Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n14653
A. K. Ayinla, Glory Ndifrekeabasi Ekpo, Ilelabayo Ismail Adebisi, M. Adetunji
Acoustic design is an important consideration in the design of lecture theaters (LTs); it has a significant impact on communication between students and instructors, their hearing comfort levels, lecture outputs and their overall performance. However, despite the significant role acoustic design plays in LTs, it has not received a significant attention both in design and literature in the developing countries especially Nigeria. This study is hence aimed at assessing the acoustic properties of lecture theaters in Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Ogbomoso with a view to establishing the design requirements for effective acoustic comfort in lecture theatres in Nigeria. Seven (58.33%) lecture theaters were randomly selected out of a total of 12 available in the study area and were objectively analysed. Shape of the lecture theaters, wall, floor, ceiling and furniture surface finishes were physically observed and their sound absorbing coefficients were evaluated and compared with data obtained from the Bureau of standards for the sound absorption coefficients, ISO 354 and literature. The total surface absorption coefficients of materials and surface area were used to calculate the Reverberation Time (RT) using Wallace Sabine model and results was compared with RT standard of between 0.5 and 1.0s recommended by scholars Odoh and Urenyang for LTs in Nigeria. The study observed that walls, floor and ceiling surfaces were treated with materials of low sound absorbing coefficients while only the ceilings were treated with high coefficient materials, the effect was observed in the RT values obtained. It was observed that only 3 (42.86%) LTs have their RTs within the recommended standards and hence are capable of providing good acoustic comfort for users while 4 (57.14%) LTs have excessive RT implying likely acoustic discomfort. The study recommended that materials with high sound absorbing coefficients be used for building component finishes and acoustic decisions should be taken right from design inception stage.
声学设计是演讲厅设计中的一个重要考虑因素。它对学生和教师之间的交流、他们的听力舒适度、演讲产出和整体表现都有重大影响。然而，尽管声学设计在轻型汽车中扮演着重要的角色，但在发展中国家，尤其是尼日利亚，声学设计在设计和文献中都没有得到很大的关注。因此，本研究旨在评估Ladoke Akintola Technology University of Technology (LAUTECH) Ogbomoso演讲厅的声学特性，以期确定尼日利亚演讲厅有效声学舒适性的设计要求。从研究区域12个报告厅中随机抽取7个(58.33%)报告厅进行客观分析。物理观察了报告厅的形状、墙壁、地板、天花板和家具表面饰面，并评估了它们的吸声系数，并将其与来自标准局吸声系数、ISO 354和文献的数据进行了比较。采用Wallace Sabine模型，利用材料的总表面吸收系数和表面积计算混响时间(Reverberation Time, RT)，并与Odoh和Urenyang学者为尼日利亚LTs推荐的0.5 ~ 1.0s的混响时间标准进行比较。研究发现，墙壁、地板和天花板表面均采用低吸声系数的材料处理，而天花板仅采用高吸声系数的材料处理，其影响体现在所得的RT值上。据观察，只有3个(42.86%)LTs的RT值在推荐标准内，因此能够为用户提供良好的声舒适，而4个(57.14%)LTs的RT值过高，这意味着可能存在声不适。该研究建议使用具有高吸声系数的材料作为建筑构件的饰面，并且应该从设计开始阶段就做出声学决定。
{"title":"Assessment of Acoustic Properties of Lecture Theatres in Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria","authors":"A. K. Ayinla, Glory Ndifrekeabasi Ekpo, Ilelabayo Ismail Adebisi, M. Adetunji","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n14653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n14653","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustic design is an important consideration in the design of lecture theaters (LTs); it has a significant impact on communication between students and instructors, their hearing comfort levels, lecture outputs and their overall performance. However, despite the significant role acoustic design plays in LTs, it has not received a significant attention both in design and literature in the developing countries especially Nigeria. This study is hence aimed at assessing the acoustic properties of lecture theaters in Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Ogbomoso with a view to establishing the design requirements for effective acoustic comfort in lecture theatres in Nigeria. Seven (58.33%) lecture theaters were randomly selected out of a total of 12 available in the study area and were objectively analysed. Shape of the lecture theaters, wall, floor, ceiling and furniture surface finishes were physically observed and their sound absorbing coefficients were evaluated and compared with data obtained from the Bureau of standards for the sound absorption coefficients, ISO 354 and literature. The total surface absorption coefficients of materials and surface area were used to calculate the Reverberation Time (RT) using Wallace Sabine model and results was compared with RT standard of between 0.5 and 1.0s recommended by scholars Odoh and Urenyang for LTs in Nigeria. The study observed that walls, floor and ceiling surfaces were treated with materials of low sound absorbing coefficients while only the ceilings were treated with high coefficient materials, the effect was observed in the RT values obtained. It was observed that only 3 (42.86%) LTs have their RTs within the recommended standards and hence are capable of providing good acoustic comfort for users while 4 (57.14%) LTs have excessive RT implying likely acoustic discomfort. The study recommended that materials with high sound absorbing coefficients be used for building component finishes and acoustic decisions should be taken right from design inception stage.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115997276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n15474
