This article discusses the effort being made by the Air Force Logistics Command in developing a method of generating effective program test data. This "Test Data Generator" is designed to operate in conjunction with the COBOL compiler implemented by AFLC. As such, the system not only builds data conforming to descriptions given in the Data Division of a COBOL program but also places in these items necessary data relationships to test the logic of the COBOL program. Both the utilization and the method of operation of the system are discussed in this paper.
{"title":"A general test data generator for COBOL","authors":"Richard L. Sauder","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460869","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the effort being made by the Air Force Logistics Command in developing a method of generating effective program test data. This \"Test Data Generator\" is designed to operate in conjunction with the <u>COBOL</u> compiler implemented by AFLC. As such, the system not only builds data conforming to descriptions given in the Data Division of a COBOL program but also places in these items necessary data relationships to test the logic of the COBOL program. Both the utilization and the method of operation of the system are discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123012402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The FACT Compiler is Honeywell's English language narrative compiler used for commercial data processing applications. The program segments created by FACT have their position in memory dynamically relocated in order to make the most efficient use of the available core storage. The methods employed in this operation will be described as they are general in scope and of sufficient merit to find use in other applications.
{"title":"Fact segmentation","authors":"Martin N. Greenfield","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460868","url":null,"abstract":"The FACT Compiler is Honeywell's English language narrative compiler used for commercial data processing applications. The program segments created by FACT have their position in memory dynamically relocated in order to make the most efficient use of the available core storage. The methods employed in this operation will be described as they are general in scope and of sufficient merit to find use in other applications.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114397799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Humans are considered as general purpose computers. They ask two questions of the environment, "What is most likely to be the situation next?", and, "What do I do now?" A research program is described which seeks to determine how, and how well, humans can answer the former question or predict the environment.
{"title":"Are the man and the machine relations?","authors":"B. Wolin","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460849","url":null,"abstract":"Humans are considered as general purpose computers. They ask two questions of the environment, \"What is most likely to be the situation next?\", and, \"What do I do now?\" A research program is described which seeks to determine how, and how well, humans can answer the former question or predict the environment.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124867358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantitative measurements of the multicellular activity recorded with gross electrodes from the ventral nerve cord of the crayfish have been made to determine the adaptation function, the spectral sensitivity and the relation between stimulus intensity and response amplitude of the simple photoreceptor located in the sixth caudal ganglion. A digital computer analysis technique was used to discriminate between those fibers associated with the photic stimulation and other spontaneously active neurons and to perform the bookkeeping operations of peak detection, and tabular and graphic display of amplitude and interval distributions. The neural output was found to adapt considerably over a period of one minute with high activity rates (produced by high level stimuli) showing a greater percentage decrease in activity than lower rates. A constant energy spectrum was produced by means of a grating monochrometer and the luminosity function plotted by measuring the total amount of activity in a two second sample. The photosensitivity function was found to closely approximate the luminosity curve of the dark adapted human eye. The relation between stimulus intensity and response amplitude was found to be well fitted by a power function with an exponent of 53.
{"title":"The caudal photoreceptor of the crayfish: quantitative study of responses to intensity, temporal and wavelength variables","authors":"W. Uttal, H. Kasprzak","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460853","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative measurements of the multicellular activity recorded with gross electrodes from the ventral nerve cord of the crayfish have been made to determine the adaptation function, the spectral sensitivity and the relation between stimulus intensity and response amplitude of the simple photoreceptor located in the sixth caudal ganglion. A digital computer analysis technique was used to discriminate between those fibers associated with the photic stimulation and other spontaneously active neurons and to perform the bookkeeping operations of peak detection, and tabular and graphic display of amplitude and interval distributions. The neural output was found to adapt considerably over a period of one minute with high activity rates (produced by high level stimuli) showing a greater percentage decrease in activity than lower rates. A constant energy spectrum was produced by means of a grating monochrometer and the luminosity function plotted by measuring the total amount of activity in a two second sample. The photosensitivity function was found to closely approximate the luminosity curve of the dark adapted human eye. The relation between stimulus intensity and response amplitude was found to be well fitted by a power function with an exponent of 53.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115933793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unlike most computers, for which there is a formal distinction between "fixed-point" and "floating-point" numbers, the University of Chicago Maniac III computer handles all numbers in a single format (exponent and coefficient, with the coefficient in general not normalized). This permits several types of arithmetic to be defined, which differ in that results are adjusted (coefficient scaled) according to different rules. These rules are classified in terms of "significant-digit," "normalized," "specified point" or "basic" characteristics. Since the operand format in all cases is the same, numbers can be processed by the various arithmetics without intermediate conversion, thus adding a dimension of flexibility to the computing process. This paper discusses the Maniac III arithmetic rules in some detail, showing how they embody the cited characteristics, and how consistent conventions for rounding, adjustment of zero and formation of low order parts are established. The trapping system used for the detection of anomalous results is also described.
