Pub Date : 2020-02-16DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90771
Takalani Cele
Innovative developments of science and engineering have progressed very fast toward the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve unique properties that are not the same as the properties of the bulk materials. The particle reveals interesting properties at the dimension below 100 nm, mostly from two physical effects. The two physical effects are the quantization of electronic states apparent leading to very sensitive size-dependent effects such as optical and magnetic properties and the high surface-to-volume ratio modifies the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. The nanoparticles’ unique physical and chemical properties render them most appropriate for a number of specialist applications.
{"title":"Preparation of Nanoparticles","authors":"Takalani Cele","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90771","url":null,"abstract":"Innovative developments of science and engineering have progressed very fast toward the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve unique properties that are not the same as the properties of the bulk materials. The particle reveals interesting properties at the dimension below 100 nm, mostly from two physical effects. The two physical effects are the quantization of electronic states apparent leading to very sensitive size-dependent effects such as optical and magnetic properties and the high surface-to-volume ratio modifies the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. The nanoparticles’ unique physical and chemical properties render them most appropriate for a number of specialist applications.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115543524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-30DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90717
P. Patel, P. Kumari, Suresh K. Verma, M. Mallick
Toxicity and biocompatibility of silver nanoparticles are of a major concern due to their extensive production regardless of their application in current industries. Information about toxicology or biocompatibility is crucial regarding their proper utilization and application in clinical as well as environmental aspect. This chapter describes in detail about the different techniques and technology of synthesis of silver nanoparticles and explains their different physiochemical properties in context of the current research scenario. Further, it also explains the biocompatibility and toxicity of silver nanoparticles at cellular and molecular aspects. The mechanism of their toxicity has been described keeping in view of the recent research done. In brief, it reveals detail knowledge of the cellular and molecular impact of silver nanoparticles.
{"title":"Cellular and Molecular Impact of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles","authors":"P. Patel, P. Kumari, Suresh K. Verma, M. Mallick","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.90717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90717","url":null,"abstract":"Toxicity and biocompatibility of silver nanoparticles are of a major concern due to their extensive production regardless of their application in current industries. Information about toxicology or biocompatibility is crucial regarding their proper utilization and application in clinical as well as environmental aspect. This chapter describes in detail about the different techniques and technology of synthesis of silver nanoparticles and explains their different physiochemical properties in context of the current research scenario. Further, it also explains the biocompatibility and toxicity of silver nanoparticles at cellular and molecular aspects. The mechanism of their toxicity has been described keeping in view of the recent research done. In brief, it reveals detail knowledge of the cellular and molecular impact of silver nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117094194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89904
H. R. Ong, Wan Mohd Eqhwan Iskandar, M. R. Khan
The fast development in the extraction technique of silica from biomass has resulted in the signification use of silica in the industry. Rice is one of the world’s most significant plants, which serve as a carbohydrate intake for humans. Rice husk is one of the main agro-wastes comprising big quantities of silicate. This chapter presenting the review on rice husk nanosilica production techniques by thermal and chemical methods. A direction on efficient and sustainable nanosilica extraction method will be discussed. Apart from that, method on nanofluids preparation will be accumulated with respect to the end application. Moreover, the influence of nanoparticle in nanofluids in terms of heat conductivity, rheological properties, and stability will be discussed. The potential application area of silica nanofluids such as solar, automobile, electronic cooling, and biomedical application will be explored.
