Introduction: Birth weight is an important parameter to assess the overall wellbeing of newborn. In developing countries like India, where large number of home deliveries occurs measuring birth weight is difficult. Studies have reported a positive correlation between birth weight and foot length. Hence, foot length may be considered as an alternative in place of birth weight, the former being an easy and cheap parameter to assess. Aim: To assess the correlation between foot length and birth weight in newborns, delivered or referred within 24 hours of birth. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India, (tertiary care hospital), from February 2021 to October 2021. A total of 902 newborns were included in the study. Foot length was measured with transparent ruler scale with 0.1 cm precision, and birth weight was recorded using digital weighing scale with 10 grams precision. The correlation coefficient was calculated between foot length and birth weight. Results: Out of 902 newborns, 495 (54.87%) were males. The mean birth weight was 2.57±0.56 kg. The mean foot lengths were 7.27±0.58 cm in <2.5 kg category, 7.3±0.47 cm in 2.5-3.5 kg category, and 7.82±0.48 cm in >3.5 kg category. The correlation coefficient between foot length and birth weight in <2.5 kg, 2.5- 3.5 kg and >3.5 kg group were 0.96, 0.93 and 0.78, respectively. Conclusion: Foot length can be used as a proxy measure to detect low birth weight in newborns in resource-limited settings where weighing is not possible.
{"title":"Foot Length as a Proxy Indicator for Detection of Birth Weight in Newborns: An Observational Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Daasara Gururaju, Manjunath Rangappa, Bheemaraya Shivasharana","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/58066.2362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/58066.2362","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Birth weight is an important parameter to assess the overall wellbeing of newborn. In developing countries like India, where large number of home deliveries occurs measuring birth weight is difficult. Studies have reported a positive correlation between birth weight and foot length. Hence, foot length may be considered as an alternative in place of birth weight, the former being an easy and cheap parameter to assess. Aim: To assess the correlation between foot length and birth weight in newborns, delivered or referred within 24 hours of birth. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India, (tertiary care hospital), from February 2021 to October 2021. A total of 902 newborns were included in the study. Foot length was measured with transparent ruler scale with 0.1 cm precision, and birth weight was recorded using digital weighing scale with 10 grams precision. The correlation coefficient was calculated between foot length and birth weight. Results: Out of 902 newborns, 495 (54.87%) were males. The mean birth weight was 2.57±0.56 kg. The mean foot lengths were 7.27±0.58 cm in <2.5 kg category, 7.3±0.47 cm in 2.5-3.5 kg category, and 7.82±0.48 cm in >3.5 kg category. The correlation coefficient between foot length and birth weight in <2.5 kg, 2.5- 3.5 kg and >3.5 kg group were 0.96, 0.93 and 0.78, respectively. Conclusion: Foot length can be used as a proxy measure to detect low birth weight in newborns in resource-limited settings where weighing is not possible.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/51264.2327
Nidhi Sachan, N. Bisht, A. Chaurasia
Introduction: The placenta plays a crucial role in the growth and survival of foetus by performing most of the vital functions for the foetus before delivery. Histopathological examination of placenta can help in investigating the mechanism of placental dysfunction, which can further help in devising more precise intervention strategies and can contribute to more effective therapies in the future. Aim: To compare the placental histopathological findings of patients with adverse neonatal outcomes and good neonatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted on 200 antenatal cases with gestational age >34 weeks were enrolled in the study from IPD of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Swaroop Rani Hospital, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India, over a period of 1 year. They were followed- up till delivery and assessed for neonatal outcomes. On the basis of neonatal outcome, patients were divided into two groups- group A with normal neonatal outcomes and group B with adverse neonatal outcomes. A gross and histopathological examination of placenta was performed for each case. The results were compiled and statistically analysed to compare the findings between the groups. The p-value was calculated using Chi-square score and value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 200 cases, 143 belonged to group A (with normal neonatal outcomes), in which majority 121 (84%) had normal placental histopathology, 8 (5.5%) had villous infarcts, 9 (6.2%) had syncytial knots and 5 (3.4%) had calcifications. Mean placental weight in group A was 425.88 grams while that in group B was 363.70 grams (p-value <0.0001). Group B (with adverse neonatal outcomes) had 57 cases, 8.8% cases were delivered via vaginal delivery, with low Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) score in 53 (26.5%), need for Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission in 57 (28.5%), need for mechanical ventilation in 12 (6%) and death in 6 (3%) cases. Villous infarcts was the placental histopathological feature in all cases with neonatal complications low APGAR score, NICU admission, those requiring mechanical ventilation or neonatal death. Out of these 57 cases, 8 (14%) had normal placental histopathology while 15 (26.3%) had infarcts, 12 (21%) syncytial knots, 9 (15.8%) had calcifications, and 13 (22.8%) had necrosis. Statistically significant difference (p-value <0.05) was found between the two groups in terms of abnormal histopathological findings and mean placental weight. Conclusion: Neonates with adverse outcomes had abnormal placental histopathological findings like villous infarcts, syncytial knots, calcifications, and necrosis.
