Pub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C12
Y. A. Madhun, V. Freed
{"title":"Impact of Pesticides on the Environment","authors":"Y. A. Madhun, V. Freed","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125689141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pesticide Sources to the Soil and Principles of Spray Physics","authors":"C. Himel, H. Loats, G. W. Bailey","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117078079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biological Transformation Processes of Pesticides","authors":"J. Bollag, S.-Y. Liu","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115244849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Volatilization and Vapor Transport Processes","authors":"A. W. Taylor, W. Spencer","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129534681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sorption Estimates for Modeling","authors":"R. Green, S. Karickhoff","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127946064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of abiotic transformations to the fate of pesticides in the environment became widely recognized only recently. Even in a medium in which intense biological activity takes place, such as soil, abiotic transformations can be important. Under some conditions, such as those that may occur below the root zone, abiotic transformations can dominate the fate of pesticides. Abiotic transformations of pesticides have been reviewed by several investigators (e.g., Melnikov, 1971; Kearny & Kaufman, 1969; Morrill et al., 1982). In these publications, the pesticides were classified according to their chemical structure, demonstrating that transformations are based on functional groups of the pesticide. In the present chapter, the abiotic transformations will be described in terms of the specific environment in which they occur. Numerous transformations occur in the homogeneous phases, especially in the liquid phase. Other transformations occur in the interface between phases. These include reactions that are heterogeneously catalyzed and those that occur in solution under the influence of the electric field of charged surfaces. Crosby (1970), in a review on abiotic transformations in the soil, presented some examples of both surface-enhanced reactions and reactions that take place in the bulk liquid phase. It is often difficult to determine whether a pesticide undergoes abiotic or biotic transformations. In the case of many pesticides, significant biological and chemical degradation takes place simultaneously (Wolfe et al., 1980). For example, Deuel et ale (1985) reported such a situation for carbaryl degradation in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. Barug and Vonk (1980) re-
直到最近，人们才广泛认识到非生物转化对环境中农药命运的重要性。即使在发生强烈生物活动的介质中，如土壤，非生物转化也可能是重要的。在某些条件下，例如那些可能发生在根区以下的条件下，非生物转化可以支配农药的命运。农药的非生物转化已经被一些研究者(例如，Melnikov, 1971;卡尼和考夫曼，1969;Morrill et al.， 1982)。在这些出版物中，农药根据其化学结构进行分类，表明转化是基于农药的官能团。在本章中，将根据它们发生的特定环境来描述非生物转化。许多转变发生在均相中，特别是在液相中。其他转换发生在相之间的界面上。这些反应包括多相催化的反应和在带电表面电场影响下在溶液中发生的反应。Crosby(1970)在一篇关于土壤中非生物转化的综述中，提出了一些表面增强反应和发生在大块液相中的反应的例子。通常很难确定一种农药是经历了非生物还是生物转化。就许多农药而言，显著的生物和化学降解同时发生(Wolfe et al.， 1980)。例如，Deuel et ale(1985)报道了水淹水稻(Oryza sativa L.)田中西维因降解的这种情况。Barug and Vonk (1980)
{"title":"Abiotic Transformations in Water, Sediments, and Soil","authors":"N. Wolfe, U. Mingelgrin, G. C. Miller","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C5","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of abiotic transformations to the fate of pesticides in the environment became widely recognized only recently. Even in a medium in which intense biological activity takes place, such as soil, abiotic transformations can be important. Under some conditions, such as those that may occur below the root zone, abiotic transformations can dominate the fate of pesticides. Abiotic transformations of pesticides have been reviewed by several investigators (e.g., Melnikov, 1971; Kearny & Kaufman, 1969; Morrill et al., 1982). In these publications, the pesticides were classified according to their chemical structure, demonstrating that transformations are based on functional groups of the pesticide. In the present chapter, the abiotic transformations will be described in terms of the specific environment in which they occur. Numerous transformations occur in the homogeneous phases, especially in the liquid phase. Other transformations occur in the interface between phases. These include reactions that are heterogeneously catalyzed and those that occur in solution under the influence of the electric field of charged surfaces. Crosby (1970), in a review on abiotic transformations in the soil, presented some examples of both surface-enhanced reactions and reactions that take place in the bulk liquid phase. It is often difficult to determine whether a pesticide undergoes abiotic or biotic transformations. In the case of many pesticides, significant biological and chemical degradation takes place simultaneously (Wolfe et al., 1980). For example, Deuel et ale (1985) reported such a situation for carbaryl degradation in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. Barug and Vonk (1980) re-","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131511685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Retention is one of the key processes affecting the fate of organic chemicals in the soil-water environment. Retention refers to the ability of the soil to hold a pesticide or other organic molecule and to prevent the molecule from moving either within or outside of the soil matrix. As such, retention refers primarily to the adsorption process, but also includes absorption into the soil matrix and soil organisms, both plants and microorganisms. Retention controls, and is subsequently controlled, by chemical and biological transformation processes. Retention strongly influences chemical transport to the atmosphere, groundwater, and surface waters. Not surprisingly, retention is a primary factor influencing the efficacy of soil-applied pesticides. The literature abounds with references on the retention of pesticides in soils (e.g., Bailey & White, 1964; Hamaker & Thompson, 1972; Green, 1974; Weed & Weber, 1974; Calvet, 1980). Adsorption is defined as the accumulation of a pesticide or other organic molecule at either the soil-water or the soil-air interface. Adsorption is often used to refer to a reversible process involving the attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and retention of the chemical on the surface for a time that depends on the affinity of the chemical for the surface. The distinction between true adsorption in which molecular layers form on a soil particle surface, precipitation in which either a separate solid phase forms on solid surfaces or covalent bonding with the soil particle surface occurs, and absorption into soil particles and organisms is difficult. In practice, adsorption is usually determined only by chemical loss from solution, thus adsorption is often replaced by the more general term, sorption. Sorption refers to a general retention process with no distinction between the specific processes of adsorption, absorption, and precipitation. The individual retention processes are highly complex. This complexity is primarily the result of soil heterogeneity and the soil's contiguity with biological, atmospheric, and water systems. Therefore, one of the keys to understanding the mechanisms of the retention process is the composition of the soil matrix.