Irekefe A. Moses
Energy consumption in cement factories is an important issue for the government as well as private organizations. The cement manufacturing industrial sector has become the worldwide energy consumer accounting for over 40% of overall energy consumption by the industrial sub-sector. Most of the thermal energy consumption by a cement manufacturing plant occurs in the Pyro-processing unit. Thus, the energy audit of the cement plant is an essential exercise to promote energy retrofitting measures. The aim of the energy audit is to reduce energy consumption in the plant, reduce energy costs and identify possible Energy Conservation and Management Opportunities (ECMOs). The aim of this study was to review the techniques of energy auditing which include Mass (Material) balance and Energy balance by considering energy conservation in the form of thermal energy that helps to fill the gap in energy efficiency improvement, policy development, and environmental analysis. Using the operational data of Kiln system of Messobo Cement obtained from the literature, the heat losses were quantified for major energy consuming components of the system using both the mass and thermal energy balance approach. The production line's capacity for clinker was 145.4 tons per hour, and both burners received a combined 25 tons of coal per hour. Energy balance tests were conducted in all areas of the pyro processing systems, and the findings revealed significant energy losses from the surface of the kiln systems, kiln exhaust, and cooler exhaust.
{"title":"Review on Thermal Energy Audit of Pyro-Processing Unit of a Cement Plant","authors":"Irekefe A. Moses","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n15474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n15474","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption in cement factories is an important issue for the government as well as private organizations. The cement manufacturing industrial sector has become the worldwide energy consumer accounting for over 40% of overall energy consumption by the industrial sub-sector. Most of the thermal energy consumption by a cement manufacturing plant occurs in the Pyro-processing unit. Thus, the energy audit of the cement plant is an essential exercise to promote energy retrofitting measures. The aim of the energy audit is to reduce energy consumption in the plant, reduce energy costs and identify possible Energy Conservation and Management Opportunities (ECMOs). The aim of this study was to review the techniques of energy auditing which include Mass (Material) balance and Energy balance by considering energy conservation in the form of thermal energy that helps to fill the gap in energy efficiency improvement, policy development, and environmental analysis. Using the operational data of Kiln system of Messobo Cement obtained from the literature, the heat losses were quantified for major energy consuming components of the system using both the mass and thermal energy balance approach. The production line's capacity for clinker was 145.4 tons per hour, and both burners received a combined 25 tons of coal per hour. Energy balance tests were conducted in all areas of the pyro processing systems, and the findings revealed significant energy losses from the surface of the kiln systems, kiln exhaust, and cooler exhaust.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131172740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n1132
Edward T. Bristol-Alagbariya
There are ongoing international initiatives on how to protect the environment towards sustainable development (SD). These initiatives range from those of the United Nations (UN) to those of other international organizations and institutions. At the level of the UN, these initiatives are mainly its conferences and summits, which may be considered as the UN SRJRS Process. The UN SRJRS Process refers to the cities in which various UN conferences and summits on the environment and development towards SD have so far been convened, namely Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm. So, these UN conferences and summits are the (i) UN Conference on the Human Environment, held at Stockholm, in 1972; (ii) UN Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro, in 1992; (iii) World Summit on SD, held at Johannesburg, in 2002; (iv) UN Conference on SD (Rio+20), held again at Rio de Janeiro, in 2012; and (v) the Stockholm+50, which was held again in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 2022. The UN SRJRS Process and their outcome documents and progressively ongoing strategies are aimed at protecting the environment in the course of development, so as to achieve SD in UN’s member states and territories around the globe, in the interest of humans and society at large. Desertification, which may arise from deforestation, is an environmental problem associated with forests. Internationally, forests