{"title":"Rice Husk Nanosilica Preparation and Its Potential Application as Nanofluids","authors":"H. R. Ong, Wan Mohd Eqhwan Iskandar, M. R. Khan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89904","url":null,"abstract":"The fast development in the extraction technique of silica from biomass has resulted in the signification use of silica in the industry. Rice is one of the world’s most significant plants, which serve as a carbohydrate intake for humans. Rice husk is one of the main agro-wastes comprising big quantities of silicate. This chapter presenting the review on rice husk nanosilica production techniques by thermal and chemical methods. A direction on efficient and sustainable nanosilica extraction method will be discussed. Apart from that, method on nanofluids preparation will be accumulated with respect to the end application. Moreover, the influence of nanoparticle in nanofluids in terms of heat conductivity, rheological properties, and stability will be discussed. The potential application area of silica nanofluids such as solar, automobile, electronic cooling, and biomedical application will be explored.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128574735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-13DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89534
T. Saeed, A. Naeem, T. Mahmood, N. Khan
The nano-technologies and nano-materials draw incredible consideration in recent years. Nano-particles are the particles having size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The nano-particles are usually categorized into different classes, and their classification is based on size, shape, material production, and dimension. They show superior properties, i.e., enhanced reactivity, high BET surface area, sensitiveness, and steadiness as compared to their bulk materials. In this chapter, different approaches of synthesizing nano-particles, including sol gel, chemical vapor deposition, and biosynthesis are talked over. In the treatment of wastewater, nano-particles offer a possibility for effective adsorption of contaminants organic as well as inorganic. This chapter presents an overview on nano-particles, their types, characteristics, synthetic approaches, and applications in the field of surface chemistry.
{"title":"Preparation of Nano-Particles and Their Applications in Adsorption","authors":"T. Saeed, A. Naeem, T. Mahmood, N. Khan","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89534","url":null,"abstract":"The nano-technologies and nano-materials draw incredible consideration in recent years. Nano-particles are the particles having size ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The nano-particles are usually categorized into different classes, and their classification is based on size, shape, material production, and dimension. They show superior properties, i.e., enhanced reactivity, high BET surface area, sensitiveness, and steadiness as compared to their bulk materials. In this chapter, different approaches of synthesizing nano-particles, including sol gel, chemical vapor deposition, and biosynthesis are talked over. In the treatment of wastewater, nano-particles offer a possibility for effective adsorption of contaminants organic as well as inorganic. This chapter presents an overview on nano-particles, their types, characteristics, synthetic approaches, and applications in the field of surface chemistry.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131499624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-08DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89954
L. Kvítek, R. Prucek, A. Panacek, J. Soukupová
Physicochemical properties, including optical properties or catalytic activity, and biological properties of metal nanoparticles are considerably influenced by their diameter. Therefore, a tailored synthesis of metal nanoparticles represents a key topic in the field of nanotechnology, and the number of research papers, concerning this topic, has been annually growing with an arithmetic progression. Metal nanoparticles are most frequently prepared via chemical reduction of metals in ionic form from their solutions. Using this synthetic approach, tailored parameters of the particles can be achieved via the adjustment of numerous factors: difference of potentials of the metal redox system and the reducing agent redox system, pH of the reaction mixture, and its temperature. The influence of these three factors on the diameter of the prepared metal nanoparticles will be discussed in the following chapter with respect to general laws and based on numerous examples from research practice.
{"title":"Physicochemical Aspects of Metal Nanoparticle Preparation","authors":"L. Kvítek, R. Prucek, A. Panacek, J. Soukupová","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89954","url":null,"abstract":"Physicochemical properties, including optical properties or catalytic activity, and biological properties of metal nanoparticles are considerably influenced by their diameter. Therefore, a tailored synthesis of metal nanoparticles represents a key topic in the field of nanotechnology, and the number of research papers, concerning this topic, has been annually growing with an arithmetic progression. Metal nanoparticles are most frequently prepared via chemical reduction of metals in ionic form from their solutions. Using this synthetic approach, tailored parameters of the particles can be achieved via the adjustment of numerous factors: difference of potentials of the metal redox system and the reducing agent redox system, pH of the reaction mixture, and its temperature. The influence of these three factors on the diameter of the prepared metal nanoparticles will be discussed in the following chapter with respect to general laws and based on numerous examples from research practice.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"278 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122163038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-23DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88684
Atamjit Singh, Kirandeep Kaur
Among the emerging nanotechnology, nanoparticles get much attention due to their unique physicochemical, optical, electrical, and thermal activities. Nowadays, extensive research on silver nanoparticles is going on due to their wide applicabil-ity in different fields. Silver nanoparticles possess excellent anticancer as well as antimicrobial efficacy (hence found major and wide applications as antimicrobial, wound healing, antidiarrheal, and antifungal agents). A huge and advanced per-spective of silver nanoparticles is found in environmental hygiene and sterilization due to their magnificent disinfectant properties. The other major applications of silver nanoparticles include diagnostic (as biological tags in biosensors, assays, and quantitative detection), conductive (in conductive inks, pastes, and fillers), optical (metal-enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering), and household (pesticides and wastewater treatment) applications. The present review consists of an exhaustive detail about the biological and physical applications of silver nanoparticles along with the analysis of historical evolution, the present scenario, and possible future outcomes.