胎盘在胎儿的生长和生存中起着至关重要的作用，它在胎儿出生前为胎儿执行了大部分的重要功能。胎盘的组织病理学检查有助于研究胎盘功能障碍的机制，从而有助于制定更精确的干预策略，并有助于未来更有效的治疗。目的:比较不良新生儿结局和良好新生儿结局患者的胎盘组织病理学表现。材料与方法:本研究是一项前瞻性观察性研究，纳入了印度北方邦Prayagraj Swaroop Rani医院妇产科IPD的200例胎龄为100 ~ 34周的产前病例，为期1年。随访至分娩，并评估新生儿预后。根据新生儿结局将患者分为新生儿结局正常的A组和新生儿结局不良的B组。每个病例都进行了胎盘的大体和组织病理学检查。结果被汇编和统计分析，以比较两组之间的发现。p值采用卡方评分计算，值<0.05被认为是显著的。结果:A组143例(新生儿结局正常)，其中胎盘组织病理学正常121例(84%)，绒毛性梗死8例(5.5%)，合胞结9例(6.2%)，钙化5例(3.4%)。A组平均胎盘重量为425.88 g, B组平均胎盘重量为363.70 g (p值<0.0001)。B组(新生儿预后不良)57例，阴道分娩8.8%，外观、脉搏、表情、活动和呼吸(APGAR)评分低53例(26.5%)，需要新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)入院57例(28.5%)，需要机械通气12例(6%)，死亡6例(3%)。绒毛梗死是所有新生儿并发症(低APGAR评分、入住NICU、需要机械通气或新生儿死亡)的胎盘组织病理学特征。在这57例中，8例(14%)胎盘组织病理学正常，15例(26.3%)有梗死，12例(21%)有合胞结，9例(15.8%)有钙化，13例(22.8%)有坏死。两组患儿病理异常及平均胎盘重量差异有统计学意义(p值<0.05)。结论:不良结局的新生儿有异常的胎盘组织病理学表现，如绒毛梗死、合胞结、钙化和坏死。
{"title":"Comparison of Placental Histopathological Findings with Good and Adverse Neonatal Outcomes- A Prospective Observational Study","authors":"Nidhi Sachan, N. Bisht, A. Chaurasia","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/51264.2327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/51264.2327","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The placenta plays a crucial role in the growth and survival of foetus by performing most of the vital functions for the foetus before delivery. Histopathological examination of placenta can help in investigating the mechanism of placental dysfunction, which can further help in devising more precise intervention strategies and can contribute to more effective therapies in the future. Aim: To compare the placental histopathological findings of patients with adverse neonatal outcomes and good neonatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted on 200 antenatal cases with gestational age >34 weeks were enrolled in the study from IPD of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Swaroop Rani Hospital, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India, over a period of 1 year. They were followed- up till delivery and assessed for neonatal outcomes. On the basis of neonatal outcome, patients were divided into two groups- group A with normal neonatal outcomes and group B with adverse neonatal outcomes. A gross and histopathological examination of placenta was performed for each case. The results were compiled and statistically analysed to compare the findings between the groups. The p-value was calculated using Chi-square score and value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 200 cases, 143 belonged to group A (with normal neonatal outcomes), in which majority 121 (84%) had normal placental histopathology, 8 (5.5%) had villous infarcts, 9 (6.2%) had syncytial knots and 5 (3.4%) had calcifications. Mean placental weight in group A was 425.88 grams while that in group B was 363.70 grams (p-value <0.0001). Group B (with adverse neonatal outcomes) had 57 cases, 8.8% cases were delivered via vaginal delivery, with low Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) score in 53 (26.5%), need for Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission in 57 (28.5%), need for mechanical ventilation in 12 (6%) and death in 6 (3%) cases. Villous infarcts was the placental histopathological feature in all cases with neonatal complications low APGAR score, NICU admission, those requiring mechanical ventilation or neonatal death. Out of these 57 cases, 8 (14%) had normal placental histopathology while 15 (26.3%) had infarcts, 12 (21%) syncytial knots, 9 (15.8%) had calcifications, and 13 (22.8%) had necrosis. Statistically significant difference (p-value <0.05) was found between the two groups in terms of abnormal histopathological findings and mean placental weight. Conclusion: Neonates with adverse outcomes had abnormal placental histopathological findings like villous infarcts, syncytial knots, calcifications, and necrosis.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/51326.2321
Milind M Suryawanshi, C. Bokade, Shamama Subuhi, D. Madavi, Priyanka M Meshram
Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an event of utmost importance in the medical field. It has affected the lives of millions worldwide, affecting adults more than children. But paediatric coronavirus disease is also complicated by its varied clinical presentation, difficulty in diagnosis and non availability of any rational protocol when it comes to the identification and management of cases. Aim: To assess demographic characteristics and outcome of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: A single-centre retrospective hospital- based observational study was carried out among 150 children. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and tested using real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 infection to confirm Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The information was collected from Medical Record Department (MRD) through Case Record Form (CRF). The clinical and laboratory features of all children (age ≥1 months to ≤12 years) were selected between 1st March 2020 to 31st October 2020 were noted and selected. The collected data was tabulated and all statistical analysis was done. Results: Out of 150 children, 81 (54%) were male and 69 (46%) were female. Only 26 (17.3%) were symptomatic. In these 26, respiratory system involved 12 (46.2%) children, followed by acute febrile illness in 7 (26.9%) and then neurological 3 (11.6%), gastrointestinal 2 (7.7%), haematological 1 (3.8%), and cardiovascular 1 (3.8%). Co-morbidities (thalassaemia, cerebral palsy, seizure disorder and heart disease) were present in 5 (3.3%) children, in which 3 (60%) developed moderate and severe degree of illness. The treatment was given as per the protocol developed at Institutional level from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) guidelines. One child died and the rest were discharged. Conclusion: Majority of the children having SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic, however, few had mild illness. Furthermore, co-morbidities were contributed for severity of illness in the children affected with SARS-CoV-2 infection which leads into more vulnerable outcome.
