Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.3389/friot.2023.1108777
Juha Kortelainen, T. Minav, K. Tammi
Digital twins (DTs) are under active research and development in the research community, industry, and in the digital engineering solution business. The roots of the concept of DT are almost 2 decades old, but the fast progress in enabling technologies, especially in data analytics, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, has accelerated the evolution of DT during the last 5 years. The growing interest, increasing development activities, and increasing business opportunities of the concept are also feeding the hype in the media. Consequently, this has led to the scattering and even misuse of the concept and its definition. In this article, we discuss different applications of DTs and what kinds of solutions there are for DTs. We analyze some most cited definitions of DT in the scientific literature and discuss the interpretation of the definitions through a hypothetical case example. Furthermore, we discuss different life cycle aspects of DTs and potential risks that may arise. To further concretize the concept of DT, we introduce ten reported case examples of implemented DTs in the scientific literature and analyze their features. Finally, we discuss the future development directions of DTs and the aspects that will affect the development trends.
{"title":"Digital twin—The dream and the reality","authors":"Juha Kortelainen, T. Minav, K. Tammi","doi":"10.3389/friot.2023.1108777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2023.1108777","url":null,"abstract":"Digital twins (DTs) are under active research and development in the research community, industry, and in the digital engineering solution business. The roots of the concept of DT are almost 2 decades old, but the fast progress in enabling technologies, especially in data analytics, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things, has accelerated the evolution of DT during the last 5 years. The growing interest, increasing development activities, and increasing business opportunities of the concept are also feeding the hype in the media. Consequently, this has led to the scattering and even misuse of the concept and its definition. In this article, we discuss different applications of DTs and what kinds of solutions there are for DTs. We analyze some most cited definitions of DT in the scientific literature and discuss the interpretation of the definitions through a hypothetical case example. Furthermore, we discuss different life cycle aspects of DTs and potential risks that may arise. To further concretize the concept of DT, we introduce ten reported case examples of implemented DTs in the scientific literature and analyze their features. Finally, we discuss the future development directions of DTs and the aspects that will affect the development trends.","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123668489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-14DOI: 10.3389/friot.2023.1140799
T. Muciaccia, Pietro Tedeschi
Nowadays, every industry across the globe is facing a disruptive transformation enabled by digitalization processes. Also, the industry of infrastructures, such as telecom, energy, transportation, and water systems, will be reshaped by the digitalization of physical assets mainly enabled by IoT technologies. An outstanding role in this scenario will be played by digital platforms, which will mediate the provisioning of services based on infrastructure. This process can revolutionize the industry-changing business models, unlocking great opportunities and posing complex challenges. In this paper, we investigate digitalization and the platformization processes and how they affect the infrastructures. We describe the models related to these processes in a systematic and interdisciplinary way and provide a comprehensive survey on technological, economic, and social issues. As a result of the research, we discuss the opportunities and risks of the processes, and we propose several approaches to address them.
{"title":"Future scenarios for the infrastructure digitalization: The road ahead","authors":"T. Muciaccia, Pietro Tedeschi","doi":"10.3389/friot.2023.1140799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2023.1140799","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, every industry across the globe is facing a disruptive transformation enabled by digitalization processes. Also, the industry of infrastructures, such as telecom, energy, transportation, and water systems, will be reshaped by the digitalization of physical assets mainly enabled by IoT technologies. An outstanding role in this scenario will be played by digital platforms, which will mediate the provisioning of services based on infrastructure. This process can revolutionize the industry-changing business models, unlocking great opportunities and posing complex challenges. In this paper, we investigate digitalization and the platformization processes and how they affect the infrastructures. We describe the models related to these processes in a systematic and interdisciplinary way and provide a comprehensive survey on technological, economic, and social issues. As a result of the research, we discuss the opportunities and risks of the processes, and we propose several approaches to address them.","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128291288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-15DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.1054963
Pascal Hirmer, Uwe Breitenbücher, Daniel Del Gaudio, Kálmán Képes, F. Leymann, B. Mitschang, M. Mormul, Dennis Przytarski
The rise of the IoT and Industry 4.0 has increased the complexity of collaborating business processes, i. e., choreographies, as more partners and assets are involved. However, maintaining and executing business choreographies are complex tasks. Moreover, enabling robust and reliable execution is important, as failures or delays cause high costs among partners. For example, manufacturing companies usually depend on different suppliers, and it is crucial to be up-to-date about possible delays in shipments as this leads to delays in the manufacturing of their products. In this case, a choreography needs to be designed and operated in a way that it can adapt to cope with such problems. This requires i) timely recognition and tamper-resistent logging of problems that occur at each involved partner, which are referred to as situations in the scope of this article, and ii) an approach for a timely adaptation of choreographies based on occurring situations. Therefore, in this article, we introduce DiStOPT, an approach to i) model and recognize situations in a distributed and timely manner, and ii) model and execute situation-aware choreographies based on the recognized situations. The contributions are evaluated in a manufacturing scenario and validated by a prototypical implementation.
