This chapter notes the disconnect between the treatment of those responsible for the 2008 crisis who were largely insulated from its effects, and those who were the victims of it and whose degree of already meagre insulation from market turbulence was much reduced. This is evidenced through changes in household poverty and insecurity (personal debt), labour market precarity (workers' rights, youth), housing insecurity, food insecurity, and diminished voice (advocacy). Furthermore, vulnerable populations and communities were to be much more affected by the COVID-19 pandemic than other groups. The chapter surveys the situation as it affects young people, women and migrants, and outlines how poverty manifests in housing and food insecurity. In many countries, commodification, individualization, and privatization were intensified over the crisis period in the name of reducing the budget deficit. For significant sectors of the population, this has engendered various forms of often overlapping and mutually reinforcing poverty.
{"title":"Insecurity and Poverty","authors":"Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.11","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter notes the disconnect between the treatment of those responsible for the 2008 crisis who were largely insulated from its effects, and those who were the victims of it and whose degree of already meagre insulation from market turbulence was much reduced. This is evidenced through changes in household poverty and insecurity (personal debt), labour market precarity (workers' rights, youth), housing insecurity, food insecurity, and diminished voice (advocacy). Furthermore, vulnerable populations and communities were to be much more affected by the COVID-19 pandemic than other groups. The chapter surveys the situation as it affects young people, women and migrants, and outlines how poverty manifests in housing and food insecurity. In many countries, commodification, individualization, and privatization were intensified over the crisis period in the name of reducing the budget deficit. For significant sectors of the population, this has engendered various forms of often overlapping and mutually reinforcing poverty.","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122705113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter historicizes post-2008 reforms by summarizing the New Public Management (NPM) ideals and forms of public sector restructuring that first began to emerge in the 1980s. This is then followed by national snapshots of state restructuring up to 2008 and the relevant austerity packages implicating the public sector (employment and programmes) after 2008. While each country has its own story to tell, several varieties of austerity in relation to public sector restructuring after the global financial crisis are discernible. Austerity-era transformations within the public sector involved new institutions forcing restructuring, exposing many public sector workers but insulating a few areas (primarily those responsible for economic decision making and associated with privatization), along with the insinuation of public sector flaws inherent to NPM ideology. Some of the negative effects of these strategies became glaringly apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Transforming the Public Sector","authors":"Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter historicizes post-2008 reforms by summarizing the New Public Management (NPM) ideals and forms of public sector restructuring that first began to emerge in the 1980s. This is then followed by national snapshots of state restructuring up to 2008 and the relevant austerity packages implicating the public sector (employment and programmes) after 2008. While each country has its own story to tell, several varieties of austerity in relation to public sector restructuring after the global financial crisis are discernible. Austerity-era transformations within the public sector involved new institutions forcing restructuring, exposing many public sector workers but insulating a few areas (primarily those responsible for economic decision making and associated with privatization), along with the insinuation of public sector flaws inherent to NPM ideology. Some of the negative effects of these strategies became glaringly apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"12 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113931597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter examines labour market flexibility and restructuring through three sections. First, it looks at class struggle from above, as indicated in the ‘best practices’ that aim to cut labour costs (insinuation). Next, the chapter provides national snapshots of labour market dynamics just as the 2008 crisis was about to hit (institutionalization). Third, it details the actions and themes that make up the post-2010 austerity response: creating insecurity; attacking labour and collective bargaining; imposing outcomes on bargaining; bypassing (or effectively abolishing) social dialogue; and controlling unit labour costs in the name of competitiveness (insulation and exposure, institutionalization). The chapter concludes by once more summarizing how this relates to the varieties of austerity framework.
{"title":"Class Struggle from Above","authors":"Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines labour market flexibility and restructuring through three sections. First, it looks at class struggle from above, as indicated in the ‘best practices’ that aim to cut labour costs (insinuation). Next, the chapter provides national snapshots of labour market dynamics just as the 2008 crisis was about to hit (institutionalization). Third, it details the actions and themes that make up the post-2010 austerity response: creating insecurity; attacking labour and collective bargaining; imposing outcomes on bargaining; bypassing (or effectively abolishing) social dialogue; and controlling unit labour costs in the name of competitiveness (insulation and exposure, institutionalization). The chapter concludes by once more summarizing how this relates to the varieties of austerity framework.","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124735006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.46692/9781529212259.001
{"title":"Introduction: Varieties of Austerity","authors":"","doi":"10.46692/9781529212259.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46692/9781529212259.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122173432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter provides an economic background for fiscal adjustments and drivers of spending in an austere time. It begins with national snapshots of each country's fiscal–financial condition when the 2008 crisis first hit, weaving in, where appropriate, an historical overview. The analysis includes assessment of factors such as domestic economic imbalances, financial and housing bubbles, and exposure to international economic downturn. It also delineates national and cross-national banking-sector dynamics as identified in measures like stimulus and guarantees (credit underwriting, insurance support, and the like); bailouts (asset taking, nationalization); write-offs and taxpayer-borne risks; partnerships and privatization; and international pressures (from supranational institutions and investors). These varied responses involved mobilizing, creating or reconfiguring public sector institutions, insulating the banking sector from a crisis of its own making, and blaming the state for debt and deficits that will be used to insinuate public sector culpability.