{"title":"Demographic Characteristics and Outcome of Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection Admitted in a Tertiary Care Centre in Central India- A Retrospective Study","authors":"Milind M Suryawanshi, C. Bokade, Shamama Subuhi, D. Madavi, Priyanka M Meshram","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/51326.2321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/51326.2321","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an event of utmost importance in the medical field. It has affected the lives of millions worldwide, affecting adults more than children. But paediatric coronavirus disease is also complicated by its varied clinical presentation, difficulty in diagnosis and non availability of any rational protocol when it comes to the identification and management of cases. Aim: To assess demographic characteristics and outcome of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: A single-centre retrospective hospital- based observational study was carried out among 150 children. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and tested using real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 infection to confirm Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). The information was collected from Medical Record Department (MRD) through Case Record Form (CRF). The clinical and laboratory features of all children (age ≥1 months to ≤12 years) were selected between 1st March 2020 to 31st October 2020 were noted and selected. The collected data was tabulated and all statistical analysis was done. Results: Out of 150 children, 81 (54%) were male and 69 (46%) were female. Only 26 (17.3%) were symptomatic. In these 26, respiratory system involved 12 (46.2%) children, followed by acute febrile illness in 7 (26.9%) and then neurological 3 (11.6%), gastrointestinal 2 (7.7%), haematological 1 (3.8%), and cardiovascular 1 (3.8%). Co-morbidities (thalassaemia, cerebral palsy, seizure disorder and heart disease) were present in 5 (3.3%) children, in which 3 (60%) developed moderate and severe degree of illness. The treatment was given as per the protocol developed at Institutional level from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) guidelines. One child died and the rest were discharged. Conclusion: Majority of the children having SARS-CoV-2 infection were asymptomatic, however, few had mild illness. Furthermore, co-morbidities were contributed for severity of illness in the children affected with SARS-CoV-2 infection which leads into more vulnerable outcome.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53098.2346
Koushal Kumar Khajuria, A. Badyal
Introduction: Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is a glomerular disease characterised by oedema, hypoalbuminaemia and substantial proteinuria, which includes loss of thyroxine binding globulin and thyroid hormones, often resulting in subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. Studies reporting on the relationship between NS and thyroid dysfunction elude consensus. Aim: To evaluate Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), and lipid levels to identify clinical predictors of thyroid dysfunction in paediatric cases of NS. Materials and Methods: A hospital based case-control study was undertaken on 100 children, attending Paediatric Nephrology Clinic, from October 2020 to March 2021.Patients were divided into two groups: 50 cases under various stages of nephrotic syndrome, and 50 healthy controls in the age group of 1 to 18 years, of either gender. Investigations on serum creatinine, Haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count, platelet count, serum T3, T4, TSH, and blood lipids like: Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), were performed on all the children, and compared for analysis of corresponding data of cases and controls. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA test. Results: The mean age of the cases and controls was 12.6±4.2 and 11.8±4.0 years, respectively. Mean T3 value in the case group was 117±63 ng/dL, and in control was 176±95 ng/ dL (p=0.104). Mean T4 value among the case group (9.9±5.1 μg/dL) was significantly lower than that of controls (14.2±8.4 μg/dL) (p=0.016). The difference of TSH levels in the case group was 3.8±2.9 μIU/mL, and control was 2.5±2.2 μIU/mL (p<0.001). Hypothyroidism was observed in 9 (45%) children with first episode, 7 (53.84%) in remission, and 6 (60%) relapsed patients. Conclusion: Urinary losses of binding proteins such as Thyroxine Binding Globulin (TBG), transthyretin or prealbumin and albumin, may have caused lower levels of T3 and T4 and higher value of TSH. T3, T4 and TSH are important clinical predictors of thyroid dysfunction in patients with NS, therefore hypothyroidism should be investigated in all children with NS.