{"title":"Situation-aware adaptation of choreographies—The DiStOPT approach","authors":"Pascal Hirmer, Uwe Breitenbücher, Daniel Del Gaudio, Kálmán Képes, F. Leymann, B. Mitschang, M. Mormul, Dennis Przytarski","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.1054963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.1054963","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of the IoT and Industry 4.0 has increased the complexity of collaborating business processes, i. e., choreographies, as more partners and assets are involved. However, maintaining and executing business choreographies are complex tasks. Moreover, enabling robust and reliable execution is important, as failures or delays cause high costs among partners. For example, manufacturing companies usually depend on different suppliers, and it is crucial to be up-to-date about possible delays in shipments as this leads to delays in the manufacturing of their products. In this case, a choreography needs to be designed and operated in a way that it can adapt to cope with such problems. This requires i) timely recognition and tamper-resistent logging of problems that occur at each involved partner, which are referred to as situations in the scope of this article, and ii) an approach for a timely adaptation of choreographies based on occurring situations. Therefore, in this article, we introduce DiStOPT, an approach to i) model and recognize situations in a distributed and timely manner, and ii) model and execute situation-aware choreographies based on the recognized situations. The contributions are evaluated in a manufacturing scenario and validated by a prototypical implementation.","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"693 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130910649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-14DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.1073780
Khalid Elgazzar, Haytham Khalil, Taghreed Alghamdi, Ahmed Badr, Ghadeer Abdelkader, Abdelrahman Elewah, R. Buyya
The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought the dream of ubiquitous data access from physical environments into reality. IoT embeds sensors and actuators in physical objects so that they can communicate and exchange data between themselves to improve efficiency along with enabling real-time intelligent services and offering better quality of life to people. The number of deployed IoT devices has rapidly grown in the past five years in a way that makes IoT the most disruptive technology in recent history. In this paper, we reevaluate the position of IoT in our life and provide deep insights on its enabling technologies, applications, rising trends and grand challenges. The paper also highlights the role of artificial intelligence to make IoT the top transformative technology that has been ever developed in human history.