{"title":"Spending in an Austere Era","authors":"Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.7","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an economic background for fiscal adjustments and drivers of spending in an austere time. It begins with national snapshots of each country's fiscal–financial condition when the 2008 crisis first hit, weaving in, where appropriate, an historical overview. The analysis includes assessment of factors such as domestic economic imbalances, financial and housing bubbles, and exposure to international economic downturn. It also delineates national and cross-national banking-sector dynamics as identified in measures like stimulus and guarantees (credit underwriting, insurance support, and the like); bailouts (asset taking, nationalization); write-offs and taxpayer-borne risks; partnerships and privatization; and international pressures (from supranational institutions and investors). These varied responses involved mobilizing, creating or reconfiguring public sector institutions, insulating the banking sector from a crisis of its own making, and blaming the state for debt and deficits that will be used to insinuate public sector culpability.","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114602542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter examines the main aspects of austerity budgeting in each country and delves into the budget discourse offered at the height of austerity. Public budgets might be thought of as technocratic documents that set out planned revenues and expenditures for the fiscal year. But with fiscal policy connected to all aspects of government activity, budgets hold significant repercussions for a wide range of actors including the state, private enterprise and labour. Thus, the chapter examines themes such as: fiscal narratives and budget framing; characterizing the nation; justifying crisis management via austerity; priorities of crisis-era governance; rationalizing reforms beyond cuts; and European citizenship. Given that budgets focus the relationship between government and economy, their design and discourse implicates existing institutions, empowers (new or recently established) agencies, insulates or exposes particular segments of society, and insinuates degrees of blame and responsibility for both the good and bad times.
{"title":"Selling Restraint","authors":"Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.8","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the main aspects of austerity budgeting in each country and delves into the budget discourse offered at the height of austerity. Public budgets might be thought of as technocratic documents that set out planned revenues and expenditures for the fiscal year. But with fiscal policy connected to all aspects of government activity, budgets hold significant repercussions for a wide range of actors including the state, private enterprise and labour. Thus, the chapter examines themes such as: fiscal narratives and budget framing; characterizing the nation; justifying crisis management via austerity; priorities of crisis-era governance; rationalizing reforms beyond cuts; and European citizenship. Given that budgets focus the relationship between government and economy, their design and discourse implicates existing institutions, empowers (new or recently established) agencies, insulates or exposes particular segments of society, and insinuates degrees of blame and responsibility for both the good and bad times.","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124769272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529212242.003.0008
Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans
This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and arguments. It goes beyond the legacy of post-2008 austerity to address more recent events. This includes a preliminary assessment of the intersections between the austerity agenda and the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated economic crisis. The 2020 COVID-19 crisis of reproduction and accumulation is in itself not easily comparable to 2008 given that the latter was largely concerned with credit, banking, and international trade. However, both crises reveal the failures of the neoliberal and austerity models of public provision and labour practices. The chapter thus looks at possible alternatives and ways ahead.
{"title":"Conclusion: Beyond Austerity","authors":"Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529212242.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529212242.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter summarizes the book's findings and arguments. It goes beyond the legacy of post-2008 austerity to address more recent events. This includes a preliminary assessment of the intersections between the austerity agenda and the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated economic crisis. The 2020 COVID-19 crisis of reproduction and accumulation is in itself not easily comparable to 2008 given that the latter was largely concerned with credit, banking, and international trade. However, both crises reveal the failures of the neoliberal and austerity models of public provision and labour practices. The chapter thus looks at possible alternatives and ways ahead.","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117267476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter looks at reactions to austerity by labour, social movements, and political parties, and, in some cases, the impact of these contradictory interactions on the political system itself through the rise of populist parties. It surveys two types of resistance: defensive activities, carried out primarily by trade unions; and campaigns, often including unions but also a range of broader social movements. Campaigns focused frequently on quite specific aspects of austerity. However, these later evolved into general challenges to austerity, the consequences of which were the destabilization of political systems in Spain and Ireland, and greater political space, however confined, for alternatives to austerity. Finally, the chapter examines the impacts of austerity and resistance within the formal political realm of left and right populist parties.
{"title":"Limits and Possibilities of Resistance","authors":"Heather Whiteside, S. McBride, B. Evans","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.12","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at reactions to austerity by labour, social movements, and political parties, and, in some cases, the impact of these contradictory interactions on the political system itself through the rise of populist parties. It surveys two types of resistance: defensive activities, carried out primarily by trade unions; and campaigns, often including unions but also a range of broader social movements. Campaigns focused frequently on quite specific aspects of austerity. However, these later evolved into general challenges to austerity, the consequences of which were the destabilization of political systems in Spain and Ireland, and greater political space, however confined, for alternatives to austerity. Finally, the chapter examines the impacts of austerity and resistance within the formal political realm of left and right populist parties.","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122506540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-25DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447316237.003.0009
Gemma M Carney, K. Walsh, Á. N. Léime
{"title":"Conclusion: Beyond Austerity","authors":"Gemma M Carney, K. Walsh, Á. N. Léime","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447316237.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447316237.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114454693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1msswfh.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":306439,"journal":{"name":"Varieties of Austerity","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131343285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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