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REFOULING ROHINGYAS: THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA'S UNEASY ENGAGEMENT WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW 驱回罗辛亚:印度最高法院与国际法的不安接触
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-18 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21720116K
Malcolm Katrak, Shardool Kulkarni
The complex relationship between international and municipal law has been the bone of significant scholarly contention. In the Indian context, despite a formal commitment to dualism, courts have effected an interpretive shift towards monism by espousing incorporation of international law. The case of Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India, which involves the issue of deportation of Rohingya refugees from India, represents a challenge in this regard owing to the lack of clarity as to India’s obligations under the principle of non-refoulement. The paper uses the Supreme Court’s recent interim order in the said case as a case study to examine India’s engagement with international law. It argues that the order inadequately examines the role of international law in constitutional interpretation and has the unfortunate effect of ‘refouling’ Rohingyas by sending them back to a state where they face imminent persecution.
国际法和国内法之间的复杂关系一直是学术界争论的焦点。在印度的背景下,尽管正式致力于二元论,但法院通过支持纳入国际法,实现了向一元论的解释转变。Mohammad Salimullah诉印度联邦案涉及将罗兴亚难民从印度驱逐出境的问题,由于印度根据不驱回原则承担的义务不明确,这在这方面是一个挑战。该论文以最高法院最近对上述案件的临时命令为案例研究,考察印度参与国际法的情况。它认为,该命令没有充分审查国际法在宪法解释中的作用,并通过将罗兴亚人送回一个他们即将面临迫害的国家,产生了“驱逐”他们的不幸效果。
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引用次数: 0
THE CURRENT POSITION OF THE FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA 外国恐怖主义战斗人员目前在北马其顿共和国的位置
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170027I
Ice Ilijevski, Katerina Krstevska Savovska
Terrorism with religious ideological background today is a serious global threat. The modern infrastructure and the communications of movement allowed terrorist organizations to be able to attack everywhere in the world. The issue that is a point of interest of this paper is the current situation of returning the foreign terrorist fighters to their home country or third countries and the security consequences that may arise if they are not treated properly. For a more detailed perception of this problem through the case analysis – an operative police action related to the foreign terrorist fighters, the functional aspects of the criminal prosecution bodies of the Republic of North Macedonia will be better perceived and studied. Also, a special emphasis will be placed on the strategy for the fight against violent extremism and the financing of terrorist fighters.
具有宗教意识形态背景的恐怖主义是当今严重的全球性威胁。现代基础设施和移动通讯使恐怖组织能够在世界各地发动袭击。本文感兴趣的问题是将外国恐怖主义战斗人员送回其本国或第三国的现状以及如果不适当对待可能产生的安全后果。为了通过案例分析- -一项与外国恐怖主义战斗人员有关的警察行动- -更详细地了解这个问题,将更好地了解和研究北马其顿共和国刑事起诉机构的职能方面。此外,将特别强调打击暴力极端主义和资助恐怖主义战斗人员的战略。
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引用次数: 1
NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING ON SOCIAL MEDIA SITES: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE 2019 AUSTRIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ELECTION CAMPAIGN 社交媒体网站上的负面竞选:对2019年奥地利全国议会竞选活动的定量分析
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170011L
Stefan Lehrner
Election campaigns in the age of social media are rapidly changing their character. Due to the declining party loyalty of voters, once stable constituencies have become increasingly volatile and the importance of campaigning has increased. Parties are now thought to be more likely than in the past to opt for negative campaigning. This paper examines the postings that parties or top candidates made on the social media sites Facebook and Twitter during the 2019 National Council election campaign. The results suggest that - at least on social media sites - the cost-benefit analysis of the parties might turn towards negative campaigning, as the average popularity of negative campaigning posts was higher than those that were not tagged with negative campaigning.
社交媒体时代的竞选活动正在迅速改变其特点。由于选民对政党的忠诚度下降,曾经稳定的选区变得越来越不稳定,竞选活动的重要性也增加了。政党现在被认为比过去更有可能选择消极的竞选活动。本文研究了2019年全国委员会竞选期间,政党或顶级候选人在社交媒体网站脸书和推特上发布的帖子。结果表明,至少在社交媒体网站上,政党的成本效益分析可能会转向负面竞选,因为负面竞选帖子的平均受欢迎程度高于那些没有贴上负面竞选标签的帖子。
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引用次数: 1
DIGITAL SERVICES AS A TOOL FOR CREATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE BANKING SECTOR IN NORTH MACEDONIA 数字服务作为在北马其顿银行业创造竞争优势的工具
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170079S
Viktorija Stojkovski
In the last few years participants of the banking sector in North Macedonia are facing big competition as a result of the increased innovations between these participants. The only way for banks to stay relevant with their operations is to create a sustainable competitive advantage. For an organization to hold out in a competitive environment, it needs to develop competitive strategies. One of the aspects of creating a competitive advantage in the banking sector is creating digital services. These services have a high impact on the banking sector and enable banks to have a competitive advantage in different manners. In addition to a theoretical approach to creating a competitive advantage in the banking sector, we conducted empirical research on how banks in North Macedonia create competitive advantage by offering digital services. This paper aims to describe the end-users attitude on digital banking services as well as the bank’s strategies on creating a competitive advantage by offering digital banking services.
