Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH007
Tekin Kose
This chapter investigates the relationship between gender and use of e-government services in Turkey. Based on household surveys, probit regression models are estimated to quantify determinants of e-government use for Turkish citizens. Empirical findings imply that there is a gender gap in use of e-government services. Turkish females are less likely to employ e-government tools compared to Turkish males. Household income, education level, being employed, and frequency of internet use are positively correlated with probability of e-government use for Turkish individuals. Finally, age demonstrates negative association with use of online government services. As the individual gets older, probability of using e-government platforms decreases. Thus, the digital divide prevails among Turkish citizens and should be addressed by policymakers.
{"title":"Gender and Use of E-Government Services in Turkey","authors":"Tekin Kose","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the relationship between gender and use of e-government services in Turkey. Based on household surveys, probit regression models are estimated to quantify determinants of e-government use for Turkish citizens. Empirical findings imply that there is a gender gap in use of e-government services. Turkish females are less likely to employ e-government tools compared to Turkish males. Household income, education level, being employed, and frequency of internet use are positively correlated with probability of e-government use for Turkish individuals. Finally, age demonstrates negative association with use of online government services. As the individual gets older, probability of using e-government platforms decreases. Thus, the digital divide prevails among Turkish citizens and should be addressed by policymakers.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123522379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH012
Ceyda Tanrikulu
This chapter aims to provide proposals about understanding the gender difference in online information processing that have been developed based on the theories and the findings of the current research. Major findings in the literature indicate the gender difference in online information processing. This chapter can be used to help gain insight about the online consumer behavior based on gender approach by presenting theoretical perspective, providing basis for future research, enrich the understanding about gender differences in online information processing, and to give suggestion for implications requiring strategic decisions.
{"title":"Understanding the Reasons for Gender Difference in Online Information Processing of Consumers","authors":"Ceyda Tanrikulu","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims to provide proposals about understanding the gender difference in online information processing that have been developed based on the theories and the findings of the current research. Major findings in the literature indicate the gender difference in online information processing. This chapter can be used to help gain insight about the online consumer behavior based on gender approach by presenting theoretical perspective, providing basis for future research, enrich the understanding about gender differences in online information processing, and to give suggestion for implications requiring strategic decisions.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131311827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH003
Roslyn Layton
The USA and Denmark are leading information communications technologies (ICT)-enabled economies and have a variety of policies to promote women in ICT occupations, but both report that just roughly 25% of math and computing jobs in their respective countries are held by women, a number that continues to decline. The trend is odd given that the ICT industry globally notes a growing shortage of workers as well as a potential for lost revenue if positions go unfilled. Given the situation and a significant evidence that women's participation in companies is associated with greater profitability, one would assume ICT companies to be profit-maximizing and thus do more to attract and retain women. The trends are also odd given that the participation of women in scientific occupations in the life, physical, and social sciences are increasing overall. This chapter briefly reviews the situation and recommendations to address it, including increasing mentorship for women and recognizing and addressing bias in the workplace.
{"title":"The Conundrum of Falling Participation of Women in Math and Computing Jobs","authors":"Roslyn Layton","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH003","url":null,"abstract":"The USA and Denmark are leading information communications technologies (ICT)-enabled economies and have a variety of policies to promote women in ICT occupations, but both report that just roughly 25% of math and computing jobs in their respective countries are held by women, a number that continues to decline. The trend is odd given that the ICT industry globally notes a growing shortage of workers as well as a potential for lost revenue if positions go unfilled. Given the situation and a significant evidence that women's participation in companies is associated with greater profitability, one would assume ICT companies to be profit-maximizing and thus do more to attract and retain women. The trends are also odd given that the participation of women in scientific occupations in the life, physical, and social sciences are increasing overall. This chapter briefly reviews the situation and recommendations to address it, including increasing mentorship for women and recognizing and addressing bias in the workplace.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"184 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126074311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH006
Idongesit Williams
Globally, the gender gap still exists. An interesting reason for this is the passive usage or non-adoption of ICT by women who have access to ICTs and can also afford ICTs. In order to understand this phenomenon, an exploratory research was conducted to identify why women adopt current ICTs. The most used ICTs are social media platforms and mobile internet services. An exploratory study was conducted to observe four women: three from South America and one from the Middle East who subscribe to WhatsApp. The major outcome was the plausible influence of a woman's personality on her usage of WhatsApp. The women with high extroversion used social media and mobile phones more than women at the opposite end of the spectrum. The women with very low extroversion almost rejected social media platforms and recorded low mobile phone usage. This implies that women with very low extroversion may not find ICTs appealing. Based on these outcomes, the chapter advocates for a more concrete research to understanding this trend.