{"title":"Evaluating Thyroid Function in Paediatric Nephrotic Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India: A Case-control Study","authors":"Koushal Kumar Khajuria, A. Badyal","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53098.2346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53098.2346","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is a glomerular disease characterised by oedema, hypoalbuminaemia and substantial proteinuria, which includes loss of thyroxine binding globulin and thyroid hormones, often resulting in subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. Studies reporting on the relationship between NS and thyroid dysfunction elude consensus. Aim: To evaluate Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), and lipid levels to identify clinical predictors of thyroid dysfunction in paediatric cases of NS. Materials and Methods: A hospital based case-control study was undertaken on 100 children, attending Paediatric Nephrology Clinic, from October 2020 to March 2021.Patients were divided into two groups: 50 cases under various stages of nephrotic syndrome, and 50 healthy controls in the age group of 1 to 18 years, of either gender. Investigations on serum creatinine, Haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count, platelet count, serum T3, T4, TSH, and blood lipids like: Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), were performed on all the children, and compared for analysis of corresponding data of cases and controls. Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA test. Results: The mean age of the cases and controls was 12.6±4.2 and 11.8±4.0 years, respectively. Mean T3 value in the case group was 117±63 ng/dL, and in control was 176±95 ng/ dL (p=0.104). Mean T4 value among the case group (9.9±5.1 μg/dL) was significantly lower than that of controls (14.2±8.4 μg/dL) (p=0.016). The difference of TSH levels in the case group was 3.8±2.9 μIU/mL, and control was 2.5±2.2 μIU/mL (p<0.001). Hypothyroidism was observed in 9 (45%) children with first episode, 7 (53.84%) in remission, and 6 (60%) relapsed patients. Conclusion: Urinary losses of binding proteins such as Thyroxine Binding Globulin (TBG), transthyretin or prealbumin and albumin, may have caused lower levels of T3 and T4 and higher value of TSH. T3, T4 and TSH are important clinical predictors of thyroid dysfunction in patients with NS, therefore hypothyroidism should be investigated in all children with NS.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/56603.2350
Y. Pravallika, S. Daniel, VR Sudha Reddy
Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of less than 150×109/L, which is also applicable to newborn infants. It may be a result of increased platelet destruction (immune and non immune), decreased platelet production, and a combination of both or unknown. A platelet count of more than 500×109/L is considered thrombocytosis, classified as primary or essential and secondary or reactive. Abnormal platelet count being quite common, is most often neglected and it can lead to devastating complications if untreated. Aim: To study the incidence of abnormal platelet counts and to determine the risk factors associated with abnormal platelet counts in neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of platelet count of all neonates admitted to a tertiary NICU of RL Jalappa Hospital, Tamaka, Karnataka, India, between July 2020 and June 2021 was done to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with abnormal platelet count (thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis). Data of all the neonates were collected retrospectively from July 2021 to August 2021 and analysed. A total of 562 neonates were included in the study. Categorical data was taken and expressed in the form of frequencies and percentages. Data were entered as frequencies using Microsoft excel version 2203 and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact test were used to determining the significance of the data. The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 629 neonates admitted, 562 neonates were included in the study. Total 209 neonates had thrombocytopenia, with early thrombocytopenia being in 94 (45%) and late being in 115 (55%). Thrombocytosis was seen in only 15 neonates where 7 (46.6%) had early, and 8 (53.3%) had late thrombocytosis. The most common risk factor associated with both cases was sepsis. Placental insufficiency had a statistically significant association with thrombocytopenia (p<0.001**). Term babies had a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis, and the association with thrombocytopenia was statistically significant (p=0.043*). Conclusion: Based on the present study, it can be concluded that abnormal platelet count is quite a common finding in sick neonates. Thrombocytopenia is more common than thrombocytosis. The most common risk factor is sepsis, it should not be neglected, and appropriate treatment should be initiated once an abnormal platelet count is detected in neonates.
