Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1163/9789004440593_003
{"title":"Women’s Roles, Institutions, and Social Control","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004440593_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004440593_003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309487,"journal":{"name":"Everyday Crime, Criminal Justice and Gender in Early Modern Bologna","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131020207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1163/9789004440593_008
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004440593_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004440593_008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309487,"journal":{"name":"Everyday Crime, Criminal Justice and Gender in Early Modern Bologna","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126972915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1163/9789004440593_007
{"title":"Theft and Its Prosecution","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004440593_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004440593_007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309487,"journal":{"name":"Everyday Crime, Criminal Justice and Gender in Early Modern Bologna","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121801965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1163/9789004440593_004
S. Muurling
On 6 June 1654 a surgeon from one of Bologna’s hospitals reported Carlo Masina’s severe and ‘suspicious’ wounds to the criminal court.1 Upon interrogation, the dying Carlo pointed to three men (Domenico Pino, and Francesco and Alessandro Lambertini) and one woman (Diamante, Domenico’s wife) as the culprits. Earlier, Carlo had seen Domenico talking to ‘certain persons’ in one of the city’s many taverns and had mentioned that his behaviour did not befit a gentiluomo (gentleman), but a becco fotuto (fucking cuckold). Their quarrel escalated a day later when Domenico was waiting for him with a drawn sword, accompanied by his wife Diamante and the Lambertini brothers. When Carlo tried to duck the stones Diamante and the brothers were throwing at him, Domenico struck him with his sword, causing wounds which would eventually prove fatal for Carlo. Domenico was able to turn the capital punishment he received into a pardon through a peace accord with Carlo’s kin and the Lambertini brothers were exiled. Although her role in the homicide was similar to that of the brothers, no sentence is recorded for Diamante. While the criminal court records do not provide any information as to why Diamante got off so lightly compared to her male co-offenders, perceptions of gender may well have been at play. After all, differences in recorded and prosecuted crime are linked to moral and legal norms, which differed according to offence category as well as the ‘quality’ of the offender and victim – gender being one of the constituents that magistrates took into consideration when judging a crime. This chapter examines the relationship between criminal prosecution patterns and gender in early modern urban Bologna through the lens of the authorities. By examining both normative writings such as the city’s criminal bylaws and a sample of the Tribunale del Torrone’s investigation dossiers (processi), it sheds light on the legal attitudes and practices of prosecution that played a significant role in shaping women’s formal encounters with the law in urban Bologna. This chapter begins with an overview of the legal landscape and the organisation of the criminal justice system in early modern Bologna. It then discusses how criminal justice was administered, what procedures it followed and what prosecutorial priorities it established in the criminal bylaws. This will reveal that although the procedures and laws in themselves may appear relatively
{"title":"The Torrone and the Prosecution of Crimes","authors":"S. Muurling","doi":"10.1163/9789004440593_004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004440593_004","url":null,"abstract":"On 6 June 1654 a surgeon from one of Bologna’s hospitals reported Carlo Masina’s severe and ‘suspicious’ wounds to the criminal court.1 Upon interrogation, the dying Carlo pointed to three men (Domenico Pino, and Francesco and Alessandro Lambertini) and one woman (Diamante, Domenico’s wife) as the culprits. Earlier, Carlo had seen Domenico talking to ‘certain persons’ in one of the city’s many taverns and had mentioned that his behaviour did not befit a gentiluomo (gentleman), but a becco fotuto (fucking cuckold). Their quarrel escalated a day later when Domenico was waiting for him with a drawn sword, accompanied by his wife Diamante and the Lambertini brothers. When Carlo tried to duck the stones Diamante and the brothers were throwing at him, Domenico struck him with his sword, causing wounds which would eventually prove fatal for Carlo. Domenico was able to turn the capital punishment he received into a pardon through a peace accord with Carlo’s kin and the Lambertini brothers were exiled. Although her role in the homicide was similar to that of the brothers, no sentence is recorded for Diamante. While the criminal court records do not provide any information as to why