Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not a disease entity but a complex of conditions that contribute to airflow limitation. COPD is a chronic, slowly progressive disorder characterized by stable phases increasingly interrupted by worsening of symptoms, termed acute exacerbations. In 1995 the American Thoracic Society defined COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow obstruction resulting from chronic bronchitis or emphysema (Figure 27-1). Asthma is discussed separately because of its unique characteristics of inflammation and degree of reversibility. Most persons with COPD have one predominant disease entity, but often with manifestations of both. Why some individuals develop bronchitis and others develop emphysema is unknown. Hereditary or environmental factors or factors in the patient’s history are believed to influence differences in susceptibility and the predominant type of disease.
{"title":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","authors":"P. D. Dennison","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.9","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not a disease entity but a complex of conditions that contribute to airflow limitation. COPD is a chronic, slowly progressive disorder characterized by stable phases increasingly interrupted by worsening of symptoms, termed acute exacerbations. In 1995 the American Thoracic Society defined COPD as a disease state characterized by airflow obstruction resulting from chronic bronchitis or emphysema (Figure 27-1). Asthma is discussed separately because of its unique characteristics of inflammation and degree of reversibility. Most persons with COPD have one predominant disease entity, but often with manifestations of both. Why some individuals develop bronchitis and others develop emphysema is unknown. Hereditary or environmental factors or factors in the patient’s history are believed to influence differences in susceptibility and the predominant type of disease.","PeriodicalId":310333,"journal":{"name":"Breathe Easy","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126345481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Other Strategies to Relieve Shortness of Breath","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":310333,"journal":{"name":"Breathe Easy","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114539842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
• A compressed oxygen tank is oxygen gas stored in a tank under pressure. Small tanks can be carried. • A liquid oxygen unit contains oxygen gas cooled to a very low temperature. Most tanks come with a portable unit that you can carry or pull on a cart. • A portable oxygen concentrator (POC) takes in the air around you to concentrate oxygen and give you more of it. It uses electricity from a battery or by plugging into an outlet.
{"title":"Traveling with Oxygen","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.14","url":null,"abstract":"• A compressed oxygen tank is oxygen gas stored in a tank under pressure. Small tanks can be carried. • A liquid oxygen unit contains oxygen gas cooled to a very low temperature. Most tanks come with a portable unit that you can carry or pull on a cart. • A portable oxygen concentrator (POC) takes in the air around you to concentrate oxygen and give you more of it. It uses electricity from a battery or by plugging into an outlet.","PeriodicalId":310333,"journal":{"name":"Breathe Easy","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122731376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-06DOI: 10.5040/9780755623051.ch-011
Dick Francis
at its headquarters in New York. Although many were hoping for a strong result, the Second Review Conference faced the same problem that had contributed to the failure of the First Review Conference, in 2006, namely how to make sense of a mandate that required it to review progress made in PoA implementation when there was no mechanism to do so. This chapter explains how the Second Review Conference managed to achieve a result that holds out the promise of a strengthened PoA despite the initial uncertainty surrounding its mandate. Drawing on relevant UN documents and the author's own observations of the meeting and its preparatory phase, the chapter examines the principal features of the Review Conference process and outcome. With respect to process, the Second Review Conference, including its preparatory phase, was characterized by incremental, visible progress towards a final, consensual outcome. It avoided many of the problems that had plagued the First Review Conference, largely through the use of a working method that contributed to the success of UN small arms meetings after 2006. Among other things, this translated into the early designation of the Conference president, Ambassador U. Joy Ogwu of Nigeria, and the optimal use of scarce meeting time. Another important factor in the Review Conference success was the resolution of the uncertainty surrounding its mandate at an early stage. Draft outcome documents were prepared and discussed during the months preceding the Conference. By the time the meeting started, states seemed comfortable with an outcome that, while forward-looking, was squarely rooted in the implementation of norms laid out in the PoA and the related International Tracing Instrument (ITI). Equally important, at the Second Review Conference UN member states showed a willingness to compromise that they had often lacked at its 2006 predecessor. At the end of the Second Review Conference, UN member states adopted, by consensus, a substantive outcome in which they committed themselves to a series of measures designed to bolster implementation of the PoA and the ITI during the period leading
{"title":"Second Wind","authors":"Dick Francis","doi":"10.5040/9780755623051.ch-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755623051.ch-011","url":null,"abstract":"at its headquarters in New York. Although many were hoping for a strong result, the Second Review Conference faced the same problem that had contributed to the failure of the First Review Conference, in 2006, namely how to make sense of a mandate that required it to review progress made in PoA implementation when there was no mechanism to do so. This chapter explains how the Second Review Conference managed to achieve a result that holds out the promise of a strengthened PoA despite the initial uncertainty surrounding its mandate. Drawing on relevant UN documents and the author's own observations of the meeting and its preparatory phase, the chapter examines the principal features of the Review Conference process and outcome. With respect to process, the Second Review Conference, including its preparatory phase, was characterized by incremental, visible progress towards a final, consensual outcome. It avoided many of the problems that had plagued the First Review Conference, largely through the use of a working method that contributed to the success of UN small arms meetings after 2006. Among other things, this translated into the early designation of the Conference president, Ambassador U. Joy Ogwu of Nigeria, and the optimal use of scarce meeting time. Another important factor in the Review Conference success was the resolution of the uncertainty surrounding its mandate at an early stage. Draft outcome documents were prepared and discussed during the months preceding the Conference. By the time the meeting started, states seemed comfortable with an outcome that, while forward-looking, was squarely rooted in the implementation of norms laid out in the PoA and the related International Tracing Instrument (ITI). Equally important, at the Second Review Conference UN member states showed a willingness to compromise that they had often lacked at its 2006 predecessor. At the end of the Second Review Conference, UN member states adopted, by consensus, a substantive outcome in which they committed themselves to a series of measures designed to bolster implementation of the PoA and the ITI during the period leading","PeriodicalId":310333,"journal":{"name":"Breathe Easy","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115153298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why Am I Short of Breath?","authors":"Neel G. Karnani, G. Reisfield, G. Wilson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1xx9jcf.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":310333,"journal":{"name":"Breathe Easy","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132871734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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