are regulated by the UN Statement of Forest Principles, 1992, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, the Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), 1994, and other relevant multilateral conventions, as well as international agreements and efforts associated with forests. This study thus examines the UNCCD, 1994, as a worldwide shared vision and a comprehensive multilateral environmental regulatory mechanism, designed to combat desertification, through relevant implementation measures, such as policies, laws, institutional regulatory frameworks and practices in sovereign states and territories around the globe, so as to protect and restore the world’s land, towards a safer, more just and better sustainable future, especially towards achieving relevant goals of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
{"title":"UN Convention to Combat Desertification as an International Environmental Regulatory Framework for Protecting and Restoring the World’s Land towards a Safer, More Just and Sustainable Future","authors":"Edward T. Bristol-Alagbariya","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n1132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n1132","url":null,"abstract":"There are ongoing international initiatives on how to protect the environment towards sustainable development (SD). These initiatives range from those of the United Nations (UN) to those of other international organizations and institutions. At the level of the UN, these initiatives are mainly its conferences and summits, which may be considered as the UN SRJRS Process. The UN SRJRS Process refers to the cities in which various UN conferences and summits on the environment and development towards SD have so far been convened, namely Stockholm, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm. So, these UN conferences and summits are the (i) UN Conference on the Human Environment, held at Stockholm, in 1972; (ii) UN Conference on Environment and Development, held at Rio de Janeiro, in 1992; (iii) World Summit on SD, held at Johannesburg, in 2002; (iv) UN Conference on SD (Rio+20), held again at Rio de Janeiro, in 2012; and (v) the Stockholm+50, which was held again in Stockholm, Sweden, in June 2022. The UN SRJRS Process and their outcome documents and progressively ongoing strategies are aimed at protecting the environment in the course of development, so as to achieve SD in UN’s member states and territories around the globe, in the interest of humans and society at large. Desertification, which may arise from deforestation, is an environmental problem associated with forests. Internationally, forests are regulated by the UN Statement of Forest Principles, 1992, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, the Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), 1994, and other relevant multilateral conventions, as well as international agreements and efforts associated with forests. This study thus examines the UNCCD, 1994, as a worldwide shared vision and a comprehensive multilateral environmental regulatory mechanism, designed to combat desertification, through relevant implementation measures, such as policies, laws, institutional regulatory frameworks and practices in sovereign states and territories around the globe, so as to protect and restore the world’s land, towards a safer, more just and better sustainable future, especially towards achieving relevant goals of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115144133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n13345
O. Adeyemo, Chikanele Asuru
The study empirically investigated the impact of oil exportation on carbon dioxide emission in Nigeria covering the period 1980 to 2020.The study employed preliminary test of Augmented Dickey Fuller and Dickey-Fuller GLS unit root testing procedure while the main estimation technique is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Data for the study is sourced from the World Bank’s development indicators and Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for various years. The dependent variable is carbon dioxide emission (CO2) while explanatory variables includes, oil export (X), gross domestic product (Y) for economic growth, total factor productivity (TFP) for technological progress and innovation, oil price (OP) and nominal exchange rate (EXR). Findings in the study show that the coefficient of oil export exhibit positive effect on carbon dioxide emission but only significant in the short run at 10percent level. The study concludes that the positive value of oil export poses serious environmental threat given the rise in carbon dioxide emission. The study therefore, recommends amongst others that the policymakers particularly the Nigerian government need to diversify the economy from oil-based to non-oil based, which will go a long way in reducing environmental challenge emanating from crude oil production for export. The government should also use the proceeds from oil export to put in place necessary infrastructural facilities that can facilitates production process for both government and private sector activities.