{"title":"Revisiting the internet of things: New trends, opportunities and grand challenges","authors":"Khalid Elgazzar, Haytham Khalil, Taghreed Alghamdi, Ahmed Badr, Ghadeer Abdelkader, Abdelrahman Elewah, R. Buyya","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.1073780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.1073780","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Things (IoT) has brought the dream of ubiquitous data access from physical environments into reality. IoT embeds sensors and actuators in physical objects so that they can communicate and exchange data between themselves to improve efficiency along with enabling real-time intelligent services and offering better quality of life to people. The number of deployed IoT devices has rapidly grown in the past five years in a way that makes IoT the most disruptive technology in recent history. In this paper, we reevaluate the position of IoT in our life and provide deep insights on its enabling technologies, applications, rising trends and grand challenges. The paper also highlights the role of artificial intelligence to make IoT the top transformative technology that has been ever developed in human history.","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115854427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.995233
Haoyang Che, Yucong Duan, Chen Li, Lei Yu
Security issues have always posed a major threat and challenge to the Internet of Things (IoTs), especially the vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), a subcategory of IoTs in the automotive field. The traditional methods to solve these ever-growing security issues in VANETs are mainly cryptography-based. As an effective and efficient complement to those solutions, trust management solutions and reputation models have been widely explored to deal with malicious or selfish vehicle intrusion and forged data spoofing, with the aim of enhancing the overall security, reliability, trustworthiness, and impartiality of VANETs. For the integrity of the article, this survey begins with providing the background information of VANETs, including the basic components and general architecture. Then, many attacks in VANETs are investigated, analyzed, and compared to understand the functional relevance of the following trust and reputation methods. Various approaches offer various countermeasures against these types of attacks. At the same time, the latest development of emerging technologies such as blockchain, software-defined network, and cloud computing opens up new possibilities for more and more promising trust and reputation management models and systems in VANETs. After that, the survey reviews the most important trust and reputation models and schemes which are widely mentioned in the literature based on our developed technique-based taxonomy, in contrast to the popular “entity-centric, data-centric, hybrid” taxonomy in the field, to adapt to the recent technological development of these management schemes in VANETs. Finally, discussions and speculations on the future direction of research into the trust and reputation management in VANETs are presented.
{"title":"On trust management in vehicular ad hoc networks: A comprehensive review","authors":"Haoyang Che, Yucong Duan, Chen Li, Lei Yu","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.995233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.995233","url":null,"abstract":"Security issues have always posed a major threat and challenge to the Internet of Things (IoTs), especially the vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), a subcategory of IoTs in the automotive field. The traditional methods to solve these ever-growing security issues in VANETs are mainly cryptography-based. As an effective and efficient complement to those solutions, trust management solutions and reputation models have been widely explored to deal with malicious or selfish vehicle intrusion and forged data spoofing, with the aim of enhancing the overall security, reliability, trustworthiness, and impartiality of VANETs. For the integrity of the article, this survey begins with providing the background information of VANETs, including the basic components and general architecture. Then, many attacks in VANETs are investigated, analyzed, and compared to understand the functional relevance of the following trust and reputation methods. Various approaches offer various countermeasures against these types of attacks. At the same time, the latest development of emerging technologies such as blockchain, software-defined network, and cloud computing opens up new possibilities for more and more promising trust and reputation management models and systems in VANETs. After that, the survey reviews the most important trust and reputation models and schemes which are widely mentioned in the literature based on our developed technique-based taxonomy, in contrast to the popular “entity-centric, data-centric, hybrid” taxonomy in the field, to adapt to the recent technological development of these management schemes in VANETs. Finally, discussions and speculations on the future direction of research into the trust and reputation management in VANETs are presented.","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123700394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.1025247
M. Satyanarayanan, J. Harkes, J. Blakley, Marc Meunier, Govindarajan Mohandoss, Kiel Friedt, Arun Thulasi, Pranav Saxena, Brian J. Barritt
The convergence of 5G wireless networks and edge computing enables new edge-native applications that are simultaneously bandwidth-hungry, latency-sensitive, and compute-intensive. Examples include deeply immersive augmented reality, wearable cognitive assistance, privacy-preserving video analytics, edge-triggered serendipity, and autonomous swarms of featherweight drones. Such edge-native applications require network-aware and load-aware orchestration of resources across the cloud (Tier-1), cloudlets (Tier-2), and device (Tier-3). This paper describes the architecture of Sinfonia, an open-source system for such cross-tier orchestration. Key attributes of Sinfonia include: support for multiple vendor-specific Tier-1 roots of orchestration, providing end-to-end runtime control that spans technical and non-technical criteria; use of third-party Kubernetes clusters as cloudlets, with unified treatment of telco-managed, hyperconverged, and just-in-time variants of cloudlets; masking of orchestration complexity from applications, thus lowering the barrier to creation of new edge-native applications. We describe an initial release of Sinfonia (https://github.com/cmusatyalab/sinfonia), and share our thoughts on evolving it in the future.
