Abstract The rapid development of technology is having an enormous effect on our lives. Emerging technological solutions offer new possibilities in various fields and on different levels, either for ordinary human beings or organisations and governments. However, the ethical implications of such technologies on our lives, our societies, are often not fully understood and require careful analysis. This article focuses on one type of such technologies, genetic tests available to the public, analysing the potential ethical concerns in these tests being directly provided to the consumers.
{"title":"Ethical Concerns of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests","authors":"Fereshteh Shahrabi Farahani","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The rapid development of technology is having an enormous effect on our lives. Emerging technological solutions offer new possibilities in various fields and on different levels, either for ordinary human beings or organisations and governments. However, the ethical implications of such technologies on our lives, our societies, are often not fully understood and require careful analysis. This article focuses on one type of such technologies, genetic tests available to the public, analysing the potential ethical concerns in these tests being directly provided to the consumers.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"145 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45709680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhumagul Bekenova, P. Müürsepp, G. Nurysheva, L. Turarbekova
Abstract The problem of value alignment in the context of AI studies is becoming more and more acute. This article deals with the basic questions concerning the system of human values corresponding to what we would like digital minds to be capable of. It has been suggested that as long as humans cannot agree on a universal system of values in the positive sense, we might be able to agree on what has to be avoided. The article argues that while we may follow this suggestion, we still need to keep the positive approach in focus as well. A holistic solution to the value alignment problem is not in sight and there might possibly never be a final solution. Currently, we are facing an era of endless adjustment of digital minds to biological ones. The biggest challenge is to keep humans in control of this adjustment. Here the responsibility lies with the humans. Human minds might not be able to fix the capacity of digital minds. The philosophical analysis shows that the key concept when dealing with this issue is value plurality. It may well be that we have to redefine our understanding of rationality in order to successfully deal with the value alignment problem. The article discusses an option to elaborate on the traditional understanding of rationality in the context of AI studies.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence, Value Alignment and Rationality","authors":"Zhumagul Bekenova, P. Müürsepp, G. Nurysheva, L. Turarbekova","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The problem of value alignment in the context of AI studies is becoming more and more acute. This article deals with the basic questions concerning the system of human values corresponding to what we would like digital minds to be capable of. It has been suggested that as long as humans cannot agree on a universal system of values in the positive sense, we might be able to agree on what has to be avoided. The article argues that while we may follow this suggestion, we still need to keep the positive approach in focus as well. A holistic solution to the value alignment problem is not in sight and there might possibly never be a final solution. Currently, we are facing an era of endless adjustment of digital minds to biological ones. The biggest challenge is to keep humans in control of this adjustment. Here the responsibility lies with the humans. Human minds might not be able to fix the capacity of digital minds. The philosophical analysis shows that the key concept when dealing with this issue is value plurality. It may well be that we have to redefine our understanding of rationality in order to successfully deal with the value alignment problem. The article discusses an option to elaborate on the traditional understanding of rationality in the context of AI studies.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"79 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47294146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Russian Federation has developed a large number of instruments to put pressure on the West using non-conventional means such as cyber attacks, economic tools and information warfare. Using modern IT technologies in its hybrid activities, Russia, much like China or other authoritarian powers, is trying to challenge the current world order. These instruments are particularly evident in the Baltic States. This article uses Estonia as a case study to inquire into the political goals and strategic conduct of Russia. Specifically, the focus is on the political context, instruments of information war, and available countermeasures. As argued in the current study, the shift from European to Eurasian power, Russia’s careful management and success in avoiding crossing the “red lines” of its adversaries, as well as in exploiting the socioeconomic weaknesses and openness of the West, all play a relevant role in understanding the political context. As for instruments, Russia has developed strategic narratives and conspiracy theories, plus several channels next to media channels, and policy tools such as Pax Russica and the compatriot policy. These are deployed in its neighborhood and aimed at unintegrated segments of the Russophone populations.