{"title":"Biological and Physical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles with Emerging Trends of Green Synthesis","authors":"Atamjit Singh, Kirandeep Kaur","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88684","url":null,"abstract":"Among the emerging nanotechnology, nanoparticles get much attention due to their unique physicochemical, optical, electrical, and thermal activities. Nowadays, extensive research on silver nanoparticles is going on due to their wide applicabil-ity in different fields. Silver nanoparticles possess excellent anticancer as well as antimicrobial efficacy (hence found major and wide applications as antimicrobial, wound healing, antidiarrheal, and antifungal agents). A huge and advanced per-spective of silver nanoparticles is found in environmental hygiene and sterilization due to their magnificent disinfectant properties. The other major applications of silver nanoparticles include diagnostic (as biological tags in biosensors, assays, and quantitative detection), conductive (in conductive inks, pastes, and fillers), optical (metal-enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering), and household (pesticides and wastewater treatment) applications. The present review consists of an exhaustive detail about the biological and physical applications of silver nanoparticles along with the analysis of historical evolution, the present scenario, and possible future outcomes.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"84 11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130057806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-12DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88097
Anca Onaciu, A. Jurj, C. Moldovan, I. Berindan‐Neagoe
Nanoparticles offer a lot of advantageous backgrounds for many applications due to their physical, chemical and biological properties. Their different composition (metals, lipids, polymers, peptides) and shapes (spheres, rods, pyramids, flowers and so on) are influenced by the synthesis methods and functionalization procedures. However, in the medical field, researchers focus on the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the nanoparticles in their attempts for a targeted therapy in which the nanocarriers need to bypass certain biological barriers. Moreover, the increased interest in molecular imaging has brought nanoparticles in the spotlight for their applications in two distinct directions: therapy and diagnosis. Furthermore, recent advances in nanoparticle designs have introduced novel nano-objects suitable as both detection and delivery systems at the same time, thus providing theranostic applications.
{"title":"Theranostic Nanoparticles and Their Spectrum in Cancer","authors":"Anca Onaciu, A. Jurj, C. Moldovan, I. Berindan‐Neagoe","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88097","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles offer a lot of advantageous backgrounds for many applications due to their physical, chemical and biological properties. Their different composition (metals, lipids, polymers, peptides) and shapes (spheres, rods, pyramids, flowers and so on) are influenced by the synthesis methods and functionalization procedures. However, in the medical field, researchers focus on the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the nanoparticles in their attempts for a targeted therapy in which the nanocarriers need to bypass certain biological barriers. Moreover, the increased interest in molecular imaging has brought nanoparticles in the spotlight for their applications in two distinct directions: therapy and diagnosis. Furthermore, recent advances in nanoparticle designs have introduced novel nano-objects suitable as both detection and delivery systems at the same time, thus providing theranostic applications.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129194088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-09DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.89344
Saraí C. Guadarrama-Reyes, R. Morales-Luckie, V. Sánchez-Mendieta, María G. González-Pedroza, E. Lara-Carrillo, U. Velazquez-Enriquez, V. Toral-Rizo, R. Scougall-Vilchis
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through a green method, using Heterotheca inuloides as a bioreducing agent. Moreover, catgut suture threads were decorated with those biogenic silver nanoparticles, and their antibacterial activity versus highly resistant pathogenic microorganisms was evaluated. The principles of green chemistry and nanotechnology allow us to obtain advanced materials, such as suture threads, which can reduce or avoid the prevalence of infectious processes in the medical field. Mexican medicinal plants, such as H. inuloides , represent an adequate alternative for biosynthesis; this plant species is known for its medicinal benefits and its antibacterial activity, and for that reason, it is being used in folk medicine.