{"title":"Sinfonia: Cross-tier orchestration for edge-native applications","authors":"M. Satyanarayanan, J. Harkes, J. Blakley, Marc Meunier, Govindarajan Mohandoss, Kiel Friedt, Arun Thulasi, Pranav Saxena, Brian J. Barritt","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.1025247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.1025247","url":null,"abstract":"The convergence of 5G wireless networks and edge computing enables new edge-native applications that are simultaneously bandwidth-hungry, latency-sensitive, and compute-intensive. Examples include deeply immersive augmented reality, wearable cognitive assistance, privacy-preserving video analytics, edge-triggered serendipity, and autonomous swarms of featherweight drones. Such edge-native applications require network-aware and load-aware orchestration of resources across the cloud (Tier-1), cloudlets (Tier-2), and device (Tier-3). This paper describes the architecture of Sinfonia, an open-source system for such cross-tier orchestration. Key attributes of Sinfonia include: support for multiple vendor-specific Tier-1 roots of orchestration, providing end-to-end runtime control that spans technical and non-technical criteria; use of third-party Kubernetes clusters as cloudlets, with unified treatment of telco-managed, hyperconverged, and just-in-time variants of cloudlets; masking of orchestration complexity from applications, thus lowering the barrier to creation of new edge-native applications. We describe an initial release of Sinfonia (https://github.com/cmusatyalab/sinfonia), and share our thoughts on evolving it in the future.","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115328423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-22DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.959268
Marco Aiello
“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.” It was 1991 when Mark Weiser’s pioneering article was published in the Scientific American, discussing a future where networked devices would be so ubiquitous that “no one will notice their presence” (Weiser (1991)). To a large extent, this is our reality today. We may have changed terminology and moved from ubiquitous computing to Internet of Things, but the substance has not changed. We are surrounded by data-capturing computing devices that are always on, are networked, and many of which can perform world-altering operations. Just think of hopping into a modern car. The driver is actually interacting with a distributed computing system on wheels. With up to 100 electronic control units and hundred of millions of lines of code, the modern automotive industry has become more about software than mechanics and aerodynamics. And yet, we think and interact with our car as we would have done in 1991. Or think at our symbiotic relationship with social media as experienced via our personal data capturing device: the smartphone. It is symbiotic because it satisfies the human need for emotional connectedness while it feeds content to the social media infrastructure, content that is essential for its existence and that is typically metabolized as targeted advertisement. The modern human being has feelings relatable to gymnophobia whenever leaving home without the smart phone, a fear of a sensation of nakedness, incompleteness that transcends the rational. And dually we accept any other human being we are close to or even interacting with to be concurrently doing something on their smart phone. The phone is such an integral and accepted part of who we are and how we behave that we can agree that Mark Weiser’s prediction was correct: phones are our everyday life and we do not even notice anymore. In many countries the level of penetration of mobile phones is above 80%, including population of any age (Statista (2022)). The number of active phone subscriptions is higher than 7 billion. If we consider Bluetooth, a technology often used for dynamic connectivity at the edge of the system, 4 billion Bluetooth Low Energy network interfaces are currently been shipped per year (Bluetooth SIG (2021)). Number projected to surpass 6 billions by 2025. And more generally, the predictions indicate that by 2030 the total amount of IoT devices worldwide, of any type, will reach the value of 24 billion (Transforma Insights (2020)). The unprecedented advancements in realizing IoT devices at affordable prices and the pervasive connectivity of wireless and wired Internet technologies, are essential building blocks to achieve the vision of a smart, OPEN ACCESS