{"title":"The Kremlin’s Information Influence Campaigns in Estonia and Estonian Response in the Context of Russian-Western Relations","authors":"V. Sazonov, I. Ploom, Viljar Veebel","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Russian Federation has developed a large number of instruments to put pressure on the West using non-conventional means such as cyber attacks, economic tools and information warfare. Using modern IT technologies in its hybrid activities, Russia, much like China or other authoritarian powers, is trying to challenge the current world order. These instruments are particularly evident in the Baltic States. This article uses Estonia as a case study to inquire into the political goals and strategic conduct of Russia. Specifically, the focus is on the political context, instruments of information war, and available countermeasures. As argued in the current study, the shift from European to Eurasian power, Russia’s careful management and success in avoiding crossing the “red lines” of its adversaries, as well as in exploiting the socioeconomic weaknesses and openness of the West, all play a relevant role in understanding the political context. As for instruments, Russia has developed strategic narratives and conspiracy theories, plus several channels next to media channels, and policy tools such as Pax Russica and the compatriot policy. These are deployed in its neighborhood and aimed at unintegrated segments of the Russophone populations.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"27 - 59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48382511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article discusses the implementation of the global concepts of smart city or smart municipality at the local level, focusing on the importance of mayor as a leader and his competencies in this context. The status of elected representatives of self-government in the branch of labour law is legislatively only marginally regulated, with insufficient terminological and functional interconnection between special legislation and labour law. The aim of the authors is to point out the relationship between the current legislation on prelegal relations between the mayor and his leadership duties and powers and to identify barriers in the implementation of the concept of smart cities in the Slovak Republic. The objective of the scientific study is determined based directly on current needs and emerging practical issues. Understanding and applying these correctly has a fundamental impact on the possibilities of rules in local government. Methodologically, our research relies on the basic methods of scientific abstraction in the context of the analysis of de lege lata legislation with a thorough application of the methods of legal logic. The authors draw attention to the partial questions of the labour status and educational census of the Mayor of the Municipality in the context of smart city concept and propose solutions.
{"title":"Local Leader and the Labour Law Position in the Context of the Smart City Concept through the Optics of the EU","authors":"Vladimíra Žofčinová, A. Čajková, Rastislav Král","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article discusses the implementation of the global concepts of smart city or smart municipality at the local level, focusing on the importance of mayor as a leader and his competencies in this context. The status of elected representatives of self-government in the branch of labour law is legislatively only marginally regulated, with insufficient terminological and functional interconnection between special legislation and labour law. The aim of the authors is to point out the relationship between the current legislation on prelegal relations between the mayor and his leadership duties and powers and to identify barriers in the implementation of the concept of smart cities in the Slovak Republic. The objective of the scientific study is determined based directly on current needs and emerging practical issues. Understanding and applying these correctly has a fundamental impact on the possibilities of rules in local government. Methodologically, our research relies on the basic methods of scientific abstraction in the context of the analysis of de lege lata legislation with a thorough application of the methods of legal logic. The authors draw attention to the partial questions of the labour status and educational census of the Mayor of the Municipality in the context of smart city concept and propose solutions.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"3 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47532601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The availability of open data has increased dramatically, partly in reaction to several types of government agencies publishing their raw data. Access to and use of open data is not only essential for the development of public policy and delivery of various services, but it is also of eminent value for private (and often economic) purposes. To meet these demands, the availability of open data has increased dramatically both domestically and EU-wide. Nevertheless, it is still access to and use of personal data which is usually in the spotlight of public—and also legal—debates. Contributing to fill this gap, this paper analyses the significance of open data and the resulting challenges imposed by the widespread lack of specific open data policies. The paper also provides an overview of the existing systems used in Estonian governance to ensure access to open information, but also highlights the shortcomings, before it finally makes proposals on how to improve open data disclosure practices in Estonia.
{"title":"Open Data: A Stepchild in e-Estonia’s Data Management Strategy?","authors":"Elsa-Maria Tropp, Thomas Hoffmann, Archil Chochia","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The availability of open data has increased dramatically, partly in reaction to several types of government agencies publishing their raw data. Access to and use of open data is not only essential for the development of public policy and delivery of various services, but it is also of eminent value for private (and often economic) purposes. To meet these demands, the availability of open data has increased dramatically both domestically and EU-wide. Nevertheless, it is still access to and use of personal data which is usually in the spotlight of public—and also legal—debates. Contributing to fill this gap, this paper analyses the significance of open data and the resulting challenges imposed by the widespread lack of specific open data policies. The paper also provides an overview of the existing systems used in Estonian governance to ensure access to open information, but also highlights the shortcomings, before it finally makes proposals on how to improve open data disclosure practices in Estonia.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"123 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41415451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The European Union is a unique political process in the world. It continuously integrates different aspects creating a communality among its Member States. The process of integration responds to the necessities of the organization to adapt to the social, political, and economic reality and solving the dysfunctionalities arisen from the process. Currently, digitalization is a process required to adapt the European Union to the reality, to provide a common frame to an existing digital world. Therefore, the EU needs to respond the requirements of the society for the implementation of European standards in a new, but already relevant, area. In addition, the EU drag from the past dysfunctionalities that can be addressed thanks to the new possibilities generated by the digitalization of politics and economy. This research analyses both the necessity of adapting and solving previous obstacles under the prism of the available digital solutions.