{"title":"Impact of Oil Exports on Carbon Dioxide Emission in Nigeria","authors":"O. Adeyemo, Chikanele Asuru","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n13345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol11n13345","url":null,"abstract":"The study empirically investigated the impact of oil exportation on carbon dioxide emission in Nigeria covering the period 1980 to 2020.The study employed preliminary test of Augmented Dickey Fuller and Dickey-Fuller GLS unit root testing procedure while the main estimation technique is the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Data for the study is sourced from the World Bank’s development indicators and Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin for various years. The dependent variable is carbon dioxide emission (CO2) while explanatory variables includes, oil export (X), gross domestic product (Y) for economic growth, total factor productivity (TFP) for technological progress and innovation, oil price (OP) and nominal exchange rate (EXR). Findings in the study show that the coefficient of oil export exhibit positive effect on carbon dioxide emission but only significant in the short run at 10percent level. The study concludes that the positive value of oil export poses serious environmental threat given the rise in carbon dioxide emission. The study therefore, recommends amongst others that the policymakers particularly the Nigerian government need to diversify the economy from oil-based to non-oil based, which will go a long way in reducing environmental challenge emanating from crude oil production for export. The government should also use the proceeds from oil export to put in place necessary infrastructural facilities that can facilitates production process for both government and private sector activities.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134332348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n3113
E. T. Ochedi
Thermal comfort is an important factor for the design of buildings that offers comfortable indoor environment for the wellbeing of building occupants. There are several residential building typologies at different locations in the world. These includes bungalows, duplexes and block of flats. Despite previous studies on thermal comfort in Nigeria, there is a lack of research data on the performance of different building types, especially in terms of thermal comfort. Hence, this study evolved to investigate three popular types of residential buildings in Nigeria. The research outcome aims to provide data for theoretical evolution on the thermal behavior of these building types. The paper used dynamic thermal simulation, natural ventilation mode to analyze three residential buildings in Lokoja, Nigeria using hourly weather data for a period of 10 years. The simulation results showed that the annual operative temperature for the three cases were 33.360C, 33.620C and 33.650C. This revealed that there is no significant difference between the operative temperatures of the three case studies. However, there were marked differences between both the monthly and annual solar gains of the case buildings. The total annual gains for the three case studies were 24118.27kWh, 20497.90kWh, and 39493.09kWh. Although there was no significant difference in the performances of the case buildings, there performed differently in terms of both operative temperature and solar gains. The simulation results confirmed thermal discomfort in residential buildings in the study area. This calls for improvement in the design of residential buildings in the study area to enhance thermal comfort and reduce energy demand due to overdependence on mechanical cooling systems. This study has provided data that is expected to guide design professionals and other stakeholders in the building industry in their decisions regarding the thermal performance of residential building types in the study area and in similar climates.
{"title":"Simulation Study of Thermal Comfort in Residential Building Types: The Case of Lokoja, Nigeria","authors":"E. T. Ochedi","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n3113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n3113","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal comfort is an important factor for the design of buildings that offers comfortable indoor environment for the wellbeing of building occupants. There are several residential building typologies at different locations in the world. These includes bungalows, duplexes and block of flats. Despite previous studies on thermal comfort in Nigeria, there is a lack of research data on the performance of different building types, especially in terms of thermal comfort. Hence, this study evolved to investigate three popular types of residential buildings in Nigeria. The research outcome aims to provide data for theoretical evolution on the thermal behavior of these building types. The paper used dynamic thermal simulation, natural ventilation mode to analyze three residential buildings in Lokoja, Nigeria using hourly weather data for a period of 10 years. The simulation results showed that the annual operative temperature for the three cases were 33.360C, 33.620C and 33.650C. This revealed that there is no significant difference between the operative temperatures of the three case studies. However, there were marked differences between both the monthly and annual solar gains of the case buildings. The total annual gains for the three case studies were 24118.27kWh, 20497.90kWh, and 39493.09kWh. Although there was no significant difference in the performances of the case buildings, there performed differently in terms of both operative temperature and solar gains. The simulation results confirmed thermal discomfort in residential buildings in the study area. This calls for improvement in the design of residential buildings in the study area to enhance thermal comfort and reduce energy demand due to overdependence on mechanical cooling systems. This study has provided data that is expected to guide design professionals and other stakeholders in the building industry in their decisions regarding the thermal performance of residential building types in the study area and in similar climates.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131346340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n31432