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Heterotheca inuloides and Its Antimicrobial Activity in Catgut Suture Threads","authors":"Saraí C. Guadarrama-Reyes, R. Morales-Luckie, V. Sánchez-Mendieta, María G. González-Pedroza, E. Lara-Carrillo, U. Velazquez-Enriquez, V. Toral-Rizo, R. Scougall-Vilchis","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.89344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89344","url":null,"abstract":"Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through a green method, using Heterotheca inuloides as a bioreducing agent. Moreover, catgut suture threads were decorated with those biogenic silver nanoparticles, and their antibacterial activity versus highly resistant pathogenic microorganisms was evaluated. The principles of green chemistry and nanotechnology allow us to obtain advanced materials, such as suture threads, which can reduce or avoid the prevalence of infectious processes in the medical field. Mexican medicinal plants, such as H. inuloides , represent an adequate alternative for biosynthesis; this plant species is known for its medicinal benefits and its antibacterial activity, and for that reason, it is being used in folk medicine.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132162416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-10DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88786
K. McGuire, J. Hogge, Aidan J. Hintze, N. Liddle, N. Nelson, J. Pollock, A. Brown, S. Facer, S. Walker, J. Lynch, R. Harrison, D. Busath
Copper complexes have previously been developed to target His37 in influenza M2 and are effective blockers of both the wild type (WT) and the amantadine-resistant M2S31N. Here, we report that the complexes were much less toxic to zebrafish than CuCl 2 . In addition, we characterized albumin binding, mutagenicity, and virus resistance formation of these metal complexes, and employed steered molecular dynamics simulations to explore whether the complexes would fit in M2. We also examined their anti-viral efficacy in a multi-generation cell culture assay to extend the previ-ous work with an initial-infection assay, discovering that this is complicated by cell culture medium components. The number of copper ions binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA) correlates well with the number of surface histidines and BSA binding affinity is low compared to M2. No mutagenicity of the complexes was observed when compared to sodium azide. After 10 passages of virus in MDCK culture, the EC 50 was unchanged for each of the complexes, i.e. resistance did not develop. The simulations revealed that the compounds fit well in the M2 channel, much like amantadine.
{"title":"Copper Complexes as Influenza Antivirals: Reduced Zebrafish Toxicity","authors":"K. McGuire, J. Hogge, Aidan J. Hintze, N. Liddle, N. Nelson, J. Pollock, A. Brown, S. Facer, S. Walker, J. Lynch, R. Harrison, D. Busath","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.88786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88786","url":null,"abstract":"Copper complexes have previously been developed to target His37 in influenza M2 and are effective blockers of both the wild type (WT) and the amantadine-resistant M2S31N. Here, we report that the complexes were much less toxic to zebrafish than CuCl 2 . In addition, we characterized albumin binding, mutagenicity, and virus resistance formation of these metal complexes, and employed steered molecular dynamics simulations to explore whether the complexes would fit in M2. We also examined their anti-viral efficacy in a multi-generation cell culture assay to extend the previ-ous work with an initial-infection assay, discovering that this is complicated by cell culture medium components. The number of copper ions binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA) correlates well with the number of surface histidines and BSA binding affinity is low compared to M2. No mutagenicity of the complexes was observed when compared to sodium azide. After 10 passages of virus in MDCK culture, the EC 50 was unchanged for each of the complexes, i.e. resistance did not develop. The simulations revealed that the compounds fit well in the M2 channel, much like amantadine.","PeriodicalId":307679,"journal":{"name":"Engineered Nanomaterials - Health and Safety","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122357685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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