前言:血小板减少症的定义是血小板计数低于150×109/L，这也适用于新生儿。它可能是血小板破坏(免疫性和非免疫性)增加，血小板产生减少，两者结合或未知的结果。血小板计数超过500×109/L被认为是血小板增多，分为原发性或原发性和继发性或反应性。异常血小板计数是相当常见的，最常被忽视，它可以导致毁灭性的并发症，如果不治疗。目的:研究新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)新生儿血小板计数异常的发生率，并探讨与血小板计数异常相关的危险因素。材料和方法:回顾性分析2020年7月至2021年6月印度卡纳塔克邦Tamaka市RL Jalappa医院三级NICU收治的所有新生儿的血小板计数，以确定血小板计数异常(血小板减少症和血小板增多症)的发生率和相关危险因素。回顾性收集2021年7月至2021年8月所有新生儿的数据并进行分析。共有562名新生儿被纳入研究。采用分类数据，以频率和百分比的形式表示。使用Microsoft excel version 2203作为频率输入数据，并使用SPSS version 22.0软件进行分析。使用卡方检验和Fischer精确检验来确定数据的显著性。p值<0.05认为有统计学意义。结果:629例新生儿中，562例纳入研究。209例新生儿有血小板减少，早期血小板减少94例(45%)，晚期血小板减少115例(55%)。仅有15例新生儿出现血小板增多，其中早期有7例(46.6%)，晚期有8例(53.3%)。与这两种情况相关的最常见危险因素是败血症。胎盘功能不全与血小板减少症有统计学意义(p<0.001**)。足月儿血小板减少和血小板增多的发生率较高，与血小板减少的相关性有统计学意义(p=0.043*)。结论:根据本研究，血小板计数异常在患病新生儿中是相当常见的。血小板减少症比血小板增多症更常见。最常见的危险因素是败血症，它不应被忽视，一旦检测到新生儿血小板计数异常，应开始适当的治疗。
{"title":"Quantitative Analysis of Thrombocytes in Neonates in a Tertiary Care Centre of Southern India- A Retrospective Study","authors":"Y. Pravallika, S. Daniel, VR Sudha Reddy","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/56603.2350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/56603.2350","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of less than 150×109/L, which is also applicable to newborn infants. It may be a result of increased platelet destruction (immune and non immune), decreased platelet production, and a combination of both or unknown. A platelet count of more than 500×109/L is considered thrombocytosis, classified as primary or essential and secondary or reactive. Abnormal platelet count being quite common, is most often neglected and it can lead to devastating complications if untreated. Aim: To study the incidence of abnormal platelet counts and to determine the risk factors associated with abnormal platelet counts in neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of platelet count of all neonates admitted to a tertiary NICU of RL Jalappa Hospital, Tamaka, Karnataka, India, between July 2020 and June 2021 was done to determine the incidence and risk factors associated with abnormal platelet count (thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis). Data of all the neonates were collected retrospectively from July 2021 to August 2021 and analysed. A total of 562 neonates were included in the study. Categorical data was taken and expressed in the form of frequencies and percentages. Data were entered as frequencies using Microsoft excel version 2203 and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact test were used to determining the significance of the data. The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 629 neonates admitted, 562 neonates were included in the study. Total 209 neonates had thrombocytopenia, with early thrombocytopenia being in 94 (45%) and late being in 115 (55%). Thrombocytosis was seen in only 15 neonates where 7 (46.6%) had early, and 8 (53.3%) had late thrombocytosis. The most common risk factor associated with both cases was sepsis. Placental insufficiency had a statistically significant association with thrombocytopenia (p<0.001**). Term babies had a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis, and the association with thrombocytopenia was statistically significant (p=0.043*). Conclusion: Based on the present study, it can be concluded that abnormal platelet count is quite a common finding in sick neonates. Thrombocytopenia is more common than thrombocytosis. The most common risk factor is sepsis, it should not be neglected, and appropriate treatment should be initiated once an abnormal platelet count is detected in neonates.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/57543.2359
Parvathy Devi, Sowjan Manohar, R. Lavanya, Sekar Pasupathy
Introduction: Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) are considered one of the leading causes of sicknesses and deaths among children worldwide. Parents’ knowledge and attitude towards immunisation are likely to influence uptake. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective public health tools to prevent infectious diseases. Aim:This study assessed parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice towards their children’s vaccination. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, at Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India from April 2019 to June 2019. Two hundred and sixty-six parents of 0 to 12-year-old children, attending the paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD), were recruited for the study. A prestructured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding immunisation was administered, and other socio-demographic details were collected. Descriptive analysis was done by frequency and percentage. Data entry and analysis were performed in Microsoft Excel. Results: Among the 266 parents studied, a majority 129 (48.5%) of the mothers were 26 to 30 years old, and fathers were in the age group of 31-35 years 98 (36.8%). The majority 89 (33.5%) of the fathers were semi-skilled workers, and mothers were unskilled workers 180 (67.7%). Overall, 36.5% of children were 6 to 10 years old, and 53.4% were male children. Among the parents, 98.1% stated vaccines were safe, 95.1% knew that vaccine would prevent their children from diseases. 99.2% agreed that all children should be vaccinated, 96.2% maintained a vaccination card, 81.2% were aware of the following vaccination date for their children. Conclusion: According to the present study findings, there is generally good knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding vaccination of children among their parents. Knowledge regarding optional vaccinations needs to be improved through creating awareness.