在过去几年中,北马其顿银行业的参与者面临着巨大的竞争,因为这些参与者之间的创新不断增加。银行保持业务相关性的唯一途径是创造可持续的竞争优势。一个组织要想在竞争环境中坚持下去,就需要制定竞争战略。在银行业创造竞争优势的一个方面是创造数字服务。这些服务对银行业有很大影响,使银行能够以不同的方式获得竞争优势。除了在银行业创造竞争优势的理论方法外,我们还对北马其顿的银行如何通过提供数字服务创造竞争优势进行了实证研究。本文旨在描述最终用户对数字银行服务的态度,以及银行通过提供数字银行服务创造竞争优势的策略。
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引用次数: 0
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS WITH THE COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC AND TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN CANADA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION 全球化的影响以及与加拿大和欧洲联盟之间的全面经济和贸易协定的相互联系
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170106F
Marija Fileva
Elimination of the trade barriers and stimulation of business activity through trade liberalization led to the expansion in the field of the global economy. There are plentiful hesitations about who gains the highest benefit from free trade, especially when it comes to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. Analogously, the previous mention guides to the dilemma about the trade negotiations and their position in the same agreement in which are the labor standards. Additionally, trade liberalization has influenced the creation of a close link connection between trade, labor, and globalization. This paper focuses on the effects of globalization and trade liberalization with their connection apropos the provisions from CETA; especially with an emphasis on Chapter 23: 'Trade and Labour’.
消除贸易壁垒和通过贸易自由化刺激商业活动导致了全球经济领域的扩张。关于谁能从自由贸易中获得最大利益,尤其是在加拿大和欧盟之间的全面经济贸易协定(CETA)方面,人们有很多犹豫。类似地,前面提到的贸易谈判的困境,以及他们在同一协议中的地位是劳动标准。此外,贸易自由化影响了贸易、劳动力和全球化之间紧密联系的建立。本文从CETA的条款出发,着重分析了全球化与贸易自由化的影响及其联系;尤其是在第23章“贸易与劳工”上。
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引用次数: 0
THE ESCALATION OF CONFLICT BETWEEN ARMENIANS AND AZERBAIJANIS AND THE PROBLEMS OF PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH WAR 亚美尼亚与阿塞拜疆冲突的升级与纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争的和平解决问题
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163102M
Valeri Modebadze
This article explains why it is so difficult to achieve peace in Nagorno-Karabakh and what factors prevent the peaceful resolution of the conflict. This conflict is very difficult to resolve because the conflicting parties have contradictory geopolitical interests and cannot achieve consensus during negotiations.  We have to take into account Russia’s geopolitical interests in South Caucasus that Kremlin is interested in freezing this conflict to weaken both states, Azerbaijan and Armenia, and bring them back to Russia’s orbit. Moscow aims to establish firm control over South Caucasus which was viewed in the past as a ‘Russian backyard’.  Russia still views South Caucasus as its zone of influence and tries to bring this region back into Russia’s orbit.
这篇文章解释了为什么在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫实现和平如此困难,以及阻止和平解决冲突的因素。由于冲突各方的地缘政治利益相互矛盾,无法在谈判中达成共识,这一冲突很难解决。我们必须考虑到俄罗斯在南高加索的地缘政治利益,克里姆林宫有意冻结这场冲突,削弱阿塞拜疆和亚美尼亚这两个国家,并将它们带回俄罗斯的轨道。莫斯科的目标是建立对南高加索的牢固控制,该地区过去被视为“俄罗斯的后院”。俄罗斯仍将南高加索视为其势力范围,并试图将该地区重新纳入俄罗斯的轨道。
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引用次数: 2
GEOPOLITICS OF NEAR-SPACE: INCREASING NATIONAL POWER THROUGH SPACEPLANE DEPLOYMENT 近空间地缘政治:通过航天飞机部署增强国家实力
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163090N
B. Nuhija, Stefani Stojchevska
With the delimitation of airspace and outer space being a continuous issue, various arguments intend to analyze the viewpoint of the geopolitics of near-space being considered neither as part of Astropolitik, nor the geopolitics of airspace. Consequently, a comparative methodology in regards to the multidimensional objectives of geopolitics is followed: (1) evolving a theoretical military basis of spaceplane deployment; (2) examining the natural background of the geopolitics of near-space; (3) constructing the ‘history-future’ relation of the geopolitics of near-space; and (4) analyzing the increasing of America’s national power through spaceplane deployment. Principle results obtained from the theoretical comparative methodology consequently determine the fundamental establishment of the geopolitics of near-space.
