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Statistical Indices of Land Use Changes and Nutrients Balance of Tomatoes and Peppers Production in Jordan Valley and Highlands (1999-2019) 1999-2019年约旦河谷和高地番茄、辣椒土地利用变化及养分平衡统计指标
Pub Date : 2021-12-29 DOI: 10.21120/le/15/2/6
M. Massimi
Climate change has caused pressure on water resources in Jordan. This was accompanied by the Syrian refugee crisis during the period 2009 to 2019. This descriptive study was conducted in the University of Debrecen, during the years 2020 and 2021 within the course of sustainable land use by collecting official statistical data from reliable sources in Jordan on the production of tomato, pepper, and paprika during five years 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2019 to compare the change in land use, crop sown structure, country production, unit area average yield and estimation of unit area pollution with major nutrients. The study showed an increased land used for the production of vegetables by (+ 37.84%) during the period from 2004 to 2014, high productivity per hectare for three crops from 2014 to 2019. Jordan had the highest tomato and paprika crop yields in 2014. The reason is due to the increase in the local and global demand for these crops along with other reasons, which have promoted the use of mass production agricultural techniques, the most important of which is chemical fertilization. Which caused the accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in soils.
气候变化对约旦的水资源造成了压力。与此同时,2009年至2019年期间还发生了叙利亚难民危机。本描述性研究于2020年和2021年在德布勒森大学进行,在土地可持续利用的过程中,通过收集约旦1999年、2004年、2009年、2014年和2019年五年间番茄、辣椒和红辣椒生产的可靠官方统计数据,比较土地利用、作物播种结构、国家生产、单位面积平均产量和单位面积主要营养物质污染估计的变化。该研究表明,2004年至2014年期间,用于生产蔬菜的土地增加了(+ 37.84%),2014年至2019年期间,三种作物的每公顷生产力很高。约旦2014年的番茄和红辣椒产量最高。原因是由于当地和全球对这些作物的需求增加以及其他原因,这些原因促进了大规模生产农业技术的使用,其中最重要的是化学施肥。这导致了土壤中磷和钾的积累。
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引用次数: 0
Climate Change and Variability in the Northeastern Himalayan Region of India 印度喜马拉雅东北部地区的气候变化和变率
Pub Date : 2021-11-22 DOI: 10.21120/le/15/2/5
Benjamin L Saitluanga, Gabriel Lalchhandama, P. Rinawma
Mountainous regions are considered highly vulnerable to the affects of climate change. The extent of change and variability of climatic parameters is still unexamined in many remote mountainous areas.  This paper aims in understanding the change in pattern of rainfall and temperature for a period of 30 years in Mizoram. The analysis of time series changing trend in climatic variables is carried out by using Coefficient of Variation (CV), Mann-Kendall (M-K) and Sen’s Slope estimator. The analysis reveals that high variation is observed for both the variables in all the decadal, three decadal and seasonal change. The CV analysis shows that the highest seasonal rainfall variation occurs during winter and the highest seasonal temperature variation occurs during spring. Mann-Kendall test shows a significant change in rainfall with November showing the highest negative trend of rainfall. The temperature trend analysis in the study also reveals drastic change of temperature. An understanding of climatic change, trend and variability helps in predicting for better natural resources from the susceptibility of climate change.
山区被认为极易受到气候变化的影响。在许多偏远山区,气候参数的变化程度和变率仍未得到检验。本文旨在了解30年来米佐拉姆邦降雨和温度模式的变化。利用变异系数(CV)、Mann-Kendall (M-K)和Sen 's Slope估计量对气候变量的时间序列变化趋势进行了分析。分析表明,在所有年代际、三年代际和季节变化中,两个变量都有较大的变化。CV分析表明,冬季降水量变化最大,春季气温变化最大。Mann-Kendall检验显示降雨量变化显著,其中11月降雨量呈最高负趋势。研究中的温度趋势分析也揭示了温度的剧烈变化。了解气候变化、趋势和变率有助于从气候变化的易感性中预测更好的自然资源。
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引用次数: 0
Discussion on Hundru fall as a knick point, Iharkhand, India 关于Hundru坠落作为一个小点的讨论,Iharkhand,印度
Pub Date : 2021-11-19 DOI: 10.21120/le/15/2/4
Mala Sinha
Subarnarekha River lies in the vicinity to the Ranchi mega lineament zone of Jharkhand State. This river links  the Tamar Porapahar shear zone and North Singhbhum shear zone. The Hundru falls is the sudden and abrupt drop of elevation (longitudinal profile) of upstream of river Subarnarekha. The basic aim of this paper is to assess the Hundru falls as a perfect citation of an upstream knick point in Indian context. This paper covers the knick point formation of upstream of the Subarnarekha river. This upper catchment is more diversified in the terms of metamorphic and igneous rocks. This zone has crossed a long path with diversified lithospheric adjustment with epirogenic upliftment. 