A. Sani, S.A. Danturai,, M. Mohamed, M. B. Abubakar, M.H Kafinga, R. Aliyu, A. Haruna, I. Adam, J. Aliyu, M. Garba, N. Abdullahi
This study was conducted to assess the potential of Jatropha curcas in remediating soils contaminated with heavy metals from hydrocarbon fuel. Matured cuttings of Jatropha plant were planted in the plastic pots filled with soils contaminated with three different level of HMs concentration; 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The aim was to appraise if Jatropha curcas can be used to treat the heavy metals; Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu in the contaminated soils and determine whether the treated metals complied to soil permissible limit concentration of agricultural soils advocated by Nigerian and other related international standards. Findings indicated that all the analysed metals recorded a significant statistical difference with different level of soil contamination (P<0.05). However, despite their concentration achieved compliance at their initial soil contamination, Cu, Zn and Ni were highly removed by Jatropha plant though the latter metal failed compliance to Nigerian standard at both pre and post Jatropha planting period. Moreover, the metals showed highest removal efficiency in the range of 57%-95% at 500mg/kg hydrocarbon fuel soil contamination. In contrast, Cd metal concentration was low and above compliance limit at pre and post Jatropha planting period except at 1000mg/kg hydrocarbon fuel contamination that achieved compliance of United States (US) with removal efficiency in the range of 8%-42%. However, Pb metal concentration was high and variable at both initial contamination and concentration after Jatropha planting, with the metal achieving and failing compliance of some countries at certain level of concentration after the Jatropha phytoremediation. Overall, the outcome of this research indicates that the Jatropha plant has depurated the metals effectively from the contaminated soils particularly Cu, Zn and Ni at 500mg/kg level of contamination despite the fact that the phytoremediation process was within the period of two months. Hence, the continuation of the experiment is needed in order to fully determine the actual period and appropriate level of soil contamination required for the optimum metal phytoremediation and type of metals the Jatropha plant prefers most in terms of the remediation compared to others.
{"title":"Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Agricultural Soil Planted to Jatropha curcas","authors":"A. Sani, S.A. Danturai,, M. Mohamed, M. B. Abubakar, M.H Kafinga, R. Aliyu, A. Haruna, I. Adam, J. Aliyu, M. Garba, N. Abdullahi","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n31432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n31432","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to assess the potential of Jatropha curcas in remediating soils contaminated with heavy metals from hydrocarbon fuel. Matured cuttings of Jatropha plant were planted in the plastic pots filled with soils contaminated with three different level of HMs concentration; 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The aim was to appraise if Jatropha curcas can be used to treat the heavy metals; Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu in the contaminated soils and determine whether the treated metals complied to soil permissible limit concentration of agricultural soils advocated by Nigerian and other related international standards. Findings indicated that all the analysed metals recorded a significant statistical difference with different level of soil contamination (P<0.05). However, despite their concentration achieved compliance at their initial soil contamination, Cu, Zn and Ni were highly removed by Jatropha plant though the latter metal failed compliance to Nigerian standard at both pre and post Jatropha planting period. Moreover, the metals showed highest removal efficiency in the range of 57%-95% at 500mg/kg hydrocarbon fuel soil contamination. In contrast, Cd metal concentration was low and above compliance limit at pre and post Jatropha planting period except at 1000mg/kg hydrocarbon fuel contamination that achieved compliance of United States (US) with removal efficiency in the range of 8%-42%. However, Pb metal concentration was high and variable at both initial contamination and concentration after Jatropha planting, with the metal achieving and failing compliance of some countries at certain level of concentration after the Jatropha phytoremediation. Overall, the outcome of this research indicates that the Jatropha plant has depurated the metals effectively from the contaminated soils particularly Cu, Zn and Ni at 500mg/kg level of contamination despite the fact that the phytoremediation process was within the period of two months. Hence, the continuation of the experiment is needed in order to fully determine the actual period and appropriate level of soil contamination required for the optimum metal phytoremediation and type of metals the Jatropha plant prefers most in terms of the remediation compared to others.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124548028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n33343
U. Yakubu, A. Adeboye, M.C. Baiyegunhi, K.M. Idachaba