{"title":"The Maniac III arithmetic system","authors":"R. Ashenhurst","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460856","url":null,"abstract":"Unlike most computers, for which there is a formal distinction between \"fixed-point\" and \"floating-point\" numbers, the University of Chicago Maniac III computer handles all numbers in a single format (exponent and coefficient, with the coefficient in general not normalized). This permits several types of arithmetic to be defined, which differ in that results are adjusted (coefficient scaled) according to different rules. These rules are classified in terms of \"significant-digit,\" \"normalized,\" \"specified point\" or \"basic\" characteristics. Since the operand format in all cases is the same, numbers can be processed by the various arithmetics without intermediate conversion, thus adding a dimension of flexibility to the computing process.\u0000 This paper discusses the Maniac III arithmetic rules in some detail, showing how they embody the cited characteristics, and how consistent conventions for rounding, adjustment of zero and formation of low order parts are established. The trapping system used for the detection of anomalous results is also described.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127027791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A computer storage system which is addressed by content rather than location is described. The design has been verified by constructing and successfully operating a three-word module consisting of 81 crossed-film cryotrons on a 6-inch by 3-inch substrate.
{"title":"A cryogenic data addressed memory","authors":"V. Newhouse, R. Fruin","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460844","url":null,"abstract":"A computer storage system which is addressed by content rather than location is described. The design has been verified by constructing and successfully operating a three-word module consisting of 81 crossed-film cryotrons on a 6-inch by 3-inch substrate.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128331042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a belief in some quarters that Gödel's incompleteness theorem expresses the existence of an intrinsic property of computing machinery which limits their use as creative robots and renders them unsuitable for the simulation of intelligent behavior. We do not subscribe to this view, and it will be the purpose of this paper to indicate why not. To do this, we shall develop in Part I, the concepts of recursive function theory necessary to state Gödel's theorem so that an intelligent argument as to its consequences may be inferred. The method we have chosen - programs - seems to us to be that with which the reader will be most familiar and which has the greatest intuitive appeal. The main result, the Gödel incompleteness theorem, will then appear as a statement to the effect that a certain set of integers can not be generated by a program. In Part II we show how in certain cases, sets of integers having similar properties may be generated by a modified program, and draw some conclusions vis-à-vis machine intelligence. We wish to emphasize that while our presentation is very informal, it is possible to give rigorous demonstrations of all theorems stated, and we shall henceforth regard this as implicit.
{"title":"The Gödel incompleteness theorem and intelligent machines","authors":"F. B. Cannonito","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460841","url":null,"abstract":"There is a belief in some quarters that Gödel's incompleteness theorem expresses the existence of an intrinsic property of computing machinery which limits their use as creative robots and renders them unsuitable for the simulation of intelligent behavior. We do not subscribe to this view, and it will be the purpose of this paper to indicate why not. To do this, we shall develop in Part I, the concepts of recursive function theory necessary to state Gödel's theorem so that an intelligent argument as to its consequences may be inferred. The method we have chosen - programs - seems to us to be that with which the reader will be most familiar and which has the greatest intuitive appeal. The main result, the Gödel incompleteness theorem, will then appear as a statement to the effect that a certain set of integers can not be generated by a program. In Part II we show how in certain cases, sets of integers having similar properties may be generated by a modified program, and draw some conclusions vis-à-vis machine intelligence. We wish to emphasize that while our presentation is very informal, it is possible to give rigorous demonstrations of all theorems stated, and we shall henceforth regard this as implicit.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"300 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124241557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is a survey of the main experimental and theoretical difficulties encountered in the study of the nervous system. These difficulties are illustrated by examples of the uncertainties still existing in knowledge of the behavior of neurons, both individually and in groups, and in the interpretation of experimental observations. Concepts of the reduction of data from electrophysiological experiments are discussed and compared with those in physical experiments.
