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D-finiteness: algorithms and applications d -有限:算法和应用
B. Salvy
Differentially finite series are solutions of linear differential equations with polynomial coefficients. P-recursive sequences are solutions of linear recurrences with polynomial coefficients. Corresponding notions are obtained by replacing classical differentiation or difference operators by their q-analogues. All these objects share numerous properties that are described in the framework of "D-finiteness". Our aim in this area is to enable computer algebra systems to deal in an algorithmic way with a large number of special functions and sequences. Indeed, it can be estimated that approximately 60% of the functions described in Abramowitz & Stegun's handbook [1] fall into this category, as well as 25% of the sequences in Sloane's encyclopedia [20,21]. In a way, D-finite sequences or series are non-commutative analogues of algebraic numbers: the role of the minimal polynomial is played by a linear operator.Ore [14] described a non-commutative version of Euclidean division and extended Euclid algorithm for these linear operators (known as Ore polynomials). In the same way as in the commutative case, these algorithms make several closure properties effective (see[22]). It follows that identities between these functions or sequences can be proved or computed automatically. Part of the success of the gfun package [17] comes from an implementation of these operations. Another part comes from the possibility of discovering such identities empirically, with Padé-Hermite approximants on power series [2] taking the place of the LLL algorithm on floating-point numbers. The discovery that a series is D-finite is also important from the complexity point of view: several operations can be performed on D-finite series at a lower cost than on arbitrary power series. This includes multiplication, but also evaluation at rational points by binary splitting [4]. A typical application is the numerical evaluation of π in computer algebra systems; we give another one in these proceedings [3]. Also, the local behaviour of solutions of linear differential equations in the neighbourhood of their singularities is well understood [9] and implementations of algorithms computing the corresponding expansions are available [24, 13]. This gives access to the asymptotics of numerous sequences or to analytic proofs that sequences or functions cannot satisfy such equations [10]Results of a more algebraic nature are obtained by differential Galois theory [18, 19], which naturally shares many subroutines with algorithms for D-finite series. The truly spectacular applications of D-finiteness come from the multivariate case: instead of series or sequences, one works with multivariate series or sequences, or with sequences of series or polynomials,.... They obey systems of linear operators that may be of differential, difference, q-difference or mixed types, with the extra constraint that a finite number of initial conditions are sufficient to specify the solution. This is a non-comm
微分有限级数是多项式系数线性微分方程的解。p递归序列是多项式系数线性递归的解。通过用它们的q类似物代替经典的微分或差分算子,得到了相应的概念。所有这些对象都具有在“d有限”框架中描述的许多属性。我们在这个领域的目标是使计算机代数系统能够以算法的方式处理大量的特殊函数和序列。事实上,可以估计,Abramowitz & Stegun的手册[1]中描述的大约60%的函数属于这一类,Sloane的百科全书[20,21]中描述的序列也有25%属于这一类。在某种程度上,d -有限序列或级数是代数数的非交换类似物:最小多项式的角色由线性算子扮演。Ore[14]描述了欧几里得除法的非交换版本,并扩展了这些线性算子(称为Ore多项式)的欧几里得算法。与交换情况相同,这些算法使几个闭包属性有效(参见[22])。由此可见,这些函数或序列之间的恒等式可以自动证明或计算。gfun包[17]的成功部分来自于这些操作的实现。另一部分来自于从经验上发现这种恒等式的可能性,幂级数[2]上的pad - hermite近似代替浮点数上的LLL算法。从复杂度的角度来看,级数是d有限的这一发现也很重要:在d有限级数上执行的一些操作比在任意幂级数上执行的操作成本更低。这包括乘法,还包括通过二进制分割[4]在有理点处求值。一个典型的应用是计算机代数系统中π的数值计算;我们在这个过程中再给一个。此外,线性微分方程的解在其奇点附近的局部行为已被很好地理解[24,13],并且计算相应展开式的算法也已实现[24,13]。这就得到了许多序列的渐近性,或者序列或函数不能满足这样的方程的解析证明[10]。微分伽罗瓦理论[18,19]得到了更具代数性质的结果,它与d有限序列的算法自然地共享了许多子程序。d有限的真正引人注目的应用来自于多变量情况:不是级数或序列,而是处理多变量级数或序列,或级数或多项式的序列,....它们服从可能是微分、差分、q-差分或混合类型的线性算子系统,附加约束是有限个数的初始条件足以确定解。这是一个具有有限个数解的多项式系统的非交换模拟。事实证明,在多项式情况下,Gröbner基通过在有限维向量空间中提供范式,为许多决策问题提供算法答案。这首先在微分情况下观察到[11,23],然后扩展到更一般的多变量矿石情况[8]。Zeilberger[27,15]的一个重要见解是,在这种非交换设置中的消去计算定积分或和。这就是所谓的创造性伸缩。在超几何设置中(当商是维数为1的向量空间时),此操作的快速算法称为Zeilberger快速算法[26]。在更一般的情况下,Gröbner碱基有助于这种消除。这在微分情况[16,25]中是正确的,在很大程度上在更一般的多元情况[8]中也是如此。此外,Zeilberger的快速算法已被Chyzak推广到多元的Ore情况[5,6]。然而,各种效率问题仍然存在,并且被淘汰的操作人员的非极小现象尚未完全理解。对d有限级数的进一步推广是由Gessel[12]提出的,他提出了对称级数理论。这些级数是这样的,当除了有限数量的变量(在一定的基础上)都专门化到0时,得到的级数在前面的意义上是d有限的。标量积下的闭包性质导致了各种组合序列的d有限性(经典意义上的)证明。同样,基于Gröbner基数的算法使这些操作变得有效。这次演讲将探讨这些算法中最好的一些及其应用。我还将指出当前工作正在进行的地方,或者需要更多工作的地方。
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引用次数: 24
Domains and expressions: an interface between two approaches to computer algebra 域和表达式:两种计算机代数方法之间的接口
C. Oancea, S. Watt
