Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019100105
Marcelo de Oliveira Costa Machado, E. Barrére, J. Souza
Adaptive curriculum sequencing (ACS) is still a challenge in the adaptive learning field. ACS is a NP-hard problem especially considering the several constraints of the student and the learning material when selecting a sequence from repositories where several sequences could be chosen. Therefore, this has stimulated several researchers to use evolutionary approaches in the search for satisfactory solutions. This work explores the use of an adaptation of the prey-predator algorithm for the ACS problem. Pedagogical experiments with a real student dataset and convergence experiments with a synthetic dataset have shown that the proposed solution is suitable for the problem, although it is a solution not yet explored in the adaptive learning literature.
{"title":"Solving the Adaptive Curriculum Sequencing Problem with Prey-Predator Algorithm","authors":"Marcelo de Oliveira Costa Machado, E. Barrére, J. Souza","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019100105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019100105","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive curriculum sequencing (ACS) is still a challenge in the adaptive learning field. ACS is a NP-hard problem especially considering the several constraints of the student and the learning material when selecting a sequence from repositories where several sequences could be chosen. Therefore, this has stimulated several researchers to use evolutionary approaches in the search for satisfactory solutions. This work explores the use of an adaptation of the prey-predator algorithm for the ACS problem. Pedagogical experiments with a real student dataset and convergence experiments with a synthetic dataset have shown that the proposed solution is suitable for the problem, although it is a solution not yet explored in the adaptive learning literature.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131349483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019100104
Benazir Quadir, N. Chen, Jie-Chi Yang
This study aimed to gain insights into the differences in perceptions of blog writing of two types of writers (i.e., digital natives [DNs] vs. digital immigrants [DIs]). The study focused on the generational literature and Web 2.0 as an online writing platform, investigating the generational differences in DN and DI writers' perceptions on a blog-based writing platform. The “WritingGen” blog was developed for this study to provide a web-based writing place to facilitate writers' writing and editing practices. An empirical study was conducted involving 34 Taiwanese blog writers with five hypotheses to be verified. Data were analyzed using independent samples t tests and logistic regression. The results revealed that the DN writers have significantly more positive attitudes toward blog writing, higher frequencies in blog-based writing behavior, perceived higher satisfaction, and higher knowledge acquisition than the DI writers. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications are provided.
{"title":"Investigation of the Generational Differences of Two Types of Blog Writers: The Generation Gap Influence","authors":"Benazir Quadir, N. Chen, Jie-Chi Yang","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019100104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019100104","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to gain insights into the differences in perceptions of blog writing of two types of writers (i.e., digital natives [DNs] vs. digital immigrants [DIs]). The study focused on the generational literature and Web 2.0 as an online writing platform, investigating the generational differences in DN and DI writers' perceptions on a blog-based writing platform. The “WritingGen” blog was developed for this study to provide a web-based writing place to facilitate writers' writing and editing practices. An empirical study was conducted involving 34 Taiwanese blog writers with five hypotheses to be verified. Data were analyzed using independent samples t tests and logistic regression. The results revealed that the DN writers have significantly more positive attitudes toward blog writing, higher frequencies in blog-based writing behavior, perceived higher satisfaction, and higher knowledge acquisition than the DI writers. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications are provided.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122305748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019100103
Koun-Tem Sun, MengShun Chen
From random interviews of mathematics teachers, the researchers are conscious that students have difficulties in solving problems regarding compound body volume measurement. The researchers found the main factor involved in the difficulties was incomplete spatial concepts. Augmented reality (AR), which is a kind of educational technology, has been widely applied in the educational field in recent years. AR provides two- or three-dimensional objects and/or information and interaction with them. These characteristics can compensate for the insufficient characterization of compound-body volume in traditional education environments. The paper studies evaluation in utilizing free augmented reality to learn volumetric measurement of compound bodies to complete spatial concepts as well as improve the students' learning performance. The finding suggests that the positive impact on visualization and interaction as well as attitude lead students to be more engaged in learning activities with less cognitive effort, resulting in better learning performance.