{"title":"Problems in the study of the nervous system","authors":"B. G. Farley","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460851","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a survey of the main experimental and theoretical difficulties encountered in the study of the nervous system. These difficulties are illustrated by examples of the uncertainties still existing in knowledge of the behavior of neurons, both individually and in groups, and in the interpretation of experimental observations. Concepts of the reduction of data from electrophysiological experiments are discussed and compared with those in physical experiments.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121340915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A digital computer, if used with proper programming techniques, can be a powerful tool during the processes of physical integration of complex digital data processing systems. After system integration, as such, has been completed the same techniques may be used to provide performance monitoring and daily calibration status data for all or any part of a system. Investigation of such programming techniques during system integration of the Developmental Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS) at USNEL produced results which indicated the possibility of using the computer for automatic fault location in the system. Some progress has been made in this area, and a program which allows the NTDS computer to identify a failing logic card associated with its own memory logic and switching circuitry has been successfully demonstrated. The final objectives of this approach are to provide facilities to perform on line performance monitoring and automatic fault location, reduce to a minimum the external test equipment required for a system, and eliminate insofar as possible the high degree of training presently required in the system maintenance technician.
{"title":"Integration and automatic fault location techniques in large digital data systems","authors":"D. W. Liddell","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460858","url":null,"abstract":"A digital computer, if used with proper programming techniques, can be a powerful tool during the processes of physical integration of complex digital data processing systems. After system integration, as such, has been completed the same techniques may be used to provide performance monitoring and daily calibration status data for all or any part of a system.\u0000 Investigation of such programming techniques during system integration of the Developmental Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS) at USNEL produced results which indicated the possibility of using the computer for automatic fault location in the system. Some progress has been made in this area, and a program which allows the NTDS computer to identify a failing logic card associated with its own memory logic and switching circuitry has been successfully demonstrated. The final objectives of this approach are to provide facilities to perform on line performance monitoring and automatic fault location, reduce to a minimum the external test equipment required for a system, and eliminate insofar as possible the high degree of training presently required in the system maintenance technician.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122819414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A set of computer logic circuits capable of 50-megapulse operation is described. Included are gated and mixing pulse amplifiers, a static flip-flop, a diode logic unit with current-steering amplifier, a passive delay line, and an active variable delay circuit, all of which are designed to operate with terminated 75-ohm transmission lines. Ten-nanosecond pulses and 20-nanosecond flip-flop transition times are achieved through use of very-high-speed MADT transistors. The circuits have been successfully employed in the FX-1, a small general purpose computer with a high-speed magnetic-film memory.
{"title":"Circuits for the FX-1 computer","authors":"K. H. Konkle","doi":"10.1145/1460833.1460845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/1460833.1460845","url":null,"abstract":"A set of computer logic circuits capable of 50-megapulse operation is described. Included are gated and mixing pulse amplifiers, a static flip-flop, a diode logic unit with current-steering amplifier, a passive delay line, and an active variable delay circuit, all of which are designed to operate with terminated 75-ohm transmission lines. Ten-nanosecond pulses and 20-nanosecond flip-flop transition times are achieved through use of very-high-speed MADT transistors. The circuits have been successfully employed in the FX-1, a small general purpose computer with a high-speed magnetic-film memory.","PeriodicalId":307707,"journal":{"name":"AIEE-IRE '62 (Spring)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121722961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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