Subarnarekha河位于贾坎德邦的兰契大型线条区附近。这条河连接着Tamar Porapahar剪切带和North Singhbhum剪切带。浑如瀑布是苏巴那勒喀河上游的陡然高程(纵剖面)下降。本文的基本目的是评估浑如瀑布在印度背景下作为上游拐点的完美引用。本文研究了苏巴那勒喀河上游的断裂带形成。上部集水区在变质岩和火成岩方面更为多样化。该区经历了漫长而多样的岩石圈调整和表生隆升过程。
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引用次数: 0
Remote Sensing and GIS based site suitability analysis for tourism development in Vaishali block, Bihar 基于遥感和GIS的比哈尔邦Vaishali地块旅游开发适宜性分析
Pub Date : 2021-10-07 DOI: 10.21120/le/15/2/2
R. Jayaraman, Bablu Kumar, Sudhir Kumar Singh
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing are presently recognized generally as an improve instrument for overseeing, breaking down, and showing gigantic volumes of fluctuated information suitable to numerous neighborhood and provincial arranging exercises. Because of the composite idea of the travel industry arranging issues, the planned of GIS in settling these issues is progressively perceived. This paper will think a portion of the conceivable outcomes of GIS applications in the travel industry arranging. For the most part, GIS applications in the travel industry have been tight to recreational office stock, the travel industry situated land the board, and diversion untamed life strife; and have been thin by absence of financing, and awkward techniques. Utilizing the case of site wellness investigation for the travel industry improvement and mapping, this paper features a few uses of GIS in the travel industry arranging in vaishali square, Bihar. According to our present investigation; the most reasonable the travel industry site recognized by the examination is inside significant towns. The urban focus with plausibility to develop into the travel industry focuses. The rest of the land shows a low appropriateness scale because of absence of significant appreciation for make a solid force factor. Availability is an essential for the travel industry advancement. Great street organize availability with closeness to railroads station or air terminal demonstrated solid vacationer potential site, this combined with proximity to grand magnificence delineates high appropriateness. Significant vacation destinations, for example, legacy locales, gardens and water bodies or lake demonstrated high appropriateness. This can be corresponded to the way that legacy destinations and other high appropriate highlights are converted into reasonable the travel industry site.
地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感目前被普遍认为是一种监督、分解和显示大量波动信息的改进工具,适用于许多社区和省的安排活动。由于旅游业安排问题的复合思想,GIS在解决这些问题中的计划性逐渐被感知。本文将思考GIS在旅游行业安排中的应用可能产生的部分结果。在很大程度上,地理信息系统在旅游行业的应用一直紧绷于休闲办公存量,旅游行业所处的土地板,和疏导不驯服的生活冲突;由于缺乏资金和笨拙的技术,他们一直很瘦。本文以比哈尔邦vaishali广场为例,利用场地健康调查对旅游业进行改善和制图,介绍了GIS在旅游业布局中的几种应用。根据我们目前的调查;经考核认定的旅游产业选址最合理的是在重要城镇内。城市重点具有发展成为旅游业重点的合理性。其余土地的适宜性等级较低,因为没有显著的升值以形成坚实的力量因素。可用性对旅游业的发展至关重要。伟大的街道组织的可用性,靠近火车站或航空枢纽,展示了坚实的度假潜力,这与邻近的宏伟壮丽描绘了高度的适宜性。重要的度假目的地,例如遗产地点、花园和水体或湖泊,表现出高度的适宜性。这可以对应的方式是将遗产目的地和其他高适当的亮点转换为合理的旅游行业站点。
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引用次数: 2
Long-term analysis of River Tisza water level data with regard to the ecological water demand of floodplain water bodies 堤扎河水位资料对漫滩水体生态需水量的长期分析
Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.21120/LE/15/1/3
G. Dévai, Martina Gyöngy, Csaba Berta, F. Bogár, Imre Bogár, G. Varga, Lucza Zoltán, L. Szabó, Imre Somlyai, S. Nagy, I. Grigorszky
One of the main threats of our time is the increasing water demand not only globally, but also locally. These are often met at the expense of ecological water demand, jeopardizing the structural and operational conditions necessary to maintain good ecological status in aquatic and wetland habitats. This is why it is of great importance to explore possible water retention options. In 2019, based on the long-term data series on the water level of River Tisza, we studied the frequency and extent of flooding in the floodplain between Tiszabercel and Gávavencsellő, where there are valuable wetlands, including a ‘sanctuary’-type backwater. This was necessary because recently the floodplains have undergone negative changes. Their water volume has gradually decreased, their valuable wildlife has become rarer, some of them have completely dried out in the autumn and even one of them has burned out. From the analysis of the examined 48-years data, it could be concluded that flooding was relatively frequent in the sampled area, but the extent of water coverage had no significant effect either in space or time. It was also found that only water levels above 700 cm (based on the water meter of Tiszabercel, 98.36 mBf) could adequately ensure that the water bodies are filled up and flushed out. However, there is little chance of this, because of four reasons: (1) water levels of this height are becoming rare; (2) the duration and height of high water levels are mostly short in time; (3) water levels of several water bodies are artificially decreased; (4) the drainage effect of the River Tisza – which has been significantly incised after the river regulation – prevails in the area. Due to all, in the future, there would be a great need to maintain the water levels in the floodplain wetlands as efficiently as possible after the floods – for which we have made specific proposals for the places and methods to preserve the ecologically necessary amount of water.