{"title":"Utilizing Free Augmented Reality App for Learning Geometry at Elementary School in Taiwan: Take Volumetric Measurement of Compound Body for Example","authors":"Koun-Tem Sun, MengShun Chen","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019100103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019100103","url":null,"abstract":"From random interviews of mathematics teachers, the researchers are conscious that students have difficulties in solving problems regarding compound body volume measurement. The researchers found the main factor involved in the difficulties was incomplete spatial concepts. Augmented reality (AR), which is a kind of educational technology, has been widely applied in the educational field in recent years. AR provides two- or three-dimensional objects and/or information and interaction with them. These characteristics can compensate for the insufficient characterization of compound-body volume in traditional education environments. The paper studies evaluation in utilizing free augmented reality to learn volumetric measurement of compound bodies to complete spatial concepts as well as improve the students' learning performance. The finding suggests that the positive impact on visualization and interaction as well as attitude lead students to be more engaged in learning activities with less cognitive effort, resulting in better learning performance.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125647232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019100102
Zhonggen Yu
Studies on gender differences in mobile English learning are in their initial stages. College English IV, designed by a number of professors and engineers in a university in China, serves as a mobile English learning platform. This study aims to determine gender differences in cognitive loads, attitudes, and academic achievements in English language learning assisted with this mobile English learning platform. Through a mixed research design, 79 randomly selected participants join the research, together with interviews and posts to collect qualitative data. Cognitive loads, attitudes, and academic achievements are measured through related scales to collect quantitative data. It is concluded that there are significant gender differences in cognitive loads, attitudes, and academic achievements in English language learning assisted with the mobile learning platform. Future research on gender differences in mobile English learning should also examine relationships between gender differences, learner motivation, achievement goals, and learning outcomes.
{"title":"Gender Differences in Cognitive Loads, Attitudes, and Academic Achievements in Mobile English Learning","authors":"Zhonggen Yu","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019100102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019100102","url":null,"abstract":"Studies on gender differences in mobile English learning are in their initial stages. College English IV, designed by a number of professors and engineers in a university in China, serves as a mobile English learning platform. This study aims to determine gender differences in cognitive loads, attitudes, and academic achievements in English language learning assisted with this mobile English learning platform. Through a mixed research design, 79 randomly selected participants join the research, together with interviews and posts to collect qualitative data. Cognitive loads, attitudes, and academic achievements are measured through related scales to collect quantitative data. It is concluded that there are significant gender differences in cognitive loads, attitudes, and academic achievements in English language learning assisted with the mobile learning platform. Future research on gender differences in mobile English learning should also examine relationships between gender differences, learner motivation, achievement goals, and learning outcomes.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131397973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019070105
V. Vachharajani, J. Pareek
E-learning plays a significant role in educating large number of students. In the delivery of e-learning material, automatic e-assessment has been applied only to some extent in the case of free response answers in highly technical diagrams in domains like software engineering, electronics, etc., where there is a great scope of imagination and wide variations in answers. Therefore, the automatic assessment of diagrammatic answers is a challenging task. In this article, algorithms that compute the syntactic and semantic similarities of nodes to fulfill the objective of automatic assessment of use-case diagrams are described. To illustrate the performance of these algorithms, students' use-case diagrams are matched with model use-case diagram. Results from 13,749 labels of 445 student answers based on 14 different scenarios are analyzed to provide quantitative and qualitative feedback. No comparable study has been reported by any other label matching algorithms before in the research literature.
{"title":"Framework To Approximate Label Matching For Automatic Assessment Of Use-Case Diagram","authors":"V. Vachharajani, J. Pareek","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019070105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019070105","url":null,"abstract":"E-learning plays a significant role in educating large number of students. In the delivery of e-learning material, automatic e-assessment has been applied only to some extent in the case of free response answers in highly technical diagrams in domains like software engineering, electronics, etc., where there is a great scope of imagination and wide variations in answers. Therefore, the automatic assessment of diagrammatic answers is a challenging task. In this article, algorithms that compute the syntactic and semantic similarities of nodes to fulfill the objective of automatic assessment of use-case diagrams are described. To illustrate the performance of these algorithms, students' use-case diagrams are matched with model use-case diagram. Results from 13,749 labels of 445 student answers based on 14 different scenarios are analyzed to provide quantitative and qualitative feedback. No comparable study has been reported by any other label matching algorithms before in the research literature.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"15 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127638890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019070102
Omer Sami Kaya, Huseyin Bicen
Augmented reality (AR) applications can be used in almost all education and training environments. In this study, it reveals the relationship between perceived usefulness, utility and attitudes regarding the use of AR applications in educational environments as well as the relationship between attitude levels and academic achievements. It also reveals the effect of AR application use on academic achievement in education. According to the findings obtained in the study, the followings have been found: the perceived ease of use of students regarding AR applications in educational environments has a strong positive effect on perceived benefit; the perceived benefit and ease of use influence the attitude levels strongly in the positive direction; there is no semantic relation between attitude levels and academic achievement; and the use of AR applications in educational processes increases the academic achievement of students.