Structural failures and the total collapse of mid-rise residential buildings are common phenomena in Nigeria. The rate at which buildings collapse in Nigeria, the frequency of this occurrence, and the magnitude of the losses which are recorded in terms of lives and properties, are becoming alarming. Such incidents are reaching an unprecedented level and have become a major source of concern, not only to the government at all levels but to all stakeholders involved. This paper identifies and examines structural building regulatory implementation and enforcement practices, focusing on stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance in Nigeria. Quantitative data were captured via a structured questionnaire survey of architects, builders, and engineers, with valid responses received from 378 (63%), and semi-structured face-to-face interviews with industry professionals from different disciplines, such as structural engineers, heads of building departments, site managers, architects, quantity surveyors, builders and project site supervisors, enabled stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance to be obtained. Using the software SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis and Nvivo 10 for the qualitative analysis, the quantitative findings revealed that stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance are that these are very low and unsatisfactory. The qualitative findings yielded a large amount of multiple-interlocking reasons for the lack of compliance, which were anchored in inadequate project supervision, poverty levels, inadequate regulatory awareness, and inadequate professional experience. The findings emphasise the need for the Nigerian house-building sector to adopt international best regulatory implementation practices in order to eliminate mid-rise residential building structural failures through short-term and long-term initiative measures. The sector should focus on systemic and attitudinal change, implementation through capacity building and team work, double-loop feedback learning, and a continual evaluation of the implementation process with a view towards improving residential building construction regulatory practices in Nigeria.
{"title":"Towards The Elimination of Residential Building Structural Failures Through International Best Implementation Practices in Nigeria","authors":"U. Yakubu, A. Adeboye, M.C. Baiyegunhi, K.M. Idachaba","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n33343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10n33343","url":null,"abstract":"Structural failures and the total collapse of mid-rise residential buildings are common phenomena in Nigeria. The rate at which buildings collapse in Nigeria, the frequency of this occurrence, and the magnitude of the losses which are recorded in terms of lives and properties, are becoming alarming. Such incidents are reaching an unprecedented level and have become a major source of concern, not only to the government at all levels but to all stakeholders involved. This paper identifies and examines structural building regulatory implementation and enforcement practices, focusing on stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance in Nigeria. Quantitative data were captured via a structured questionnaire survey of architects, builders, and engineers, with valid responses received from 378 (63%), and semi-structured face-to-face interviews with industry professionals from different disciplines, such as structural engineers, heads of building departments, site managers, architects, quantity surveyors, builders and project site supervisors, enabled stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance to be obtained. Using the software SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis and Nvivo 10 for the qualitative analysis, the quantitative findings revealed that stakeholders’ perceptions of building regulatory enforcement and compliance are that these are very low and unsatisfactory. The qualitative findings yielded a large amount of multiple-interlocking reasons for the lack of compliance, which were anchored in inadequate project supervision, poverty levels, inadequate regulatory awareness, and inadequate professional experience. The findings emphasise the need for the Nigerian house-building sector to adopt international best regulatory implementation practices in order to eliminate mid-rise residential building structural failures through short-term and long-term initiative measures. The sector should focus on systemic and attitudinal change, implementation through capacity building and team work, double-loop feedback learning, and a continual evaluation of the implementation process with a view towards improving residential building construction regulatory practices in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134224959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13vo10n2pp114
Onome Christopher Aruawamedor, S. Okotie
The objective of this research is to isolate and identify hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria for biopolymer synthesis and application in the augmentation of Nigerian heavy crude oil recovery. MEOR refers to the process of injecting either indigenous or non-indigenous microbes into hydrocarbon reserves. Injecting microorganisms with nutritional broth facilitate the formation of essential metabolites such as biosurfactants, biopolymers, and gases, resulting in decreased interfacial tension, viscosity modification, and mobility control. It is environmentally friendly, less expensive to implement, and requires minimal or no changes to the existing infrastructure. A soil sample from a hydrocarbon-contaminated site in Ogoniland was collected and sent to a laboratory for physicochemical and microbiological investigation. Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, and Klebsiella sp were biochemically identified after screening three isolates for biopolymer production using Sudan black solution. To assess the ideal growth and biopolymer synthesis capability under reservoir conditions, a variety of pH, temperature, salinity, carbon, and nitrogen nutrition sources were applied to selected microorganisms. Peptone is the optimal nitrogen source for Bacillus sp, glucose is the optimal carbon source for Bacillus sp, and glycerol is the optimal carbon source for Pseudomonas sp and Klebsiella sp, as indicated by the results. In addition, the following are the ideal parameter ranges for the three microorganisms: pH 7–8, a temperature range between 25 and 350 degrees Celsius, and a salinity range between 0.5 and 5% are all desirable conditions for a body of water. After inoculation with microorganisms and the optimum nutrient source, an additional recovery range of 18.33% to 29.09% of the pore capacity was achieved. The post-recovery analysis uncovered a remarkable transformation of heavy crude to light hydrocarbon components by an average of 20.33 percent with glucose and 97.27 percent with peptone.