{"title":"Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Childhood Immunisation among Parents Attending Paediatric OPD at a Tertiary Care Centre, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"Parvathy Devi, Sowjan Manohar, R. Lavanya, Sekar Pasupathy","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/57543.2359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/57543.2359","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) are considered one of the leading causes of sicknesses and deaths among children worldwide. Parents’ knowledge and attitude towards immunisation are likely to influence uptake. Vaccination is one of the most cost-effective public health tools to prevent infectious diseases. Aim:This study assessed parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice towards their children’s vaccination. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, at Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India from April 2019 to June 2019. Two hundred and sixty-six parents of 0 to 12-year-old children, attending the paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD), were recruited for the study. A prestructured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding immunisation was administered, and other socio-demographic details were collected. Descriptive analysis was done by frequency and percentage. Data entry and analysis were performed in Microsoft Excel. Results: Among the 266 parents studied, a majority 129 (48.5%) of the mothers were 26 to 30 years old, and fathers were in the age group of 31-35 years 98 (36.8%). The majority 89 (33.5%) of the fathers were semi-skilled workers, and mothers were unskilled workers 180 (67.7%). Overall, 36.5% of children were 6 to 10 years old, and 53.4% were male children. Among the parents, 98.1% stated vaccines were safe, 95.1% knew that vaccine would prevent their children from diseases. 99.2% agreed that all children should be vaccinated, 96.2% maintained a vaccination card, 81.2% were aware of the following vaccination date for their children. Conclusion: According to the present study findings, there is generally good knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding vaccination of children among their parents. Knowledge regarding optional vaccinations needs to be improved through creating awareness.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/57652.2357
P. Namratha, Chinmayi R Joshi, S. Patil, Vijaykumar B Murteli
Introduction: Late-onset Sepsis (LOS) causes significant morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Probiotics have been suggested to improve the integrity of mucosal barrier by modifying the enteric microflora and suppress the overgrowth and translocation of pathogens in the gut, thus preventing life- threatening infections. Although probiotics have a definite role in prevention of Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm neonates, their effect on prevention of LOS in preterm neonates is still uncertain. Aim: To evaluate the role of probiotics in reducing incidence of LOS in preterm neonates (<34 weeks). Materials and Methods: A double blinded randomised control trial was conducted in a tertiary care Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Karnataka, India between 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. Seventy haemodynamically stable preterm neonates, <34 weeks of Gestational Age (GA), were randomised into ‘Probiotic’ and ‘Placebo’ groups. The probiotic group (n=36) was prophylactically administered Bacillus clausii suspension at a dose of 2.5 mL per-oral (0.4×109 spores in 1 mL) BD with breast milk, from initiation of enteral feeds till seven days, discharge/ death/LOS, whichever was earlier. The placebo group (n=34) received breast milk with sterile water 2.5 mL per- oral BD. All the neonates were investigated and managed as per standard hospital protocol. Primary outcome of the study was to find the incidence of LOS. Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was no significant difference between the probiotic vs placebo group, with respect to incidence of LOS (11.11% vs 17.64%; (p>0.05)) and duration of hospital stay (10.86±3.19 vs 11.23±2.98 days; (p>0.05)). However, incidence of feed intolerance in the probiotic group (11.11%) was significantly less than that the other (26%) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Probiotics, prophylactically fed enterally, did not reduce the incidence of LOS but provide a promising strategy to prevent feed intolerance in premature neonates.
