Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1515/9783110740202-001
G. Balbi, Nelson Ribeiro, Valérie Schafer, Christian Schwarzenegger
The digital age did not arrive from nowhere; it grew from its own roots and even the roots of previous ages. It already has its own narratives, made up of key players and heroes, brilliant technological ideas, disruptive devices, spectacular forecasting and sometimes epic failures. But over the past few years, scholars have started to narrate these histories in new ways, challenging heroic and teleological narratives and underlining multiple temporalities, stakeholders and cultural reappropriations. New histories of the digital age have also adopted a critical perspective, focusing on issues like global and equal distribution of digital tools (and in parallel digital inequalities and asymmetries of access), maintenance of digital networks, devices and content, co-shaping of digital technologies, and connection and disconnection in different societies. This has expanded our knowledge of the digital past and, of course, of the digital present. Nevertheless, a chapter in these histories is often missing. The digital age is also made up of theoretical concepts which are mostly taken for granted and used “automatically” in the academic literature as well as in everyday life. Concepts influence the way we look at social reality, they shape how and in what terms we think and speak about the digital era, and they affect the ways we communicate and live. So, it is high time that we set a new trend in research that focuses on the concepts of the digital age. Indeed, by grounding research in concepts that are not properly problematized, we run the risk of making erroneous assumptions, which may prevent us from looking in the right direction and impair our ability to see beyond simplistic narratives about technology and its immediate impact on society. For example, in the 1990s and early 2000s, utopian visions of how the internet would usher in a new era of cultural democracy and undermine the power of dictators concealed the fact that the concepts of digital
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Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1515/9783110740202-015
Göran Bolin
1 In museums that moment seems to have coincided with the birth or, some would say, rebirth of the visitor as author of his/her own cultural experiences. Today many if not most museums have an explicit policy of involving 'multiple voices' in the construction and interpretation of their collections, through audience research, collecting oral histories and setting the museum staff in open dialogue with visitor feedback. New technologies are playing an increasing role in stimulating this sort of user-generated content (UGC): museums' websites invite emails and blogging from online visitors, visitors now create their own museum podcasts and downloadable audio tours, and some sites feature audio and video recording stations in the galleries. User-generated content seems to be the buzzword of the day and is commanding unprecedented levels of investment and speculation from leading media companies as well as start-ups. But what are the potential benefits and risks of the UGC game for content providers like museums? A definition of User-generated Content (UGC) To evaluate the value of UGC in the museum, it is useful to begin by defining it as distinct from other interactive experiences such as feedback, souvenirs and aide-mémoires. In museum multimedia experiences such as websites, in-gallery kiosks, and multimedia tours, examples of 'feedback' include interactives where visitors vote or answer yes/no and multiple-choice questions. Through these experiences, visitors participate in a larger community, but are creating meaning within a framework that is completely constructed and controlled by the museum. Souvenirs and aide-mémoires can be digital records of a visit or exhibit, such as 'bookmarks' in multimedia tours, maps showing where the visitor has been in the museum, or photos or other traces of their in-gallery activities that visitors create at designated points in the exhibition space. Again, the form of the interaction and input from visitors is highly structured and predetermined by the museum.
{"title":"User-Generated Content (UGC)","authors":"Göran Bolin","doi":"10.1515/9783110740202-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110740202-015","url":null,"abstract":"1 In museums that moment seems to have coincided with the birth or, some would say, rebirth of the visitor as author of his/her own cultural experiences. Today many if not most museums have an explicit policy of involving 'multiple voices' in the construction and interpretation of their collections, through audience research, collecting oral histories and setting the museum staff in open dialogue with visitor feedback. New technologies are playing an increasing role in stimulating this sort of user-generated content (UGC): museums' websites invite emails and blogging from online visitors, visitors now create their own museum podcasts and downloadable audio tours, and some sites feature audio and video recording stations in the galleries. User-generated content seems to be the buzzword of the day and is commanding unprecedented levels of investment and speculation from leading media companies as well as start-ups. But what are the potential benefits and risks of the UGC game for content providers like museums? A definition of User-generated Content (UGC) To evaluate the value of UGC in the museum, it is useful to begin by defining it as distinct from other interactive experiences such as feedback, souvenirs and aide-mémoires. In museum multimedia experiences such as websites, in-gallery kiosks, and multimedia tours, examples of 'feedback' include interactives where visitors vote or answer yes/no and multiple-choice questions. Through these experiences, visitors participate in a larger community, but are creating meaning within a framework that is completely constructed and controlled by the museum. Souvenirs and aide-mémoires can be digital records of a visit or exhibit, such as 'bookmarks' in multimedia tours, maps showing where the visitor has been in the museum, or photos or other traces of their in-gallery activities that visitors create at designated points in the exhibition space. Again, the form of the interaction and input from visitors is highly structured and predetermined by the museum.","PeriodicalId":305230,"journal":{"name":"Digital Roots","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127001044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1515/9783110740202-008
Erik Koenen, Christian Schwarzenegger, Juraj Kittler
{"title":"Data(fication)","authors":"Erik Koenen, Christian Schwarzenegger, Juraj Kittler","doi":"10.1515/9783110740202-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110740202-008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":305230,"journal":{"name":"Digital Roots","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131566352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1515/9783110740202-007
F. Musiani, Valérie Schafer
Scholars have successfully attempted to historicize global governance, comparing the Internet to telephone and broadcasting, from a primarily legal standpoint. Among these scholars, historians have also studied particular issues that are relevant to Internet governance, e.g. openness and net neutrality. History is relevant for the concept of global governance for at least two reasons: to historicize the concept in itself through the Internet/ digital age (the evolution and enrichment of the notion in the past 30 years, with key turning points such as the creation of ICANN and WSIS) and to flesh out continuities through time with other "global media" or "global issues," such as international standardization, multi-stakeholderism, and communication rights. This chapter addresses these issues at three levels: periodization of the key concept of "global governance" since the 90s; evolution of the state of the art/research on global (Internet) governance; analysis of global governance in the broader field of media and communication.
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