{"title":"The Retention Process: Mechanisms","authors":"W. C. Koskinen, S. Harper","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C3","url":null,"abstract":"Retention is one of the key processes affecting the fate of organic chemicals in the soil-water environment. Retention refers to the ability of the soil to hold a pesticide or other organic molecule and to prevent the molecule from moving either within or outside of the soil matrix. As such, retention refers primarily to the adsorption process, but also includes absorption into the soil matrix and soil organisms, both plants and microorganisms. Retention controls, and is subsequently controlled, by chemical and biological transformation processes. Retention strongly influences chemical transport to the atmosphere, groundwater, and surface waters. Not surprisingly, retention is a primary factor influencing the efficacy of soil-applied pesticides. The literature abounds with references on the retention of pesticides in soils (e.g., Bailey & White, 1964; Hamaker & Thompson, 1972; Green, 1974; Weed & Weber, 1974; Calvet, 1980). Adsorption is defined as the accumulation of a pesticide or other organic molecule at either the soil-water or the soil-air interface. Adsorption is often used to refer to a reversible process involving the attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and retention of the chemical on the surface for a time that depends on the affinity of the chemical for the surface. The distinction between true adsorption in which molecular layers form on a soil particle surface, precipitation in which either a separate solid phase forms on solid surfaces or covalent bonding with the soil particle surface occurs, and absorption into soil particles and organisms is difficult. In practice, adsorption is usually determined only by chemical loss from solution, thus adsorption is often replaced by the more general term, sorption. Sorption refers to a general retention process with no distinction between the specific processes of adsorption, absorption, and precipitation. The individual retention processes are highly complex. This complexity is primarily the result of soil heterogeneity and the soil's contiguity with biological, atmospheric, and water systems. Therefore, one of the keys to understanding the mechanisms of the retention process is the composition of the soil matrix.","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122223132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C14
G. W. Bailey
In this book, we have documented the research direction, efforts, and accomplishments in agricultural chemistry over the last 40 yr, particularly with respect to advances made since Pesticides in Soil and Water (Guenzi, 1974) was published by the Soil Science Society of America in 1974. The development of a whole generation of pesticides was telescoped into the few years corresponding with the Second World War. DDT, 2,4-0, and indole acetic acid (lAA) were credited with saving millions of lives. New families of pesticides-the triazines, carbamates, organophosphates, substituted ureas, and bipyridinium compounds-sprang into use in the 1950s, 196Os, and 1970s. Thus, started one side of the chemical revolution in American agriculture. Concomitantly, with the development of new pesticide products was the change in fertilizer management practices from the use of rock phosphates, green manure crops, and animal manures as nutrient sources to the adoption of synthetically produced fertilizers and monoculture agriculture. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (Carson, 1962) created a national awareness and concern over the adverse effects of pesticides on birds of prey, farmers, other segments of the environment, and the populace. Although this was not the first report of environmental abuse (Young & Nicholson, 1951, had noted fish kills in 15 rural Alabama tributary streams to the Tennessee River when rainfall-generated run-off occurred shortly after pesticides were applied to cotton fields), the book created intense concern at the national and even the international levels. The era of environmental awareness started then and continues to the present.
{"title":"Epilogue: A Closing Perspective","authors":"G. W. Bailey","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C14","url":null,"abstract":"In this book, we have documented the research direction, efforts, and accomplishments in agricultural chemistry over the last 40 yr, particularly with respect to advances made since Pesticides in Soil and Water (Guenzi, 1974) was published by the Soil Science Society of America in 1974. The development of a whole generation of pesticides was telescoped into the few years corresponding with the Second World War. DDT, 2,4-0, and indole acetic acid (lAA) were credited with saving millions of lives. New families of pesticides-the triazines, carbamates, organophosphates, substituted ureas, and bipyridinium compounds-sprang into use in the 1950s, 196Os, and 1970s. Thus, started one side of the chemical revolution in American agriculture. Concomitantly, with the development of new pesticide products was the change in fertilizer management practices from the use of rock phosphates, green manure crops, and animal manures as nutrient sources to the adoption of synthetically produced fertilizers and monoculture agriculture. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (Carson, 1962) created a national awareness and concern over the adverse effects of pesticides on birds of prey, farmers, other segments of the environment, and the populace. Although this was not the first report of environmental abuse (Young & Nicholson, 1951, had noted fish kills in 15 rural Alabama tributary streams to the Tennessee River when rainfall-generated run-off occurred shortly after pesticides were applied to cotton fields), the book created intense concern at the national and even the international levels. The era of environmental awareness started then and continues to the present.","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123560956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C13
D. Severn, G. Ballard
{"title":"Risk/Benefit and Regulations","authors":"D. Severn, G. Ballard","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132864703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-11DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C11
M. Leistra, R. Green
{"title":"Efficacy of Soil-Applied Pesticides","authors":"M. Leistra, R. Green","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133150952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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