{"title":"Personality and ICT Adoption","authors":"Idongesit Williams","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH006","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, the gender gap still exists. An interesting reason for this is the passive usage or non-adoption of ICT by women who have access to ICTs and can also afford ICTs. In order to understand this phenomenon, an exploratory research was conducted to identify why women adopt current ICTs. The most used ICTs are social media platforms and mobile internet services. An exploratory study was conducted to observe four women: three from South America and one from the Middle East who subscribe to WhatsApp. The major outcome was the plausible influence of a woman's personality on her usage of WhatsApp. The women with high extroversion used social media and mobile phones more than women at the opposite end of the spectrum. The women with very low extroversion almost rejected social media platforms and recorded low mobile phone usage. This implies that women with very low extroversion may not find ICTs appealing. Based on these outcomes, the chapter advocates for a more concrete research to understanding this trend.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131729742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH008
T. George, Anthony C. Onwumah, M. Fagbohun, Mercy E. Adebayo, O. Olonade
This study provides an empirical investigation of gender differences in ICT studies in selected public secondary schools. It describes gender differences in terms of students' attitude, perception, and choice of ICT subjects, parental influence, age, and religion. The study engages survey of selected public secondary schools in the region and in-depth interview of relevant stakeholders for the primary data. The study findings are anchored on existing literature, relevant theoretical positions, and data from statistical analyses. It concludes that equal opportunities in ICT studies for male and female students will empower all groups to contribute maximally to science and technology revolution for achieving needed economic and national development in the country.
{"title":"Gender Differences in ICT Studies","authors":"T. George, Anthony C. Onwumah, M. Fagbohun, Mercy E. Adebayo, O. Olonade","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH008","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides an empirical investigation of gender differences in ICT studies in selected public secondary schools. It describes gender differences in terms of students' attitude, perception, and choice of ICT subjects, parental influence, age, and religion. The study engages survey of selected public secondary schools in the region and in-depth interview of relevant stakeholders for the primary data. The study findings are anchored on existing literature, relevant theoretical positions, and data from statistical analyses. It concludes that equal opportunities in ICT studies for male and female students will empower all groups to contribute maximally to science and technology revolution for achieving needed economic and national development in the country.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"276 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133050992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH004
Selda Gorkey
Women constitute one of the risk groups vulnerable to poverty; therefore, enabling their participation in the labor force is crucial to promoting social inclusion in a society. Employment in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is widely known for being male-dominated, and recently women's participation has become an important subject. This chapter aims to examine women's employment in Turkey's ICT sector from 2009 to 2016, from a social inclusion perspective, by using various indicators. Comparisons with European Union (EU) countries provide perspective on tracking the progress of employment structure and education choices for ICT by gender. All indicators signify the existence of a gender gap resulting in low rates of inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment during the period. Examination of the reasons leads to making some policy recommendations to promote social inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment.
{"title":"Women's Employment in Turkey's ICT Sector","authors":"Selda Gorkey","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH004","url":null,"abstract":"Women constitute one of the risk groups vulnerable to poverty; therefore, enabling their participation in the labor force is crucial to promoting social inclusion in a society. Employment in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is widely known for being male-dominated, and recently women's participation has become an important subject. This chapter aims to examine women's employment in Turkey's ICT sector from 2009 to 2016, from a social inclusion perspective, by using various indicators. Comparisons with European Union (EU) countries provide perspective on tracking the progress of employment structure and education choices for ICT by gender. All indicators signify the existence of a gender gap resulting in low rates of inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment during the period. Examination of the reasons leads to making some policy recommendations to promote social inclusion of women in Turkey's ICT employment.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131048485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH010
D. Adjin, Hannah Muat
The discussion on the digital gender divide is often focused on the women who are yet to adopt ICT. The focus on women who adopt and reject ICT is rare. Women who adopt and reject ICT also account for women who do not access ICT. They often reject ICT because they are unsatisfied with the ICT technology or service adopted. To shed light on this discussion, a small scaled deductive exploratory research was conducted to understand the role of post-adoption satisfaction on the adoption of functionalities provided via mobile Facebook. The theoretical approach was the expectation and confirmation theory. The outcome indicated that post-adoption satisfaction did affect how much of the functionalities on mobile Facebook the female respondents were interested in exploring. Based on this outcome, this chapter presents a postulation in the form of a discussion to indicate that post-adoption satisfaction could be one of the reasons for the global digital gender divide.