{"title":"The European Union Facing the 21st Century: The Digital Revolution","authors":"D. Troitino","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The European Union is a unique political process in the world. It continuously integrates different aspects creating a communality among its Member States. The process of integration responds to the necessities of the organization to adapt to the social, political, and economic reality and solving the dysfunctionalities arisen from the process. Currently, digitalization is a process required to adapt the European Union to the reality, to provide a common frame to an existing digital world. Therefore, the EU needs to respond the requirements of the society for the implementation of European standards in a new, but already relevant, area. In addition, the EU drag from the past dysfunctionalities that can be addressed thanks to the new possibilities generated by the digitalization of politics and economy. This research analyses both the necessity of adapting and solving previous obstacles under the prism of the available digital solutions.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"12 1","pages":"60 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47188787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article focuses on the intersections of the regulation of electronic identification as provided in the eIDAS Regulation and data protection rules in the European Union. The first part of the article is devoted to the explanation of the basic notions and framework related to the electronic identity in the European Union— the eIDAS Regulation. The second part of the article discusses specific intersections of the eIDAS Regulation with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), specifically scope, the general data protection clause and mainly personal data processing in the context of mutual recognition of electronic identification means. The article aims to discuss the overlapping issues of the regulation of the GDPR and the eIDAS Regulation and provides a further guide for interpretation and implementation of the outcomes in practice.
{"title":"Those Who Shall Be Identified: The Data Protection Aspects of the Legal Framework for Electronic Identification in the European Union","authors":"Jozef Andraško, Matúš Mesarčík","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2021-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2021-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article focuses on the intersections of the regulation of electronic identification as provided in the eIDAS Regulation and data protection rules in the European Union. The first part of the article is devoted to the explanation of the basic notions and framework related to the electronic identity in the European Union— the eIDAS Regulation. The second part of the article discusses specific intersections of the eIDAS Regulation with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), specifically scope, the general data protection clause and mainly personal data processing in the context of mutual recognition of electronic identification means. The article aims to discuss the overlapping issues of the regulation of the GDPR and the eIDAS Regulation and provides a further guide for interpretation and implementation of the outcomes in practice.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"3 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44103761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Every taxable arrangement is subject to an anti-abuse test. Abusive arrangements are treated as not valid for tax purposes, which is similar to the treatment of artificial arrangements in civil law. The European Union has introduced in its Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive a general anti-abuse test which must be transposed into the domestic laws of Member States. Such a test has its inner structure, consisting of an elimination and requalification stage, while the elimination stage entails genuineness and a tax benefit test. The general anti-abuse test has a great potential (or scalability when speaking in the language of start-ups) of being automated and integrated into different legal application processes (such as taxpayer self-assessment systems, transactions certified by public notary or merger and acquisition deals) to discover debt push down abuses or other arrangement structures which may have abusive content. While the best method for create a reliable algorithm is a decision tree type model, the inner ambiguity of the general anti-abuse test prevents using the full benefits of automation of tax laws. The purpose of this article is to design a decision tree type model for the test and address the main challenges of such a model, both from the perspective of the clarity of concepts and the quality of input information such an engine would use.