{"title":"IoT architectures: from data to smart systems","authors":"Marco Aiello","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.959268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.959268","url":null,"abstract":"“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.” It was 1991 when Mark Weiser’s pioneering article was published in the Scientific American, discussing a future where networked devices would be so ubiquitous that “no one will notice their presence” (Weiser (1991)). To a large extent, this is our reality today. We may have changed terminology and moved from ubiquitous computing to Internet of Things, but the substance has not changed. We are surrounded by data-capturing computing devices that are always on, are networked, and many of which can perform world-altering operations. Just think of hopping into a modern car. The driver is actually interacting with a distributed computing system on wheels. With up to 100 electronic control units and hundred of millions of lines of code, the modern automotive industry has become more about software than mechanics and aerodynamics. And yet, we think and interact with our car as we would have done in 1991. Or think at our symbiotic relationship with social media as experienced via our personal data capturing device: the smartphone. It is symbiotic because it satisfies the human need for emotional connectedness while it feeds content to the social media infrastructure, content that is essential for its existence and that is typically metabolized as targeted advertisement. The modern human being has feelings relatable to gymnophobia whenever leaving home without the smart phone, a fear of a sensation of nakedness, incompleteness that transcends the rational. And dually we accept any other human being we are close to or even interacting with to be concurrently doing something on their smart phone. The phone is such an integral and accepted part of who we are and how we behave that we can agree that Mark Weiser’s prediction was correct: phones are our everyday life and we do not even notice anymore. In many countries the level of penetration of mobile phones is above 80%, including population of any age (Statista (2022)). The number of active phone subscriptions is higher than 7 billion. If we consider Bluetooth, a technology often used for dynamic connectivity at the edge of the system, 4 billion Bluetooth Low Energy network interfaces are currently been shipped per year (Bluetooth SIG (2021)). Number projected to surpass 6 billions by 2025. And more generally, the predictions indicate that by 2030 the total amount of IoT devices worldwide, of any type, will reach the value of 24 billion (Transforma Insights (2020)). The unprecedented advancements in realizing IoT devices at affordable prices and the pervasive connectivity of wireless and wired Internet technologies, are essential building blocks to achieve the vision of a smart, OPEN ACCESS","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"194 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114059104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-22DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.912388
Zhihan Lv
The information era is coming. As a popular technology in the information age, Internet of Things (IoT) can collect various types of information in real time, realize the ubiquitous connection between things and people, and process the intelligent perception, identification, and management of things, processes, and information, and environment protection through various network access methods. Applying IoT to various fields is like wrapping the Earth with a layer of “digital skin” (Gubbi et al., 2013; Bauwens et al., 2020; Li and Da Xu, 2020). Moreover, under the trend of global warming, the emergence of the theme of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction (ESER) undoubtedly poses new challenges to the development of IoT. When IoT is widely used in various life scenarios, its main purpose is to provide intelligent services and environments. IoT applications can connect any sensing device to the Internet for data transmission, so as to realize intelligent identification, tracking, positioning, and monitoring of sensing devices. In addition, IoT contains many types ofWireless Sensor Networks (WSN), which, as a part of IoT sensing layer, can meet the actual needs of people to obtain reliable data in special environments (Sadowski and Spachos, 2020). WSN is a multi-hop network which is self-organized by many sensor nodes. It has the characteristics of flexibility, fault tolerance, high awareness, low cost, strong survivability, and fast layout. Therefore, IoT has a wide range of applications, such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, military, and medical care, and can collect, process, and disseminate collected data deployed in various environments (Aman et al., 2020; Fortino et al., 2020). However, for some special scenes, many sensor nodes are often placed in areas that cannot be accessed by human beings. While enjoying the convenience brought by WSN, people are also faced with the problems that illegal personnel obtain illegitimate interests by intercepting the monitoring data transmitted in the public channel. Therefore, the attention to security issues in IoT cannot