Diamante got off so lightly compared to her male co-offenders, perceptions of gender may well have been at play. After all, differences in recorded and prosecuted crime are linked to moral and legal norms, which differed according to offence category as well as the ‘quality’ of the offender and victim – gender being one of the constituents that magistrates took into consideration when judging a crime. This chapter examines the relationship between criminal prosecution patterns and gender in early modern urban Bologna through the lens of the authorities. By examining both normative writings such as the city’s criminal bylaws and a sample of the Tribunale del Torrone’s investigation dossiers (processi), it sheds light on the legal attitudes and practices of prosecution that played a significant role in shaping women’s formal encounters with the law in urban Bologna. This chapter begins with an overview of the legal landscape and the organisation of the criminal justice system in early modern Bologna. It then discusses how criminal justice was administered, what procedures it followed and what prosecutorial priorities it established in the criminal bylaws. This will reveal that although the procedures and laws in themselves may appear relatively","PeriodicalId":309487,"journal":{"name":"Everyday Crime, Criminal Justice and Gender in Early Modern Bologna","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117043310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1163/9789004440593_006
S. Muurling
On Tuesday 17 March 1705 a notary from Bologna’s Tribunale del Torrone visited Maddalena Faesini at her sickbed in the Ospedale di Santa Maria della Vita to interrogate her about the life-threatening wounds to her face that brought her there.1 She stated that she had received many blows to the head and jaw with an unidentified blunt object from a woman called Domenica Gombi. They knew each other and lived in the same street, and Maddalena suggested having been beaten up so badly because Domenica believed she had badmouthed her to the merchant they both worked for, presumably as spinners or weavers. The investigation of this injury, which had not only slashed the skin on Maddalena’s face but also caused her teeth to fall out, was halted when the two made peace roughly two weeks later. The casebooks of Bologna’s criminal court’s notaries are filled with violent altercations similar to this incident. Though discordant with normative expectations of women, these aggressions were an integral part of the day-to-day lives of male and female artisans, peddlers and labourers in Bologna’s dense urban fabric. These violent altercations were also considered an unwelcome interaction worth denouncing to the court. This chapter explores the gendered dynamics of these quotidian violent behaviours recounted in the Tribunale del Torrone’s denunciations and processi between the middle of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through the examination of these criminal court records, this chapter will draw attention to the distinguishing features of early modern Italy’s culture of violence and, importantly, establish women’s place in it. It will ultimately argue that women’s violent behaviour was far too common to be viewed as an anomaly. To this end, this chapter will first discuss the particular place of Italy, as a representative of the ‘southern pattern,’ in European comparisons of longterm patterns of violence. It will deal with how violence was regarded in the eyes of the law and how it was dealt with in practice, as the culture of violence went hand in hand with that of reconciliation throughout the early modern period. The next sections scrutinise women’s participation in homicide as well as verbal aggression and, importantly, a wide range of non-fatal physical acts of violence. This chapter builds on recent scholarship that includes the pettier forms of violence in its analysis, which were far more common than their
{"title":"Violence and the Politics of Everyday Life","authors":"S. Muurling","doi":"10.1163/9789004440593_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004440593_006","url":null,"abstract":"On Tuesday 17 March 1705 a notary from Bologna’s Tribunale del Torrone visited Maddalena Faesini at her sickbed in the Ospedale di Santa Maria della Vita to interrogate her about the life-threatening wounds to her face that brought her there.1 She stated that she had received many blows to the head and jaw with an unidentified blunt object from a woman called Domenica Gombi. They knew each other and lived in the same street, and Maddalena suggested having been beaten up so badly because Domenica believed she had badmouthed her to the merchant they both worked for, presumably as spinners or weavers. The investigation of this injury, which had not only slashed the skin on Maddalena’s face but also caused her teeth to fall out, was halted when the two made peace roughly two weeks later. The casebooks of Bologna’s criminal court’s notaries are filled with violent altercations similar to this incident. Though discordant with normative expectations of women, these aggressions were an integral part of the day-to-day lives of male and female artisans, peddlers and labourers in Bologna’s