Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0007
M. Genge
Drawings of landscapes are often used to record large-scale geological structures in Earth Science. This chapter describes how to draw geological features exposed within landscapes with a focus on the methods used to produce accurate and detailed field sketches. The tactics in drawing large fields of view, landscapes with significant topography, and vegetated landscapes with sparse outcrops are described. Three worked examples of landscape field sketches are provided to illustrate how best to record tectonic structures and volcanic features exposed over topography. Topographic features such as ravines and ridges can be added as lines to add additional value. Common mistakes considered include insufficient detail and schematic vegetation.
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Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0014
M. Genge
Geological cross-sections are graphical representations of the distribution of rock units in vertical planes cut through landscapes. Cross-sections extrapolate the boundaries between rock units above and below ground. This chapter provides practical advice on how to create geological cross-sections through the interpretation of maps with an emphasis on recognizing the key features that reveal the orientation of boundaries and structures. Topography lines can be sketched with reasonable accuracy rather than transferred from maps. The use of sketch cross-sections as an interpretative diagram is introduced, and examples given to illustrate how these can be used in field notes to assist in the analysis of geological structures.
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Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0003
M. Genge
Faults are commonly encountered during geology fieldwork and are frequently the subjects of sketches in the field. This chapter introduces simple field sketches using faults as an example. It considers how best to draw faults in the field and the important features of these structures to record. Two worked examples of field sketches are given and focus on the techniques employed to draw their geometries accurately. The rules introduced in Chapter 2 are revisited, as are the techniques of blocking-in, adding key features, and the importance of labels and scale. Both simple faults and complex fault zones are considered in the chapter. Common mistakes made in geological sketches are also described.
{"title":"Drawing faults","authors":"M. Genge","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Faults are commonly encountered during geology fieldwork and are frequently the subjects of sketches in the field. This chapter introduces simple field sketches using faults as an example. It considers how best to draw faults in the field and the important features of these structures to record. Two worked examples of field sketches are given and focus on the techniques employed to draw their geometries accurately. The rules introduced in Chapter 2 are revisited, as are the techniques of blocking-in, adding key features, and the importance of labels and scale. Both simple faults and complex fault zones are considered in the chapter. Common mistakes made in geological sketches are also described.","PeriodicalId":309739,"journal":{"name":"Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124659798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0010
M. Genge
Fossils record the evolution of life on Earth and are crucial in the dating of sedimentary rocks through biostratigraphy. This chapter examines the methods used to record the taxonomy and sedimentological context of fossils within field sketches. The taxonomy and geological range of important fossil groups are described as well as their occurrence within sediments. Blocking-in sketches accurately is particularly important when drawing fossils since their quasi-regular shapes can lead to drawings that are overly schematic. Small-scale morphological features are often important in the interpretation of fossils. Four worked examples of sketches of fossils are given together with descriptions of their interpretation to illustrate techniques to record palaeontological specimens.
{"title":"Drawing fossils","authors":"M. Genge","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Fossils record the evolution of life on Earth and are crucial in the dating of sedimentary rocks through biostratigraphy. This chapter examines the methods used to record the taxonomy and sedimentological context of fossils within field sketches. The taxonomy and geological range of important fossil groups are described as well as their occurrence within sediments. Blocking-in sketches accurately is particularly important when drawing fossils since their quasi-regular shapes can lead to drawings that are overly schematic. Small-scale morphological features are often important in the interpretation of fossils. Four worked examples of sketches of fossils are given together with descriptions of their interpretation to illustrate techniques to record palaeontological specimens.","PeriodicalId":309739,"journal":{"name":"Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131606640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0004
M. Genge
Folds record the deformation of strata and reveal the tectonic processes by which the Earth’s crust has evolved. In this chapter the techniques used to create field sketches of folds are described together with the important features of these structures that need to be recorded. Careful observation is needed in drawing fold structures prior to drawing to identify the trace of the fold axial planes on the outcrop. The importance of the fold axial plane in the geometry of fold structures is stressed. Two worked examples of field sketches of simple folds are given to illustrate the tactics involved in observing and drawing these structures.
{"title":"Drawing folds","authors":"M. Genge","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835929.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Folds record the deformation of strata and reveal the tectonic processes by which the Earth’s crust has evolved. In this chapter the techniques used to create field sketches of folds are described together with the important features of these structures that need to be recorded. Careful observation is needed in drawing fold structures prior to drawing to identify the trace of the fold axial planes on the outcrop. The importance of the fold axial plane in the geometry of fold structures is stressed. Two worked examples of field sketches of simple folds are given to illustrate the tactics involved in observing and drawing these structures.","PeriodicalId":309739,"journal":{"name":"Geological Field Sketches and Illustrations","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126054033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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