be ignored. With the increasing commercial scope of 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G) communication technology in cities, the application of IoT in power, construction, industry, intelligent transportation, agriculture, logistics, intelligence, high efficiency, and ESER is being promoted (Verma et al., 2020). Of course, applying IoT is also inseparable from the combination of 5G communication, Cloud Computing (CC), Edge Computing (EC), blockchain, AI, and other technologies. IoT can collect many data from the environment, effectively monitor, analyze, and manage energy consumption, and reasonably improve IoT by identifying and analyzing opportunities of energy efficiency improvement (Khan et al., 2020; Liao et al., 2020; Saračević et al., 2020). In summary, in today’s high-speed 5G communication technology, IoT is widely applied, and guaranteeing its performance
信息时代即将来临。物联网(Internet of Things, IoT)作为信息时代的流行技术，可以实时采集各类信息，实现物与人的无所不在连接，通过各种网络接入方式，对物、过程、信息、环境进行智能感知、识别、管理和保护。将物联网应用于各个领域，就像给地球裹上一层“数字皮肤”(Gubbi et al.， 2013;Bauwens et al.， 2020;李大旭，2020)。此外，在全球变暖的趋势下，节能减排(ESER)主题的出现无疑对物联网的发展提出了新的挑战。当物联网广泛应用于各种生活场景时，其主要目的是提供智能的服务和环境。物联网应用可以将任何传感设备接入互联网进行数据传输，从而实现对传感设备的智能识别、跟踪、定位和监控。此外，物联网包含多种类型的无线传感器网络(WSN)，作为物联网传感层的一部分，可以满足人们在特殊环境下获取可靠数据的实际需求(Sadowski and Spachos, 2020)。WSN是由多个传感器节点自组织的多跳网络。它具有灵活、容错、高感知、低成本、强生存性和快速布局等特点。因此，物联网具有广泛的应用范围，如环境监测、农业、军事和医疗保健，并可以收集、处理和传播部署在各种环境中的收集数据(Aman et al.， 2020;Fortino et al.， 2020)。然而，对于一些特殊的场景，很多传感器节点往往被放置在人类无法进入的区域。人们在享受无线传感器网络带来的便利的同时，也面临着不法人员通过截取在公共信道上传输的监控数据获取不正当利益的问题。因此，对物联网安全问题的关注不容忽视。随着第五代移动通信技术(5G)通信技术在城市商用范围的不断扩大，物联网在电力、建筑、工业、智能交通、农业、物流、智能、高效、ESER等领域的应用正在推进(Verma et al.， 2020)。当然，应用物联网也离不开5G通信、云计算(CC)、边缘计算(EC)、区块链、AI等技术的结合。物联网可以从环境中收集大量数据，有效监测、分析和管理能耗，通过识别和分析能效提升的机会，合理改善物联网(Khan et al.， 2020;廖等，2020;sara eviki et al.， 2020)。综上所述，在高速5G通信技术的今天，物联网应用广泛，保证其性能具有重要意义。因此，本工作以物联网的实际应用为主题，探索智能电力、智能建筑、智能工业、智能交通、智能农业、智能物流等方面的应用。编辑和评审:Rajkumar Buyya，澳大利亚墨尔本大学
{"title":"Practical Application of Internet of Things in the Creation of Intelligent Services and Environments","authors":"Zhihan Lv","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.912388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.912388","url":null,"abstract":"The information era is coming. As a popular technology in the information age, Internet of Things (IoT) can collect various types of information in real time, realize the ubiquitous connection between things and people, and process the intelligent perception, identification, and management of things, processes, and information, and environment protection through various network access methods. Applying IoT to various fields is like wrapping the Earth with a layer of “digital skin” (Gubbi et al., 2013; Bauwens et al., 2020; Li and Da Xu, 2020). Moreover, under the trend of global warming, the emergence of the theme of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction (ESER) undoubtedly poses new challenges to the development of IoT. When IoT is widely used in various life scenarios, its main purpose is to provide intelligent services and environments. IoT applications can connect any sensing device to the Internet for data transmission, so as to realize intelligent identification, tracking, positioning, and monitoring of sensing devices. In addition, IoT contains many types ofWireless Sensor Networks (WSN), which, as a part of IoT sensing layer, can meet the actual needs of people to obtain reliable data in special environments (Sadowski and Spachos, 2020). WSN is a multi-hop network which is self-organized by many sensor nodes. It has the characteristics of flexibility, fault tolerance, high awareness, low cost, strong survivability, and fast layout. Therefore, IoT has a wide range of applications, such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, military, and medical care, and can collect, process, and disseminate collected data deployed in various environments (Aman et al., 2020; Fortino et al., 2020). However, for some special scenes, many sensor nodes are often placed in areas that cannot be accessed by human beings. While enjoying the convenience brought by WSN, people are also faced with the problems that illegal personnel obtain illegitimate interests by intercepting the monitoring data transmitted in the public channel. Therefore, the attention to security issues in IoT cannot be ignored. With the increasing commercial scope of 5th Generation Mobile Communication Technology (5G) communication technology in cities, the application of IoT in power, construction, industry, intelligent transportation, agriculture, logistics, intelligence, high efficiency, and ESER is being promoted (Verma et al., 2020). Of course, applying IoT is also inseparable from the combination of 5G communication, Cloud Computing (CC), Edge Computing (EC), blockchain, AI, and other technologies. IoT can collect many data from the environment, effectively monitor, analyze, and manage energy consumption, and reasonably improve IoT by identifying and analyzing opportunities of energy efficiency improvement (Khan et al., 2020; Liao et al., 2020; Saračević et al., 2020). In summary, in today’s high-speed 5G communication technology, IoT is widely applied, and guaranteeing its performance ","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115011267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-12DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.948558