由于空气空间和外层空间的划界是一个持续不断的问题,各种论点都试图分析近空间地缘政治的观点,即近空间的地缘政治既不被视为太空政治的一部分,也不被视是空气空间的地缘政治。因此,就地缘政治的多层面目标而言,采用了一种比较方法:(1)发展太空飞机部署的理论军事基础;(2) 考察近空间地缘政治的自然背景;(3) 构建近空间地缘政治的“历史-未来”关系;以及(4)分析美国通过太空飞机部署增强国力的情况。从理论比较方法论中得出的原理结果,决定了近空间地缘政治学的根本确立。
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引用次数: 0
CHINA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: EVOLUTION, CHALLENGES, AND THE GREEK CASE 中国公共外交:演变、挑战和希腊案例
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163079Z
G. Zacharias
The construction of a positive international image is profoundly correlated with advancing one’s national interests abroad. Influencing foreign audiences and creating multisided links with countries of interest, is the main objective of public diplomacy. In the highly interconnected XXI century, countries have increasingly invested in that practice, assisted by major technological advancements. China is not an exception. The current paper will examine in which ways the latter conducts public diplomacy and through which actors. The study will also try to showcase the evolution and challenges that took place in this domain. Afterward, the case study of Greece will be considered, presenting the Chinese actors engaging in the country, the practices they use, and how the bilateral relationship has been affected. The essay will conclude with estimating the total effectiveness of the practices, possible challenges that exist, and several insights for future reference.
积极国际形象的塑造与国家对外利益的推进有着深刻的联系。影响外国受众和与感兴趣的国家建立多边联系是公共外交的主要目标。在高度相互联系的二十一世纪,在重大技术进步的帮助下,各国越来越多地投资于这种做法。中国也不例外。本文将探讨后者以何种方式开展公共外交,以及通过哪些行为体开展公共外交。该研究还将尝试展示该领域发生的演变和挑战。之后,将考虑希腊的案例研究,介绍参与该国的中国演员,他们使用的做法,以及双边关系如何受到影响。本文将以评估实践的总体有效性、存在的可能挑战和未来参考的一些见解来结束。
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引用次数: 0
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS IN COMBATING CHILD ONLINE SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION 打击儿童网上性虐待和性剥削的国际法律标准
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163111N
B. Netkova, Ariana Qosaj Qosaj Mustafa
The general international standards are being discussed in this article, as well as more relevant ones concerned with the problem of sexual exploitation and child abuse. Further, the article discusses a growing understanding of children’s exposure to violence, strengthened commitments to secure their safety and protection, and significant international implementation efforts to mobilize support for prevention and response and to help change attitudes and behavior which condone violence against children. With the fast development of the internet and online social networks, the article ends with a conclusion in identifying criminal law benchmarks based on the previously identified general international standards.
本文正在讨论一般国际标准,以及与性剥削和虐待儿童问题有关的标准。此外,文章还讨论了对儿童遭受暴力的日益了解,加强对儿童安全和保护的承诺,以及为动员对预防和反应的支持以及帮助改变宽恕对儿童的暴力行为的态度和行为而作出的重大国际执行努力。随着互联网和在线社交网络的快速发展,本文最后总结了在之前确定的一般国际标准的基础上确定刑法基准的结论。
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引用次数: 2
EVOLUTIONARY POSSIBILITIES OF DEMOCRATIZATION AND ATAVISTIC NATIONALISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UNRECOGNIZED STATES 民主化与返祖民族主义的进化可能性&未被承认国家的比较研究
Q4 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163011U
Hilmi Ulas
The question of how rising atavistic nationalism will affect democracies worldwide is an essential one of our time. In this paper, I focus instead on conducting a comparative historical analysis of atavistic nationalism in two unrecognized states: North Cyprus and Taiwan. I argue that the democratic crisis of our times is, in its essence, economic and has been precipitated by the failure of democracies to build domestic capacities to support democratic values. Furthermore, I posit that engaging populaces at the local political level will prove essential to preserving democracies around the world. I conclude by underlining that atavistic nationalism is indeed a significant threat to regional and global peace and requires further co-operation on trade and governance, and should be engaged at the local level. Lastly, I suggest that co-creating local cultures that will act to soften atavistic nationalism, which feeds off the perception of threats and fear.
高涨的返祖民族主义将如何影响世界各地的民主国家,这是我们这个时代的一个重要问题。在这篇论文中,我着重于对两个未被承认的国家——北塞浦路斯和台湾的返祖民族主义进行比较历史分析。我认为,我们时代的民主危机本质上是经济危机,是由于民主国家未能建立支持民主价值观的国内能力而引发的。此外,我认为,地方政治层面的民众参与将证明对维护世界各地的民主至关重要。最后,我强调,返祖民族主义确实是对地区和全球和平的重大威胁,需要在贸易和治理方面进一步合作,应该在地方一级参与。最后,我建议共同创造当地文化,以软化返祖民族主义,这种民族主义源于对威胁和恐惧的感知。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Liberty and International Affairs
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