dense urban fabric. These violent altercations were also considered an unwelcome interaction worth denouncing to the court. This chapter explores the gendered dynamics of these quotidian violent behaviours recounted in the Tribunale del Torrone’s denunciations and processi between the middle of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through the examination of these criminal court records, this chapter will draw attention to the distinguishing features of early modern Italy’s culture of violence and, importantly, establish women’s place in it. It will ultimately argue that women’s violent behaviour was far too common to be viewed as an anomaly. To this end, this chapter will first discuss the particular place of Italy, as a representative of the ‘southern pattern,’ in European comparisons of longterm patterns of violence. It will deal with how violence was regarded in the eyes of the law and how it was dealt with in practice, as the culture of violence went hand in hand with that of reconciliation throughout the early modern period. The next sections scrutinise women’s participation in homicide as well as verbal aggression and, importantly, a wide range of non-fatal physical acts of violence. This chapter builds on recent scholarship that includes the pettier forms of violence in its analysis, which were far more common than their","PeriodicalId":309487,"journal":{"name":"Everyday Crime, Criminal Justice and Gender in Early Modern Bologna","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125148031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1163/9789004440593_009
{"title":"Appendix: Information on Samples","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004440593_009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004440593_009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309487,"journal":{"name":"Everyday Crime, Criminal Justice and Gender in Early Modern Bologna","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123899729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-25DOI: 10.1163/9789004440593_005
S. Muurling
On 6 March 1755 Lucia Tessoni, a married spinner of stockings, was treated for a head wound at the Ospedale di Santa Maria della Morte, nearby what is known today as Bologna’s Piazza Maggiore.1 Notified by the surgeon who treated her ‘suspicious wounds,’ a notary from Bologna’s criminal court visited Lucia at her bedside to ask what had put her in this precarious position.2 The situation she described was that of a quarrel that escalated between her and her neighbour Gertrude Carolini. It started out with simple verbal insults, which Lucia decided to denounce to the criminal court. A month later, the two women encountered each other each other again in the loggia of their apartment building and Gertrude started insulting her once more. Lucia warned her that it would be wise to leave her alone; otherwise she would lodge a further complaint against her. As Gertrude replied that she feared nobody, the heated exchange escalated into a fight in which Lucia received blows to her head with a hammer; an attack from which Lucia died later that month. While Lucia’s recourse to the court ended up being in vain for her personally, this example stands as a testament to the agency of ordinary women as litigants – latitude that has had only little attention in earlier scholarship. The previous chapter discussed the offences that came before Bologna’s early modern criminal court primarily from the perspective of the prosecution policies of the authorities. Like other early modern criminal courts, however, the Torrone was more than an instrument for the authorities to impose top-down control on its inhabitants. Examining in detail the separately stored denunciations will demonstrate the importance of Bologna’s early modern criminal court as a forum for conflict resolution, employed instrumentally and strategically by men and women to pursue their grievances. It will also bring to the fore a richer tableau of women’s crimes more representative of their everyday lives than the formal investigations could depict. This chapter begins with the historiography on women’s use of justice in early modern Europe. Together with prescriptive literature, the relatively weak legal position women had in Roman law has provided fuel for notions of a North-South divergence related to the access to and uses of justice. The first section will discuss recent works that call for caution and indicate that the
1755年3月6日，已婚的丝袜纺工露西娅·特索尼(Lucia Tessoni)在圣玛丽亚·德拉·莫特医院(Ospedale di Santa Maria della Morte)接受头部伤口治疗，该医院位于今天著名的博洛尼亚马乔雷广场(Piazza maggiore)附近。1由治疗她“可疑伤口”的外科医生通知，博洛尼亚刑事法院的一名公证人来到露西娅的床边，询问是什么让她处于这种危险的状态她描述的情况是她和邻居格特鲁德·卡罗里尼之间的争吵升级。一开始只是简单的口头侮辱，露西亚决定向刑事法庭告发。一个月后，这两个女人在公寓的凉廊里再次相遇，格特鲁德又开始侮辱她。露西娅警告她，让她一个人呆着是明智的。否则她会对她提出进一步的控告。格特露回答说她谁也不怕，于是激烈的争吵升级为一场打斗，露西娅的头被人用锤子敲了一下;当月晚些时候，露西娅就死于这次袭击。虽然露西亚向法院求助最终对她个人来说是徒劳的，但这个例子证明了普通女性作为诉讼当事人的代理——在早期的学术研究中很少受到关注。前一章主要从当局起诉政策的角度讨论了博洛尼亚早期现代刑事法院审理的罪行。然而，像其他早期现代刑事法庭一样，托罗内法庭不仅仅是当局对其居民实施自上而下控制的工具。详细研究这些单独存放的谴责将显示博洛尼亚早期现代刑事法院作为解决冲突的论坛的重要性，男男女女利用它来寻求他们的不满。与正式调查所能描绘的相比，它还将展现出更丰富的女性犯罪画面，更能代表她们的日常生活。本章从近代早期欧洲妇女运用司法的史学研究开始。加上说明性文献，妇女在罗马法中的法律地位相对薄弱，助长了有关获得和使用司法的南北分歧的观念。第一部分将讨论最近的工作，呼吁谨慎，并指出
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