{"title":"The Prospect of Post-Adoption Satisfaction and the Digital Gender Divide","authors":"D. Adjin, Hannah Muat","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH010","url":null,"abstract":"The discussion on the digital gender divide is often focused on the women who are yet to adopt ICT. The focus on women who adopt and reject ICT is rare. Women who adopt and reject ICT also account for women who do not access ICT. They often reject ICT because they are unsatisfied with the ICT technology or service adopted. To shed light on this discussion, a small scaled deductive exploratory research was conducted to understand the role of post-adoption satisfaction on the adoption of functionalities provided via mobile Facebook. The theoretical approach was the expectation and confirmation theory. The outcome indicated that post-adoption satisfaction did affect how much of the functionalities on mobile Facebook the female respondents were interested in exploring. Based on this outcome, this chapter presents a postulation in the form of a discussion to indicate that post-adoption satisfaction could be one of the reasons for the global digital gender divide.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124280334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH009
Tijen Över Özçelik
There is no single field that is unaffected by the developments experienced in information and communication technologies today. However, the questions, Have women been affected by these intensive technological developments and technology utilization—which are efficient in every field—as much as men have? If not, how may this be reversed? and how may technology be made effective in making women economic? arouse curiosity. Therefore, the study was shaped by answering these questions. Another reason why the study took these questions as the basis is that women and technology are of profound importance in the sustainable development and growth of societies. Women's efficient use of technology is a must to turn the changes and developments experienced in information and communication technologies into opportunities and to reach the standards of the information society. Women's economic empowerment and technology were examined, the importance of the subject was emphasized, and recommendations were made within the scope of the study.
{"title":"Sustainable Development With the Digitalization of Women","authors":"Tijen Över Özçelik","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH009","url":null,"abstract":"There is no single field that is unaffected by the developments experienced in information and communication technologies today. However, the questions, Have women been affected by these intensive technological developments and technology utilization—which are efficient in every field—as much as men have? If not, how may this be reversed? and how may technology be made effective in making women economic? arouse curiosity. Therefore, the study was shaped by answering these questions. Another reason why the study took these questions as the basis is that women and technology are of profound importance in the sustainable development and growth of societies. Women's efficient use of technology is a must to turn the changes and developments experienced in information and communication technologies into opportunities and to reach the standards of the information society. Women's economic empowerment and technology were examined, the importance of the subject was emphasized, and recommendations were made within the scope of the study.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133636351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH001
Andrea Soledad Díaz Aranda, M. Jerrard
Is this a man's world? Surprisingly the 21st century is still struggling with gender discrimination issues in many countries and in many professions. This chapter presents an analysis of the situation facing women professionals working in a developed country, Australia, and in a developing country, Chile, in the engineering/ICT sectors. The approach taken emphasizes the continued existence of inequality in these male-dominated professions based on existing research that shows what continues to be an underrepresentation of women in engineering/ICT. It is expected that the overview of this significant problem of underrepresentation will identify a number of factors at play here and that solutions to the problem will be similar in different countries.
{"title":"A Comparison Between Australia and Chile of Factors Facing Women Engineers and ICT Professionals in Their Careers","authors":"Andrea Soledad Díaz Aranda, M. Jerrard","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH001","url":null,"abstract":"Is this a man's world? Surprisingly the 21st century is still struggling with gender discrimination issues in many countries and in many professions. This chapter presents an analysis of the situation facing women professionals working in a developed country, Australia, and in a developing country, Chile, in the engineering/ICT sectors. The approach taken emphasizes the continued existence of inequality in these male-dominated professions based on existing research that shows what continues to be an underrepresentation of women in engineering/ICT. It is expected that the overview of this significant problem of underrepresentation will identify a number of factors at play here and that solutions to the problem will be similar in different countries.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132585107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH005
Winfred Yaokumah, Fred Totimeh, Peace Kumah
Gender essentialism is often used to excuse gender-based biases in the use of ICT tools and online services encouraging gender inequalities in opportunities for both males and females. This chapter aims at exploring ICT tools and online services currently being used by university students. The chapter investigates gender differences in preferences and proclivities for ICT tools and online services. Data collected from 618 university students were analyzed. The results show that males significantly differ in the use and preferences of ICT tools and devices (smart phones and tablets) from females. Conversely, females significantly differ in the use and preferences for online services (WhatsApp, text messaging, and library search engines) from males. The study also finds that smartphone and laptop computers are the most frequently used ICT tools and WhatsApp and Facebook are the most preferred online services. Gender studies in ICT to understand gender differences and proclivities are importance for policy direction towards an effort to bridge the gender gap.
{"title":"Gender Differences in Preferences and Proclivities for ICT Tools and Online Services","authors":"Winfred Yaokumah, Fred Totimeh, Peace Kumah","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7068-4.CH005","url":null,"abstract":"Gender essentialism is often used to excuse gender-based biases in the use of ICT tools and online services encouraging gender inequalities in opportunities for both males and females. This chapter aims at exploring ICT tools and online services currently being used by university students. The chapter investigates gender differences in preferences and proclivities for ICT tools and online services. Data collected from 618 university students were analyzed. The results show that males significantly differ in the use and preferences of ICT tools and devices (smart phones and tablets) from females. Conversely, females significantly differ in the use and preferences for online services (WhatsApp, text messaging, and library search engines) from males. The study also finds that smartphone and laptop computers are the most frequently used ICT tools and WhatsApp and Facebook are the most preferred online services. Gender studies in ICT to understand gender differences and proclivities are importance for policy direction towards an effort to bridge the gender gap.","PeriodicalId":306643,"journal":{"name":"Gender Gaps and the Social Inclusion Movement in ICT","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127183998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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