{"title":"Study of Augmented Reality Applications Use in Education and Its Effect on the Academic Performance","authors":"Omer Sami Kaya, Huseyin Bicen","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019070102","url":null,"abstract":"Augmented reality (AR) applications can be used in almost all education and training environments. In this study, it reveals the relationship between perceived usefulness, utility and attitudes regarding the use of AR applications in educational environments as well as the relationship between attitude levels and academic achievements. It also reveals the effect of AR application use on academic achievement in education. According to the findings obtained in the study, the followings have been found: the perceived ease of use of students regarding AR applications in educational environments has a strong positive effect on perceived benefit; the perceived benefit and ease of use influence the attitude levels strongly in the positive direction; there is no semantic relation between attitude levels and academic achievement; and the use of AR applications in educational processes increases the academic achievement of students.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121817596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019070104
R. Rodrigues, J. L. C. Ramos, J. S. Silva, Raphael A. Dourado, A. S. Gomes
The increasing use of the Learning Management Systems (LMSs) is making available an ever-growing, volume of data from interactions between teachers and students. This study aimed to develop a model capable of predicting students' academic performance based on indicators of their self-regulated behavior in LMSs. To accomplish this goal, the authors analyzed behavioral data from an LMS platform used in a public University for distance learning courses, collected during a period of seven years. With this data, they developed, evaluated, and compared predictive models using four algorithms: Decision Tree (CART), Logistic Regression, SVM, and Naïve Bayes. The Logistic Regression model yielded the best results in predicting students' academic performance, being able to do so with an accuracy rate of 0.893 and an area under the ROC curve of 0.9574. Finally, they conceived and implemented a dashboard-like interface intended to present the predictions in a user-friendly way to tutors and teachers, so they could use it as a tool to help monitor their students' learning process.
{"title":"Forecasting Students' Performance Through Self-Regulated Learning Behavioral Analysis","authors":"R. Rodrigues, J. L. C. Ramos, J. S. Silva, Raphael A. Dourado, A. S. Gomes","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019070104","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing use of the Learning Management Systems (LMSs) is making available an ever-growing, volume of data from interactions between teachers and students. This study aimed to develop a model capable of predicting students' academic performance based on indicators of their self-regulated behavior in LMSs. To accomplish this goal, the authors analyzed behavioral data from an LMS platform used in a public University for distance learning courses, collected during a period of seven years. With this data, they developed, evaluated, and compared predictive models using four algorithms: Decision Tree (CART), Logistic Regression, SVM, and Naïve Bayes. The Logistic Regression model yielded the best results in predicting students' academic performance, being able to do so with an accuracy rate of 0.893 and an area under the ROC curve of 0.9574. Finally, they conceived and implemented a dashboard-like interface intended to present the predictions in a user-friendly way to tutors and teachers, so they could use it as a tool to help monitor their students' learning process.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127728970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019070101
A. Alshehri, M. Rutter, Sally G. Smith
The rapid growth of e-learning around the globe is inspiring various academic institutions to adopt it. Uptake is motivated by convincing benefits such as flexibility, accessibility and the management of course delivery. In fact, academic institutions place great emphasis on e-learning and are investing significantly in information technology infrastructures. However, in spite of this effort and investment, it seems that instructors and students do not always fully benefit from the learning technology and more often learning management systems (LMSs) remain underutilized. Thus, this study adopts the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to study how people accept and use the Blackboard system. The data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques to test the hypothesized research model. The empirical results found that technical support is fundamental in determining the acceptance and use of e-learning systems. The findings of the study may help to provide insights into a better approach to promote e-learning acceptance.