迟发性脓毒症(LOS)在早产儿中引起显著的发病率和死亡率。益生菌被认为可以通过改变肠道菌群来改善粘膜屏障的完整性，抑制肠道内病原体的过度生长和易位，从而预防危及生命的感染。虽然益生菌在预防早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)中有明确的作用，但其对预防早产儿LOS的作用仍不确定。目的:评价益生菌对降低早产儿LOS发生率(0.05)和住院时间(10.86±3.19 vs 11.23±2.98 d)的作用;(p > 0.05)。但益生菌组饲料不耐受发生率(11.11%)显著低于对照组(26%)(p<0.05)。结论:预防性肠内喂养益生菌并不能降低LOS的发生率，但为预防早产儿饲料不耐受提供了一种有希望的策略。
{"title":"Probiotics (Bacillus clausii) for Prevention of Late-onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants (<34 weeks): A Randomised Controlled Trial","authors":"P. Namratha, Chinmayi R Joshi, S. Patil, Vijaykumar B Murteli","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/57652.2357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/57652.2357","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Late-onset Sepsis (LOS) causes significant morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Probiotics have been suggested to improve the integrity of mucosal barrier by modifying the enteric microflora and suppress the overgrowth and translocation of pathogens in the gut, thus preventing life- threatening infections. Although probiotics have a definite role in prevention of Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm neonates, their effect on prevention of LOS in preterm neonates is still uncertain. Aim: To evaluate the role of probiotics in reducing incidence of LOS in preterm neonates (<34 weeks). Materials and Methods: A double blinded randomised control trial was conducted in a tertiary care Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Karnataka, India between 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. Seventy haemodynamically stable preterm neonates, <34 weeks of Gestational Age (GA), were randomised into ‘Probiotic’ and ‘Placebo’ groups. The probiotic group (n=36) was prophylactically administered Bacillus clausii suspension at a dose of 2.5 mL per-oral (0.4×109 spores in 1 mL) BD with breast milk, from initiation of enteral feeds till seven days, discharge/ death/LOS, whichever was earlier. The placebo group (n=34) received breast milk with sterile water 2.5 mL per- oral BD. All the neonates were investigated and managed as per standard hospital protocol. Primary outcome of the study was to find the incidence of LOS. Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results: There was no significant difference between the probiotic vs placebo group, with respect to incidence of LOS (11.11% vs 17.64%; (p>0.05)) and duration of hospital stay (10.86±3.19 vs 11.23±2.98 days; (p>0.05)). However, incidence of feed intolerance in the probiotic group (11.11%) was significantly less than that the other (26%) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Probiotics, prophylactically fed enterally, did not reduce the incidence of LOS but provide a promising strategy to prevent feed intolerance in premature neonates.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/52174.2323
R. Hajela, R. Vinayak, M. Behal
Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), in its second wave, is infecting the young children and newborns too. Increasing number of pregnant women with COVID-19 is being reported globally, and the potential for vertical transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), either in-utero, intrapartum or in the early postnatal period is of concern. At present, the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission occurs, and timing of such transmission is unclear. This report describes the clinical course and laboratory findings in a neonate in whom SARS-CoV2 infection most likely occurred via vertical transmission. As the baby developed audible grunting and tachypnoea, 10 minutes after birth, all the relevant laboratory investigations were done. The chest X-ray showed bilateral lung opacities. The neonate developed signs and symptoms of severe COVID-19 pneumonia on day 1 of life, completely manifesting within few hours of birth. The nasopharyngeal swab was sent for Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV 2 after two days of birth. The RT-PCR test came out positive. With all other causes been ruled out and contributory laboratory findings (raised D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) it can positively be labelled as a case of vertically transmitted intrauterine COVID-19 pneumonia in a newborn. The baby was treated with ventilator support, antibiotics and Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH), and finally discharged after nine days of life and management at the hospital.
{"title":"Vertical Transmission of COVID-19 Infection in a Newborn","authors":"R. Hajela, R. Vinayak, M. Behal","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/52174.2323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/52174.2323","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), in its second wave, is infecting the young children and newborns too. Increasing number of pregnant women with COVID-19 is being reported globally, and the potential for vertical transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), either in-utero, intrapartum or in the early postnatal period is of concern. At present, the extent to which SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission occurs, and timing of such transmission is unclear. This report describes the clinical course and laboratory findings in a neonate in whom SARS-CoV2 infection most likely occurred via vertical transmission. As the baby developed audible grunting and tachypnoea, 10 minutes after birth, all the relevant laboratory investigations were done. The chest X-ray showed bilateral lung opacities. The neonate developed signs and symptoms of severe COVID-19 pneumonia on day 1 of life, completely manifesting within few hours of birth. The nasopharyngeal swab was sent for Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV 2 after two days of birth. The RT-PCR test came out positive. With all other causes been ruled out and contributory laboratory findings (raised D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) it can positively be labelled as a case of vertically transmitted intrauterine COVID-19 pneumonia in a newborn. The baby was treated with ventilator support, antibiotics and Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH), and finally discharged after nine days of life and management at the hospital.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53625.2336
Rakesh Kumar, Sanober Wasim, Yasir Lone, G. Gupta, Talha Rehman
Acute scrotal swelling in a neonate is a serious condition that requires prompt evaluation. It is important to salvage the testis, if it is involved. Scrotal haematoma also results in scrotal swelling. Adrenal haemorrhage has been associated and may at times be the causation of scrotal swelling. This case report is about a neonate who developed scrotal swelling at 16 hours of life. It required scrotal exploration, because ultrasonography could not be done, and testicular torsion was a close differential diagnosis. Adrenal haemorrhage was found associated with it, emphasising the fact that adrenals should always be assessed if the scrotal haematoma is diagnosed. Scrotal swellings in a neonate should be considered an emergency and promptly worked up if facilities exist. A scrotal exploration may sometimes be required to rule out testicular torsion.
