive cruise control (ACC) applications. The manufacturing of RF system is a challenging work because it comes with complex designs, a long realization time, and high cost as well as weight. Technically, all these challenges could be addressed up with the use of additive manufacturing technology. It allows an increased flexibility in the manufacturing of complex designs such as steerable beamforming and other advanced RF products. Traditional machining technologies used to manufacture RF products are limited in their ability to produce complex shape. The AM technology allows to realize the entire designs in one single time-phase which positively impacts mass, cost, realization time, assembly quality and RF performance.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"31 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114630410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch030
David Harborth, M. Pohl
According to Rahim Tafazolli from the University of Surrey, users can expect the “perception of infinite capacity” from the future of mobile networks. The fifth generation of mobile networks, 5G, is expected to be released in 2020 and steps up to fulfill various expectations. This article systematically reviews existing research on standardization of 5G and provides an outlook on how to continue best in the future. The review of existing literature shows areas in standardization research, like standardization from a user's perspective, that are rarely covered. In the second part, the focus shifts towards specific publications of relevant standardization organizations and stakeholders for the 5G standardization. By matching the current status of the 5G standardization with historical success factors derived in the first part, this research shows that the standardization process of 5G is on a good way but acknowledges that there is much work to do in the future.
萨里大学(University of Surrey)的拉希姆·塔法佐利(Rahim Tafazolli)表示，用户可以期待未来移动网络“无限容量的感知”。第五代移动网络5G预计将于2020年发布，并逐步实现各种期望。本文系统地回顾了5G标准化的现有研究，并对未来如何最好地继续进行了展望。对现有文献的回顾显示了标准化研究中很少涉及的领域，例如从用户的角度进行标准化。第二部分，重点转向5G标准化相关标准化组织和利益相关方的具体出版物。通过将5G标准化的现状与第一部分导出的历史成功因素进行匹配，本研究表明5G的标准化进程正在顺利进行，但也承认未来还有很多工作要做。
{"title":"Standardization of 5G Mobile Networks","authors":"David Harborth, M. Pohl","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch030","url":null,"abstract":"According to Rahim Tafazolli from the University of Surrey, users can expect the “perception of infinite capacity” from the future of mobile networks. The fifth generation of mobile networks, 5G, is expected to be released in 2020 and steps up to fulfill various expectations. This article systematically reviews existing research on standardization of 5G and provides an outlook on how to continue best in the future. The review of existing literature shows areas in standardization research, like standardization from a user's perspective, that are rarely covered. In the second part, the focus shifts towards specific publications of relevant standardization organizations and stakeholders for the 5G standardization. By matching the current status of the 5G standardization with historical success factors derived in the first part, this research shows that the standardization process of 5G is on a good way but acknowledges that there is much work to do in the future.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124917412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch022
W. F. Elsadek, M. Mikhail
Existing mobility protocols suffer from multimedia and data transfer disruption when crossing cities' boundaries by trains or cars. Session continuity in wide area motion is an officially raised goal by 5G-PPP vision. This research adopts 5G methodology by using software defined networking to propose a new mobile IP framework that facilitates seamless handover and ensures session continuity in standard and wide area coverage. The same uninterruptible experience is used to extend smart indoor services with effective offload mechanism to avoid core network congestion. Performance excels existing protocols in setup and handover delays as of eliminating 4G LTE bearer setup/release out-band signaling and isolating user's packets in OpenFlow virtual path that is recursively established in-line with IP address allocation. Handover cross cities in wide area motion becomes feasible with lower latency than LTE handover inside city. Throughput is instantly restored after handover while standard packets are wire speed forwarded as of tunnel headers' elimination and OpenFlow hardware abstraction.