{"title":"An Implementation of the UTAUT Model for Understanding Students' Perceptions of Learning Management Systems: A Study Within Tertiary Institutions in Saudi Arabia","authors":"A. Alshehri, M. Rutter, Sally G. Smith","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019070101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019070101","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of e-learning around the globe is inspiring various academic institutions to adopt it. Uptake is motivated by convincing benefits such as flexibility, accessibility and the management of course delivery. In fact, academic institutions place great emphasis on e-learning and are investing significantly in information technology infrastructures. However, in spite of this effort and investment, it seems that instructors and students do not always fully benefit from the learning technology and more often learning management systems (LMSs) remain underutilized. Thus, this study adopts the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) to study how people accept and use the Blackboard system. The data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques to test the hypothesized research model. The empirical results found that technical support is fundamental in determining the acceptance and use of e-learning systems. The findings of the study may help to provide insights into a better approach to promote e-learning acceptance.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131411987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019040104
D. Ismaeel, Ensaf Nasser Al Mulhim
This article focuses on comparing two e-learning strategies (cooperative versus collaborative) in terms of developing preservice teachers' skills in designing one of the modern Web 2.0 assessment tools (i.e., e-portfolio) and their effects on product quality and achievement motivation towards designing e-portfolio. After the experiment involving 80 students from the third level at the faculty of education, King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia, during the first semester of the school year 2017/2018, a questionnaire on achievement motivation and a product quality assessment card were used. The results show no significant difference between the two e-learning strategies regarding students' achievement motivation. On the other hand, there is a significant difference in product quality in favor of cooperative e-learning. The study highlights social-network based e-learning strategies of developing preservice teachers' teaching and evaluating skills that they need to apply in the new digital era.
{"title":"Impact of E-Learning Strategies to Design E-Portfolio on Achievement Motivation and Product Quality","authors":"D. Ismaeel, Ensaf Nasser Al Mulhim","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019040104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019040104","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on comparing two e-learning strategies (cooperative versus collaborative) in terms of developing preservice teachers' skills in designing one of the modern Web 2.0 assessment tools (i.e., e-portfolio) and their effects on product quality and achievement motivation towards designing e-portfolio. After the experiment involving 80 students from the third level at the faculty of education, King Faisal University in Saudi Arabia, during the first semester of the school year 2017/2018, a questionnaire on achievement motivation and a product quality assessment card were used. The results show no significant difference between the two e-learning strategies regarding students' achievement motivation. On the other hand, there is a significant difference in product quality in favor of cooperative e-learning. The study highlights social-network based e-learning strategies of developing preservice teachers' teaching and evaluating skills that they need to apply in the new digital era.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128976540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.4018/IJDET.2019040101
Orit Zeichner
Extroversion and introversion are two of the personality variables mentioned in the context of learning and achievements. The present article examines the performance of students in a distance learning environment, focusing on the issue of the distinct effect of specific personality attributes (in this case, extroversion and introversion). The study included 171 respondents divided into three research groups. Each group received a different form of feedback – content feedback, effort feedback and ability feedback. Significant differences were found between the groups that received ability or effort feedback and the group that received only content feedback. Relationships were found between extroversion-introversion and the changes that occurred in motivation and achievements. It seems that extroverts benefited considerably from ability and effort feedback rather than content feedback.
{"title":"The Relationship Between Extrovert/Introvert Attributes and Feedback on Students' Achievements","authors":"Orit Zeichner","doi":"10.4018/IJDET.2019040101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2019040101","url":null,"abstract":"Extroversion and introversion are two of the personality variables mentioned in the context of learning and achievements. The present article examines the performance of students in a distance learning environment, focusing on the issue of the distinct effect of specific personality attributes (in this case, extroversion and introversion). The study included 171 respondents divided into three research groups. Each group received a different form of feedback – content feedback, effort feedback and ability feedback. Significant differences were found between the groups that received ability or effort feedback and the group that received only content feedback. Relationships were found between extroversion-introversion and the changes that occurred in motivation and achievements. It seems that extroverts benefited considerably from ability and effort feedback rather than content feedback.","PeriodicalId":298910,"journal":{"name":"Int. J. Distance Educ. Technol.","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116974390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：