Deze Zeng
In the last decade, various kinds of smart end devices and sensors have been widely deployed and applied, and become the necessities in modern society Chettri and Bera (2019). It is also widely recognized that these devices should well collaborate with each other. This also catalyses the birth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) Hassan. (2019). IoT allows various devices, such as sensors, actuators, smart phones, and any smart devices, to connect with each other via the network, and to work together for providing better services eventually. Thanks to the fast development in the last decades, IoT has been applied in various aspects successfully, i.e., smart home Yang et al. (2018), smart city Kim et al. (2017) and smart health Sun et al. (2020), greatly reshaping our society. As communication is the core to realize collaboration, the communication and networking protocol plays a critical role in implementing an IoT system. As already widely discussed, due to the limitation of size, power and computation capability, traditional Internet oriented communication and networking protocols are not quite suitable to IoT. To this end, many protocols, such as Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee, Lora, NB-IoT, CoAP, 6LoWPAN, MQTT, have been proposed with different characteristics (e.g., power consumption, transmission rate, transmission range, etc.,) and application domains Dizdarević et al. (2019). In addition, the recent 5G, B5G, and 6G networks are also well known for their special support to IoT communications. Besides, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology also become an essential part of IoT systems. Besides exploring AI technology to process the IoT data, the system could be also manipulated by AI for autonomous performance or resource efficiency optimization. Recognizing the fact that one protocol may not fit for all scenarios, the coordination and the compatibility between different protocols thus become critical issues. Besides, various IoT applications also urge us to optimize the communication and network protocols to satisfy diverse Quality-of-Experience (QoE). Therefore, in the past decades, many efforts has been devoted to optimizing the IoT communication and networking protocols from various aspects. Nonetheless, with the emergence of new technologies (e.g., Software Define Networking, backscatter communications, Blockchain), new trend (e.g., in-network computing), new applications (e.g., autonomous driving), the protocol design is still a hot topic as it still confronts many challenges. As a result, in this article, we will discuss the main challenges imposed by these new technologies, concept, and trends to the design of IoT communication and networking protocols. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses eight main challenges in the development of IoT communication and networking protocols. Section 3 summarizes these challenges and concludes this article. Edited and reviewed by: Rajkumar Buyya, The University of Melbourne, Aust
{"title":"Specialty Grand Challenge: IoT Communication and Networking Protocols","authors":"Deze Zeng","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.948558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.948558","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, various kinds of smart end devices and sensors have been widely deployed and applied, and become the necessities in modern society Chettri and Bera (2019). It is also widely recognized that these devices should well collaborate with each other. This also catalyses the birth of Internet-of-Things (IoT) Hassan. (2019). IoT allows various devices, such as sensors, actuators, smart phones, and any smart devices, to connect with each other via the network, and to work together for providing better services eventually. Thanks to the fast development in the last decades, IoT has been applied in various aspects successfully, i.e., smart home Yang et al. (2018), smart city Kim et al. (2017) and smart health Sun et al. (2020), greatly reshaping our society. As communication is the core to realize collaboration, the communication and networking protocol plays a critical role in implementing an IoT system. As already widely discussed, due to the limitation of size, power and computation capability, traditional Internet oriented communication and networking protocols are not quite suitable to IoT. To this