{"title":"Characterization and Application of Biopolymer Producing Bacteria for Enhanced Oil Recovery","authors":"Onome Christopher Aruawamedor, S. Okotie","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13vo10n2pp114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13vo10n2pp114","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research is to isolate and identify hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria for biopolymer synthesis and application in the augmentation of Nigerian heavy crude oil recovery. MEOR refers to the process of injecting either indigenous or non-indigenous microbes into hydrocarbon reserves. Injecting microorganisms with nutritional broth facilitate the formation of essential metabolites such as biosurfactants, biopolymers, and gases, resulting in decreased interfacial tension, viscosity modification, and mobility control. It is environmentally friendly, less expensive to implement, and requires minimal or no changes to the existing infrastructure. A soil sample from a hydrocarbon-contaminated site in Ogoniland was collected and sent to a laboratory for physicochemical and microbiological investigation. Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, and Klebsiella sp were biochemically identified after screening three isolates for biopolymer production using Sudan black solution. To assess the ideal growth and biopolymer synthesis capability under reservoir conditions, a variety of pH, temperature, salinity, carbon, and nitrogen nutrition sources were applied to selected microorganisms. Peptone is the optimal nitrogen source for Bacillus sp, glucose is the optimal carbon source for Bacillus sp, and glycerol is the optimal carbon source for Pseudomonas sp and Klebsiella sp, as indicated by the results. In addition, the following are the ideal parameter ranges for the three microorganisms: pH 7–8, a temperature range between 25 and 350 degrees Celsius, and a salinity range between 0.5 and 5% are all desirable conditions for a body of water. After inoculation with microorganisms and the optimum nutrient source, an additional recovery range of 18.33% to 29.09% of the pore capacity was achieved. The post-recovery analysis uncovered a remarkable transformation of heavy crude to light hydrocarbon components by an average of 20.33 percent with glucose and 97.27 percent with peptone.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122247676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10no1pp.1-13
Research on electricity load forecasting has been well circulated in journals. However, this was not particularly well done in the tropics. After all, forecasting electricity loads has been established to vary along climatic regions owing to different weather conditions, with the consequential effect of contrasting load requirements. This characteristic change has triggered the purport of this study for a while. Since the study began, as this is only an extension of previously done works by this team, deep architectures have been found more reliable than the classical models for load forecasting. As a result, in this study, an unsupervised deep learning architecture namely Stacked Autoencoder (SAE) was built for and applied on a 3-year historic electricity consumption and meteorological data for day-ahead prediction of electricity consumption of a tropical region. Consequently, the developed unsupervised (SAE) model demonstrated good results on both validation and test data, and its prediction cost was very minimal.