This paper describes a method to use compiled, strongly typed Aldor domains in the interpreted, expression-oriented Maple environment. This represents a non-traditional approach to structuring computer algebra software: using an efficient, compiled language, designed for writing large complex mathematical libraries, together with a top-level system based on user-interface priorities and ease of scripting.We examine what is required to use Aldor libraries to extend Maple in an effective and natural way. Since the computational models of Maple and Aldor differ significantly, new run-time code must implement a non-trivial semantic correspondence. Our solution allows Aldor functions to run tightly coupled to the Maple environment, able to directly and efficiently manipulate Maple data objects. We call the overall system Alma.
本文描述了一种在解释的、面向表达式的Maple环境中使用编译的、强类型的Aldor域的方法。这代表了一种非传统的构建计算机代数软件的方法:使用一种高效的编译语言,设计用于编写大型复杂的数学库,以及基于用户界面优先级和易于编写脚本的顶级系统。我们将研究使用Aldor库以有效和自然的方式扩展Maple所需的条件。由于Maple和Aldor的计算模型差别很大,新的运行时代码必须实现重要的语义对应。我们的解决方案允许Aldor函数与Maple环境紧密耦合运行,能够直接有效地操作Maple数据对象。我们称整个系统为Alma。
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引用次数: 13
Generalized normal forms and polynomial system solving 广义范式与多项式方程组求解
B. Mourrain
This paper describes a new method for computing the normal form of a polynomial modulo a zero-dimensional ideal I. We give a detailed description of the algorithm, a proof of its correctness, and finally experimentations on classical benchmark polynomial systems. The method that we propose can be thought as an extension of both the Gröbner basis method and the Macaulay construction. We have weaken the monomial ordering requirement for bases computations, which allows us to construct new type of representations for the quotient algebra. This approach yields more freedom in the linear algebra steps involved, which allows us to take into account numerical criteria while performing the symbolic steps. This is a new feature for a symbolic algorithm, which has a huge impact on the practical efficiency.
本文描述了一种计算零维理想i的多项式模的范式的新方法,给出了该算法的详细描述,并证明了其正确性,最后在经典基准多项式系统上进行了实验。我们提出的方法可以看作是Gröbner基法和麦考利构造的扩展。我们削弱了对基计算的单序要求,这使我们能够构造商代数的新型表示。这种方法在涉及的线性代数步骤中产生了更多的自由,这允许我们在执行符号步骤时考虑数值标准。这是符号算法的一个新特性,对实际效率有很大的影响。
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引用次数: 83
A view on the future of symbolic computation 符号计算的未来展望
B. Buchberger
Since approximately 1960, symbolic computation added algebraic algorithms (polynomial algorithms, simplification algorithms for expressions, algorithms for integration, algorithms for the analysis of algebraic structures like groups etc.) to numerics and provided both numerical and algebraic algorithms in the frame of powerful integrated mathematical software systems like Macsyma, Reduce,..., Mathematica, Maple,... Various wonderful tools like graphics, notebook facilities, extensible two-dimensional syntax etc. greatly enhanced the attractivity of these systems for mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. Over the recent decades, sometimes based on very early work in the 19th century, new and deep research results in various branches of mathematics have been developed by the symbolic computation research community which led to an impressive variety of new algebraic algorithms. In parallel, in a different community, based on new and deep results in mathematical logic, algorithms and systems for automated theorem proving were developed. In the editorial for the Journal of Symbolic Computation (1985), I tried to offer this journal as a common forum for both the computer algebra and the computational logic community and for the interaction and merge of the two fields. In fact, in some specific theorem proving methods (as, for example, decision methods for the first order theory of real closed fields and decision methods for geometry), algebraic techniques play an important role. However, we are not yet at a stage where both worlds, the world of computational algebra (the algorithmization of the object level of mathematics) and the world of computational logic (the algorithmization of the meta-level of mathematics) would find there common frame in terms of integrated mathematical software systems. In the talk, I will sketch a view on future symbolic computation that hopefully will integrate numerics, computer algebra, and computational logic in a unified frame and will offer software systems for supporting the entire process of what could be called "mathematical theory exploration" or "mathematical knowledge management". In this view, symbolic computation is not only a specific part of mathematics but, rather, will be specific way of doing mathematics.This will have drastic effects on the way how research, education, and application in mathematics will be possible and the publication, accumulation, and use of mathematical knowledge will be organized. We envisage a kind of "Bourbakism of the 21st century", which will be very different --- and partly in opposition to --- the Bourbakism of the 20th century.