我们这个时代的主要威胁之一是不断增长的水需求,不仅是全球的,而且是当地的。满足这些需求往往是以牺牲生态用水需求为代价的,破坏了维持水生和湿地生境良好生态状态所必需的结构和操作条件。这就是为什么探索可能的保水方案是非常重要的。2019年,基于Tisza河水位的长期数据系列,我们研究了Tiszabercel和Gávavencsellő之间的洪泛区洪水的频率和程度,那里有宝贵的湿地,包括一个“保护区”类型的回水。这是必要的,因为最近洪泛区发生了负面变化。它们的水量逐渐减少,它们珍贵的野生动物变得越来越稀少,其中一些在秋天完全干涸,甚至有一个已经烧毁了。从48年的观测数据分析可以得出,采样区洪水相对频繁,但水覆盖范围在空间和时间上都没有显著影响。还发现,只有700厘米以上的水位(根据Tiszabercel的水表,98.36 mBf)才能充分确保水体被填满并冲走。然而,由于以下四个原因,这种可能性很小:(1)这个高度的水位变得越来越罕见;(2)高水位持续时间短、高度高;(3)人为降低若干水体的水位;(4)缇沙河的排水效果在该地区普遍存在,在河道治理后,缇沙河的排水效果已显著减少。综上所述,在未来,我们非常需要在洪水过后尽可能有效地保持洪泛区湿地的水位,为此我们已经就保存生态所需水量的地点和方法提出了具体建议。
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引用次数: 1
Studying floodplain roughness in an Upper Tisza study area 研究上Tisza研究区的漫滩粗糙度
Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.21120/LE/15/1/11
Robert H. Vass, Zoltán Túri
Floods slowing down due to the significant decrease of the gradient have considerable sediment accumulation capacity in the floodplain. The grade of accumulation is further increased if the width of the floodplain is not uniform as water flowing out of the narrow sections diverge and its speed is decreased. Surface roughness in a study area of 492 hectares in the Upper Tisza region was analysed based on CIR (color-infrared) orthophotos from 2007. An NDVI index layer was created first on which object-based image segmentation and threshold-based image classification were performed. The study area is dominated by land cover / land use types (grassland-shrubs, forest) with high roughness values. It was concluded that vegetation activity based analyses on their own are not enough for determining floodplain roughness.
由于坡度的显著减小,洪水的速度减慢,在洪泛区具有相当大的积沙能力。如果河漫滩的宽度不均匀,从狭窄的河段流出的水流发生分流,流速降低,则淤积程度进一步增加。基于2007年的彩色红外正射影像仪,对上天沙地区492公顷研究区表面粗糙度进行了分析。首先建立NDVI索引层,在该索引层上进行基于目标的图像分割和基于阈值的图像分类。研究区以高粗糙度的土地覆被/土地利用类型(草地-灌木、森林)为主。结论是,基于植被活动的分析本身不足以确定河漫滩的粗糙度。
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引用次数: 0
The appearance of renewable energy sources in the settlement development documents of local authorities in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County 可再生能源在Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok县地方政府的定居点发展文件中的出现
Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.21120/LE/15/1/6
G. Kozma, Bence Monyók
In recent decades, several new trends can be observed in the field of energy management, one of which is the increase of the role of renewable energy sources. As a result of this fact, local authorities in Hungary have also devoted increasing attention to this question in recent years. The first step of their interventions is the drawing up of the appropriate development documents, relying on which specific steps/investments can also take place later. In the spirit of the above, the objective of the present paper is to analyse the development documents of local authorities in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County. The most important findings of the study could be summarised as follows. Firstly the Integrated Settlement Development Strategies prepared for the period 2014 to 2020 dealt with the topic of renewable energy sources in much more detail than earlier documents. Secondly from the various renewable energy sources, the development document devoted most attention to solar and geothermal energy and thirdly the appearance of renewable energy sources in the development documents shows a close link with the size of the settlements.  