{"title":"Unsupervised Deep Architecture for Forecast of a Tropical Electricity Load","authors":"","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10no1pp.1-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13/vol10no1pp.1-13","url":null,"abstract":"Research on electricity load forecasting has been well circulated in journals. However, this was not particularly well done in the tropics. After all, forecasting electricity loads has been established to vary along climatic regions owing to different weather conditions, with the consequential effect of contrasting load requirements. This characteristic change has triggered the purport of this study for a while. Since the study began, as this is only an extension of previously done works by this team, deep architectures have been found more reliable than the classical models for load forecasting. As a result, in this study, an unsupervised deep learning architecture namely Stacked Autoencoder (SAE) was built for and applied on a 3-year historic electricity consumption and meteorological data for day-ahead prediction of electricity consumption of a tropical region. Consequently, the developed unsupervised (SAE) model demonstrated good results on both validation and test data, and its prediction cost was very minimal.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130765633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-15DOI: 10.37745/ijeer.13vo10n2pp4056
O. Ogungbenro, Israel Chidi Okoro, Augustine Ebere Ohuabunwa, N. Okwuelu, Peter Tagbo
Bio-energy which is the energy resources derived from organic matter has contributed significantly to primary energy supply in most developed countries of the world. The extensive use of biomass for electricity generation started recently as a more efficient option of providing energy. To encourage investment in this area, detail analysis on the prospect of Biomass energy generation system in Nigeria context need to be carried out. In line with this, this study assesses the viability of setting up a Biomass Energy Plant in Nigeria using rice husk. It determine the availability of rice husk for the project and identify the economic advantage of using rice husk as a feedstock in generating electricity while evaluating the energy conversion technology adopted with consideration on its environmental impact. The proposed plant location is Abakiliki Rice Mill complex and Gasification technology was adopted for the bio conversion process. Data on the feedstock availability was collected by direct measurement of the resources at the various mill dump site in the Rice Mill Complex and analyzed using Python analytical and visualization tools (Numpy and Seaborn). The primary source of data for the analysis is data gotten from the field and Nigeria Energy Regulatory Council (NERC) while the secondary source of data is data from related work over the internet. The outcome of the study showed that the Rice Complex have the capacity to produce the quantity of rice husk required to generate 499,320KWh of electricity per year using Bio-Energy plant. Also, the mass of rice husk produced is significantly higher in the month of October, November and December due to the weather condition (dry season) and the high demand of rice as the result of the festivity (Christmas celebration). When the performance of the existing system and the proposed Bio-Energy plant was compared in terms of per Kilowatt cost of energy generation, it was observed that the new system outperformed the existing one. This is traceable to the good caloric value of rice husk and its availability in very large quantity at no cost. To determine the system’s sustainability, the financial feasibility of operating a Biomass plant in Nigeria was also carried out; levelised cost, simple payback period and return on investment (ROI) as important financial metrics were calculated using real data.
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Bio-Energy Based Power Generation System in Nigeria Using Rice Husk Feedstock","authors":"O. Ogungbenro, Israel Chidi Okoro, Augustine Ebere Ohuabunwa, N. Okwuelu, Peter Tagbo","doi":"10.37745/ijeer.13vo10n2pp4056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37745/ijeer.13vo10n2pp4056","url":null,"abstract":"Bio-energy which is the energy resources derived from organic matter has contributed significantly to primary energy supply in most developed countries of the world. The extensive use of biomass for electricity generation started recently as a more efficient option of providing energy. To encourage investment in this area, detail analysis on the prospect of Biomass energy generation system in Nigeria context need to be carried out. In line with this, this study assesses the viability of setting up a Biomass Energy Plant in Nigeria using rice husk. It determine the availability of rice husk for the project and identify the economic advantage of using rice husk as a feedstock in generating electricity while evaluating the energy conversion technology adopted with consideration on its environmental impact. The proposed plant location is Abakiliki Rice Mill complex and Gasification technology was adopted for the bio conversion process. Data on the feedstock availability was collected by direct measurement of the resources at the various mill dump site in the Rice Mill Complex and analyzed using Python analytical and visualization tools (Numpy and Seaborn). The primary source of data for the analysis is data gotten from the field and Nigeria Energy Regulatory Council (NERC) while the secondary source of data is data from related work over the internet. The outcome of the study showed that the Rice Complex have the capacity to produce the quantity of rice husk required to generate 499,320KWh of electricity per year using Bio-Energy plant. Also, the mass of rice husk produced is significantly higher in the month of October, November and December due to the weather condition (dry season) and the high demand of rice as the result of the festivity (Christmas celebration). When the performance of the existing system and the proposed Bio-Energy plant was compared in terms of per Kilowatt cost of energy generation, it was observed that the new system outperformed the existing one. This is traceable to the good caloric value of rice husk and its availability in very large quantity at no cost. To determine the system’s sustainability, the financial feasibility of operating a Biomass plant in Nigeria was also carried out; levelised cost, simple payback period and return on investment (ROI) as important financial metrics were calculated using real data.","PeriodicalId":302229,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energy and Environmental Research","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123584231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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