{"title":"Adrenal Haemorrhage Associated with Scrotal Swelling in a Neonate","authors":"Rakesh Kumar, Sanober Wasim, Yasir Lone, G. Gupta, Talha Rehman","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53625.2336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53625.2336","url":null,"abstract":"Acute scrotal swelling in a neonate is a serious condition that requires prompt evaluation. It is important to salvage the testis, if it is involved. Scrotal haematoma also results in scrotal swelling. Adrenal haemorrhage has been associated and may at times be the causation of scrotal swelling. This case report is about a neonate who developed scrotal swelling at 16 hours of life. It required scrotal exploration, because ultrasonography could not be done, and testicular torsion was a close differential diagnosis. Adrenal haemorrhage was found associated with it, emphasising the fact that adrenals should always be assessed if the scrotal haematoma is diagnosed. Scrotal swellings in a neonate should be considered an emergency and promptly worked up if facilities exist. A scrotal exploration may sometimes be required to rule out testicular torsion.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53499.2337
K. Basavaraja, S. Gururaja, Geetha Mannivanan, Santosh Srinivasiah
Introduction: During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic, lockdown was imposed to break the rapid spread of infection which hampered many essential services. This included medical services and particularly the scheduled vaccinations among children. Consequently, many children missed or delayed vaccinations. Aim: To find the incidence and reasons for missed/delayed vaccination in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective hospital-based cross-sectional study done in the Department of Paediatrics, East Point College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India from March 2020 to February 2021. The total number of patients studied were 515. The samples included all children aged 0-10 years attending the Paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) for vaccination. Details about age, gender, address, parental details of education, occupation and income were recorded, using a questionnaire. Immunisation card was checked to ascertain whether any of the vaccines were missed or delayed and advice about catch up vaccination was given. The reasons for delay or missed vaccinations were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare different classes of population with delay and as per schedule classes of children for individual vaccines. Results: The mean age of the population was 13.77 months. Delay in vaccinations was seen in 213 (41.35%) children, among among them were 94 (44.13%) girls, and 119 (55.86%) boys. Mean age of the population with delay/missed vaccinations were 21.23 months. Main cause cited in 88.2% cases for delayed/missed vaccination was fear of getting infected with Covid-19 during hospital visits. The vaccinations with most significant delay were pentavalent vaccination at 10 weeks with a mean age of delay being 1.1 month as per National Immunisation Schedule (NIS) and Typhoid vaccination as per in Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) schedule with a mean age of delay of 5.2 months. The vaccinations were delayed in all socio-economic classes of the populations during the study period. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has hampered all healthcare services including immunisation. Intentional vaccine delay due to any reason by parents should be avoided and catch up immunisation should be given at the earliest.
{"title":"Missed Vaccinations in Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"K. Basavaraja, S. Gururaja, Geetha Mannivanan, Santosh Srinivasiah","doi":"10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53499.2337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7860/ijnmr/2022/53499.2337","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic, lockdown was imposed to break the rapid spread of infection which hampered many essential services. This included medical services and particularly the scheduled vaccinations among children. Consequently, many children missed or delayed vaccinations. Aim: To find the incidence and reasons for missed/delayed vaccination in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective hospital-based cross-sectional study done in the Department of Paediatrics, East Point College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India from March 2020 to February 2021. The total number of patients studied were 515. The samples included all children aged 0-10 years attending the Paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) for vaccination. Details about age, gender, address, parental details of education, occupation and income were recorded, using a questionnaire. Immunisation card was checked to ascertain whether any of the vaccines were missed or delayed and advice about catch up vaccination was given. The reasons for delay or missed vaccinations were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare different classes of population with delay and as per schedule classes of children for individual vaccines. Results: The mean age of the population was 13.77 months. Delay in vaccinations was seen in 213 (41.35%) children, among among them were 94 (44.13%) girls, and 119 (55.86%) boys. Mean age of the population with delay/missed vaccinations were 21.23 months. Main cause cited in 88.2% cases for delayed/missed vaccination was fear of getting infected with Covid-19 during hospital visits. The vaccinations with most significant delay were pentavalent vaccination at 10 weeks with a mean age of delay being 1.1 month as per National Immunisation Schedule (NIS) and Typhoid vaccination as per in Indian Academy of Paediatrics (IAP) schedule with a mean age of delay of 5.2 months. The vaccinations were delayed in all socio-economic classes of the populations during the study period. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has hampered all healthcare services including immunisation. Intentional vaccine delay due to any reason by parents should be avoided and catch up immunisation should be given at the earliest.","PeriodicalId":31116,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Neonatal Medicine and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71266466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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