近几十年来,在能源管理领域可以观察到几个新的趋势,其中之一是可再生能源作用的增加。由于这一事实,匈牙利地方当局近年来也越来越注意这个问题。他们的干预措施的第一步是起草适当的发展文件,这取决于哪些具体步骤/投资也可以在以后进行。本着上述精神,本文的目的是分析Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok县地方当局的发展文件。这项研究最重要的发现可以总结如下。首先,2014年至2020年期间编制的综合聚落发展战略比以前的文件更详细地讨论了可再生能源这一主题。其次,从各种可再生能源来看,发展文件最关注的是太阳能和地热能;第三,发展文件中可再生能源的出现与定居点的规模密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of soil moisture indices and field measurements in hilly agricultural lands of SW Hungary 匈牙利西南部丘陵农田土壤水分指数与田间测量的比较
Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.21120/LE/15/1/7
G. Nagy, Lóczy Dénes, S. Czigány, Mauro Hrvatin, Rok Ciglič
The retention of surface runoff and the preservation of soil moisture are among the most important water-related ecosystem services. In addition to field monitoring, advanced remote sensing techniques have been devised to reveal soil moisture dynamics on agricultural land. In our study we compare two soil moisture indices, TWI and SAVI, in three agricultural areas with different land use types. The SAVI has been found suitable to point out spatial variation on the moisture conditions of the vadose zone.
保持地表径流和保持土壤水分是最重要的与水有关的生态系统服务。除了实地监测外,还设计了先进的遥感技术来揭示农业用地上的土壤水分动态。本研究比较了三个不同土地利用类型农区TWI和SAVI两种土壤水分指数。SAVI可以很好地反映气包带水分状况的空间变化。
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引用次数: 1
Cost sensitivity of international students in the largest hungarian university cities 匈牙利最大的大学城的国际学生的成本敏感性
Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.21120/LE/15/1/10
Teperics Károly, Zsuzsa M. Császár, Gábor Csüllög, Klára Czimre
Statistics on international students distinguish between diploma mobility (full-time students abroad) and credit mobility (part-time courses, student exchanges such as Erasmus+, etc.). In terms of economic benefits, their common feature is mostly realised in the spendings by the foreign students in the host country. The comparison of the host cities reveals that Budapest should be considered as a separate category being different from the other cities in many respects. Although, the assessment of the other three university centres (Pécs, Debrecen and Szeged) received similar evaluations (close average values) but some kind of order developed between them in which Szeged and Pécs are perhaps regarded in a little bit more favourable position than Debrecen. There is a lot to be improved to broaden the studentification process in these cities particularly in four fields. The evaluations can certainly be considered useful in the sense that they help to identify those services which are problematic in any terms (price or quality).
国际学生的统计分为文凭流动(国外全日制学生)和学分流动(兼职课程,学生交换,如伊拉斯谟+等)。在经济效益方面,它们的共同特征主要体现在留学生在东道国的消费上。主办城市的比较表明,布达佩斯应该被视为一个单独的类别,在许多方面不同于其他城市。虽然对其他三个大学中心(塞格德、德布雷森和塞格德)的评估也得到了类似的评价(接近平均值),但它们之间形成了某种顺序,塞格德和塞格德可能被认为比德布雷森更有利一点。在这些城市,扩大学生资格认证的过程有很多需要改进的地方,特别是在四个领域。这些评价当然可以被认为是有用的,因为它们有助于确定在任何方面(价格或质量)都有问题的服务。
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引用次数: 0
Rezső Milleker and political geography 米勒和政治地理学
Pub Date : 2021-07-14 DOI: 10.21120/LE/15/1/4
Zoltán Dövényi, B. Perényi
This paper aims to examinate and to present the political geographical work of Rezső Milleker. Although political geography was not his main specialty, time to time he tried to create something of scientifical value in this field of science, but the attention of professional circles and the success avoided him. By evaluating these works we try to answer the question, where his place was in Hungarian political geography between the two world wars. Keywords: Milleker, political geography, Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, ethnic maps
本文旨在考察和呈现米勒的政治地理学著作。虽然政治地理学不是他的主要专业,但他不时地试图在这一科学领域创造一些有科学价值的东西,但专业圈的关注和成功都使他避而远之。通过评价这些作品,我们试图回答这样一个问题:在两次世界大战之间,他在匈牙利政治地理中的位置是什么?关键词:米勒,政治地理学,《时代》杂志,地缘政治学,民族地图
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Acta Geographica Debrecina Landscape and Environment Series
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