end, many protocols, such as Bluetooth Low Energy, ZigBee, Lora, NB-IoT, CoAP, 6LoWPAN, MQTT, have been proposed with different characteristics (e.g., power consumption, transmission rate, transmission range, etc.,) and application domains Dizdarević et al. (2019). In addition, the recent 5G, B5G, and 6G networks are also well known for their special support to IoT communications. Besides, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology also become an essential part of IoT systems. Besides exploring AI technology to process the IoT data, the system could be also manipulated by AI for autonomous performance or resource efficiency optimization. Recognizing the fact that one protocol may not fit for all scenarios, the coordination and the compatibility between different protocols thus become critical issues. Besides, various IoT applications also urge us to optimize the communication and network protocols to satisfy diverse Quality-of-Experience (QoE). Therefore, in the past decades, many efforts has been devoted to optimizing the IoT communication and networking protocols from various aspects. Nonetheless, with the emergence of new technologies (e.g., Software Define Networking, backscatter communications, Blockchain), new trend (e.g., in-network computing), new applications (e.g., autonomous driving), the protocol design is still a hot topic as it still confronts many challenges. As a result, in this article, we will discuss the main challenges imposed by these new technologies, concept, and trends to the design of IoT communication and networking protocols. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses eight main challenges in the development of IoT communication and networking protocols. Section 3 summarizes these challenges and concludes this article. Edited and reviewed by: Rajkumar Buyya, The University of Melbourne, Aust","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128561018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-04DOI: 10.3389/friot.2022.967034
Syed Alam, Muhammad Al-Qurishi, R. Souissi
The fact that almost every person owns a smartphone device that can be precisely located is both empowering and worrying. If methods for accurate tracking of devices (and their owners) via WiFi probing are developed in a responsible way, they could be applied in many different fields, from data security to urban planning. Numerous approaches to data collection and analysis have been covered, some of which use active sensing equipment, while others rely on passive probing, which takes advantage of nearly universal smartphone usage and WiFi network coverage. In this study, we introduce a system that uses WiFi probing technologies aimed at tracking user locations and understanding individual behavior. We built our own devices to passively capture WiFi request probe packets from smartphones, without the phones being connected to the network. The devices were tested at the headquarters of the research sector of the Elm Company. The results of the analyses carried out to estimate the crowd density in offices and the flows of the crowd from one place to another are promising and illustrate the importance of such solutions in indoor and closed spaces.
{"title":"Estimating indoor crowd density and movement behavior using WiFi sensing","authors":"Syed Alam, Muhammad Al-Qurishi, R. Souissi","doi":"10.3389/friot.2022.967034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/friot.2022.967034","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that almost every person owns a smartphone device that can be precisely located is both empowering and worrying. If methods for accurate tracking of devices (and their owners) via WiFi probing are developed in a responsible way, they could be applied in many different fields, from data security to urban planning. Numerous approaches to data collection and analysis have been covered, some of which use active sensing equipment, while others rely on passive probing, which takes advantage of nearly universal smartphone usage and WiFi network coverage. In this study, we introduce a system that uses WiFi probing technologies aimed at tracking user locations and understanding individual behavior. We built our own devices to passively capture WiFi request probe packets from smartphones, without the phones being connected to the network. The devices were tested at the headquarters of the research sector of the Elm Company. The results of the analyses carried out to estimate the crowd density in offices and the flows of the crowd from one place to another are promising and illustrate the importance of such solutions in indoor and closed spaces.","PeriodicalId":308773,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in The Internet of Things","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132987871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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