{"title":"Legal Engineering of the Anti-Abuse Rule in ATAD: Architecture of the Regression Tree Model","authors":"Kaido Künnapas","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2021-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2021-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Every taxable arrangement is subject to an anti-abuse test. Abusive arrangements are treated as not valid for tax purposes, which is similar to the treatment of artificial arrangements in civil law. The European Union has introduced in its Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive a general anti-abuse test which must be transposed into the domestic laws of Member States. Such a test has its inner structure, consisting of an elimination and requalification stage, while the elimination stage entails genuineness and a tax benefit test. The general anti-abuse test has a great potential (or scalability when speaking in the language of start-ups) of being automated and integrated into different legal application processes (such as taxpayer self-assessment systems, transactions certified by public notary or merger and acquisition deals) to discover debt push down abuses or other arrangement structures which may have abusive content. While the best method for create a reliable algorithm is a decision tree type model, the inner ambiguity of the general anti-abuse test prevents using the full benefits of automation of tax laws. The purpose of this article is to design a decision tree type model for the test and address the main challenges of such a model, both from the perspective of the clarity of concepts and the quality of input information such an engine would use.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"65 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44651940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Personal data protection is one of the important areas of the EU’s operation and the general public is especially aware of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). However, personal data protection has been an issue in the EU for a long time. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) plays a major role in personal data protection as their function is to interpret EU law and thus also EU legislation related to personal data protection. Until now, research papers have tackled specific issues related to interpreting EU legislation or analyses of specific decisions made by the CJEU. However, no comprehensive empirical legal study has been published so far which would evaluate the decision-making of the CJEU in the area of personal data protection using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Therefore, no analysis has been carried out to determine how many decisions of the CJEU have been related to personal data protection, how their number has increased, or which participants and from which areas have participated in the proceedings. The results of the analysis presented here can be used as a basis for studying the future development of the CJEU’s decision-making in the area of personal data protection in relation to digitization and especially to the COVID-19 pandemic, which undoubtedly has contributed to a significant increase in online communication, posing new challenges towards a more efficient personal data protection in the online world.
{"title":"Personal Data Protection in the Decision-Making of the CJEU Before and After the Lisbon Treaty","authors":"Ondřej Pavelek, Drahomíra Zajíčková","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2021-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2021-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Personal data protection is one of the important areas of the EU’s operation and the general public is especially aware of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). However, personal data protection has been an issue in the EU for a long time. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) plays a major role in personal data protection as their function is to interpret EU law and thus also EU legislation related to personal data protection. Until now, research papers have tackled specific issues related to interpreting EU legislation or analyses of specific decisions made by the CJEU. However, no comprehensive empirical legal study has been published so far which would evaluate the decision-making of the CJEU in the area of personal data protection using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Therefore, no analysis has been carried out to determine how many decisions of the CJEU have been related to personal data protection, how their number has increased, or which participants and from which areas have participated in the proceedings. The results of the analysis presented here can be used as a basis for studying the future development of the CJEU’s decision-making in the area of personal data protection in relation to digitization and especially to the COVID-19 pandemic, which undoubtedly has contributed to a significant increase in online communication, posing new challenges towards a more efficient personal data protection in the online world.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"167 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46608098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In recent years, Poland has seen an increased migration of people to cities, which translates into significant urban population growth. This, in turn, raises new challenges in the performance of cities’ tasks and responsibilities. Additionally, climate changes and the depletion of natural resources necessitate the modification of existing urban practices. Polish cities seek solutions which would enable social, economic and environmental demands to be reconciled so that urban spaces become friendly for the city’s inhabitants and investors. Some Polish cities have applied the smart city concept to solve their problems. Despite the fact that the concept has been the subject of scientific research for many years, no universal definition of the smart city has been agreed upon. Analyzed assumptions of the smart city concept as well as the Polish experiences in the implementation indicate that the concept is dynamic and changes over time. It should be considered as a perpetual process unrestricted by a specific timeframe. This impedes the formulation of uniform, generally accepted assumptions of the concept since its existence is inscribed in the change related to urban development. This article claims that this would be a beneficial approach for formulating the general characteristics of the smart city that could be applicable to any city, and that could be employed regardless of the present challenges cities may face.
{"title":"The Polish Experience in the Development of Smart Cities","authors":"Magdalena Kisała","doi":"10.2478/bjes-2021-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2021-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent years, Poland has seen an increased migration of people to cities, which translates into significant urban population growth. This, in turn, raises new challenges in the performance of cities’ tasks and responsibilities. Additionally, climate changes and the depletion of natural resources necessitate the modification of existing urban practices. Polish cities seek solutions which would enable social, economic and environmental demands to be reconciled so that urban spaces become friendly for the city’s inhabitants and investors. Some Polish cities have applied the smart city concept to solve their problems. Despite the fact that the concept has been the subject of scientific research for many years, no universal definition of the smart city has been agreed upon. Analyzed assumptions of the smart city concept as well as the Polish experiences in the implementation indicate that the concept is dynamic and changes over time. It should be considered as a perpetual process unrestricted by a specific timeframe. This impedes the formulation of uniform, generally accepted assumptions of the concept since its existence is inscribed in the change related to urban development. This article claims that this would be a beneficial approach for formulating the general characteristics of the smart city that could be applicable to any city, and that could be employed regardless of the present challenges cities may face.","PeriodicalId":29836,"journal":{"name":"TalTech Journal of European Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"48 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48845059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：