{"title":"SRMIP","authors":"W. F. Elsadek, M. Mikhail","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7708-0.ch022","url":null,"abstract":"Existing mobility protocols suffer from multimedia and data transfer disruption when crossing cities' boundaries by trains or cars. Session continuity in wide area motion is an officially raised goal by 5G-PPP vision. This research adopts 5G methodology by using software defined networking to propose a new mobile IP framework that facilitates seamless handover and ensures session continuity in standard and wide area coverage. The same uninterruptible experience is used to extend smart indoor services with effective offload mechanism to avoid core network congestion. Performance excels existing protocols in setup and handover delays as of eliminating 4G LTE bearer setup/release out-band signaling and isolating user's packets in OpenFlow virtual path that is recursively established in-line with IP address allocation. Handover cross cities in wide area motion becomes feasible with lower latency than LTE handover inside city. Throughput is instantly restored after handover while standard packets are wire speed forwarded as of tunnel headers' elimination and OpenFlow hardware abstraction.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122865121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1712-2.CH003
I. Uriarte-Ramírez, N. A. Barboza-Tello, Paul Medina-Castro
One of the most representative challenges of multi-tier heterogeneous network architectures is the interference management among different Radio Access Technologies. In this sense, in order to achieve the potential increase on network capacity forecasted for 5G, the issue of interference must be addressed. Intelligent energy management, as proposed in the growing area of Green Communications could serve as an appealing solution to the interference issue. However developing an optimal energy management plan requires the understanding of the characteristics of 5G cellular networks that could be exploited to improve energy and resources efficiency. In this work we present a study about challenges in energy-efficient communications and technologies as enablers for green solutions and how this challenges can be extended to meet those of the 5G heterogeneous networks, in order to identify possible solutions to address the energy efficiency and interference mitigation issues.
{"title":"Challenges in Energy-Efficient Communications as Enablers for Green Solutions on the 5G Heterogeneous Networks","authors":"I. Uriarte-Ramírez, N. A. Barboza-Tello, Paul Medina-Castro","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-1712-2.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1712-2.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most representative challenges of multi-tier heterogeneous network architectures is the interference management among different Radio Access Technologies. In this sense, in order to achieve the potential increase on network capacity forecasted for 5G, the issue of interference must be addressed. Intelligent energy management, as proposed in the growing area of Green Communications could serve as an appealing solution to the interference issue. However developing an optimal energy management plan requires the understanding of the characteristics of 5G cellular networks that could be exploited to improve energy and resources efficiency. In this work we present a study about challenges in energy-efficient communications and technologies as enablers for green solutions and how this challenges can be extended to meet those of the 5G heterogeneous networks, in order to identify possible solutions to address the energy efficiency and interference mitigation issues.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115109683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-6023-4.CH003
Ashraf Aboshosha, M. El-Mashade, Ehab A. Hegazy
The narrow beam widths generally associated with antennas at higher frequencies has led to the study of using advanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive beam-forming. These antenna technologies are overcoming some of the challenging propagation characteristics of mm waves and could increase the spectrum efficiency, provide higher data rates, and adequate reasonable coverage for mobile broadband services. With the potential for higher 10+GHz frequencies as well as mm waves deployment, most 5G candidates bands in 20 to 50 GHz. The frequency band of 5G is proposed and demonstrated above 24GHz such as 28GHz to 38GHz. In this chapter, the authors present a design of 28GHz for 4 Elements microstrip patch array antenna for future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone applications. The designed antenna can be implemented using low cost FR-4 substrates, while maintaining good performance in terms of gain and efficiency. In addition, the simulated results show that the antenna has the S11 response less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 22 to 34 GHz.
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Array Antenna on 28 GHz Band for Future of 5G","authors":"Ashraf Aboshosha, M. El-Mashade, Ehab A. Hegazy","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-6023-4.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6023-4.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"The narrow beam widths generally associated with antennas at higher frequencies has led to the study of using advanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and adaptive beam-forming. These antenna technologies are overcoming some of the challenging propagation characteristics of mm waves and could increase the spectrum efficiency, provide higher data rates, and adequate reasonable coverage for mobile broadband services. With the potential for higher 10+GHz frequencies as well as mm waves deployment, most 5G candidates bands in 20 to 50 GHz. The frequency band of 5G is proposed and demonstrated above 24GHz such as 28GHz to 38GHz. In this chapter, the authors present a design of 28GHz for 4 Elements microstrip patch array antenna for future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone applications. The designed antenna can be implemented using low cost FR-4 substrates, while maintaining good performance in terms of gain and efficiency. In addition, the simulated results show that the antenna has the S11 response less than -10 dB in the frequency range of 22 to 34 GHz.","PeriodicalId":298363,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Developing and Optimizing 5G Networks and the Impact on Society","volume":"6 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116866940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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