大约从1960年开始,符号计算将代数算法(多项式算法、表达式简化算法、积分算法、群等代数结构的分析算法等)添加到数值中,并在强大的集成数学软件系统框架内提供数值和代数算法,如Macsyma, Reduce,…、Mathematica、Maple……各种奇妙的工具,如图形、笔记本工具、可扩展的二维语法等,极大地增强了这些系统对数学家、科学家和工程师的吸引力。近几十年来,符号计算研究界在数学的各个分支中取得了新的、深入的研究成果,有时是在19世纪早期工作的基础上,产生了各种令人印象深刻的新代数算法。与此同时,在另一个不同的社区,基于新的和深刻的数学逻辑结果,自动定理证明的算法和系统被开发出来。在《符号计算杂志》(Journal of Symbolic Computation, 1985)的社论中,我试图将这本杂志作为计算机代数和计算逻辑社区的共同论坛,以及这两个领域的相互作用和融合。事实上,在一些特定的定理证明方法中(如实闭域一阶理论的判定方法和几何的判定方法),代数技术起着重要的作用。然而,我们还没有达到这样一个阶段,即计算代数世界(数学对象层的算法化)和计算逻辑世界(数学元层的算法化)在集成数学软件系统方面找到共同的框架。在演讲中,我将概述未来符号计算的观点,希望它能将数值、计算机代数和计算逻辑整合在一个统一的框架中,并提供软件系统来支持所谓的“数学理论探索”或“数学知识管理”的整个过程。从这个角度来看,符号计算不仅是数学的一个特定部分,而且将是一种特定的数学方法。这将对数学研究、教育和应用的可能方式以及数学知识的出版、积累和使用的组织方式产生重大影响。我们设想了一种“21世纪的布尔巴基主义”,它将与20世纪的布尔巴基主义非常不同,而且在一定程度上是对立的。
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引用次数: 5
An open problem on metric invariants of tetrahedra 四面体度量不变量的一个开放问题
Lu Yang, Zhenbing Zeng
In ISSAC 2000, P. Lisoněk and R.B. Israel [3] asked whether, for any given positive real constants V,R,A1,A2,A3,A4, there are always finitely many tetrahedra, all having these values as their respective volume, circumradius and four face areas. In this paper we present a negative solution to this problem by constructing a family of tetrahedra T(x,y) where $(x,y)$ varies over a component of a cubic curve such that all tetrahedra T(x,y) share the same volume, circumradius and face areas.
在ISSAC 2000中,P. lison k和R. b . Israel[3]问,对于任何给定的正实常数V,R,A1,A2,A3,A4,是否总是有有限多个四面体,它们的体积,周长和四个面面积都有这些值。在本文中,我们通过构造一个四面体族T(x,y)给出了这个问题的一个负解,其中$(x,y)$在三次曲线的一个分量上变化,使得所有的四面体T(x,y)具有相同的体积,圆周半径和面面积。
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引用次数: 7
Symmetric and semisymmetric graphs construction using G-graphs 用g图构造对称和半对称图
A. Bretto, Luc Gillibert, B. Laget
Symmetric and semisymmetric graphs are used in many scientific domains, especially parallel computation and interconnection networks. The industry and the research world make a huge usage of such graphs. Constructing symmetric and semisymmetric graphs is a large and hard problem. In this paper a tool called G-graphs and based on group theory is used. We show the efficiency of this tool for constructing symmetric and semisymmetric graphs and we exhibit experimental results.
对称和半对称图应用于许多科学领域,特别是并行计算和互连网络。工业界和研究界大量使用这种图表。构造对称和半对称图是一个庞大而困难的问题。本文使用了一种基于群论的工具g图。我们展示了该工具构造对称和半对称图的效率,并展示了实验结果。
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引用次数: 20
Preconditioners for singular black box matrices 奇异黑箱矩阵的前置条件
W. Turner
This paper develops preconditioners for singular black box matrix problems. We introduce networks of arbitrary radix switches for matrices of any square dimension, and we show random full Toeplitz matrices are adequate switches for these networks. We also show a random full Toeplitz matrix to satisfy all requirements of the Kaltofen-Saunders black box matrix rank algorithm without requiring a diagonal multiplier.
本文发展了奇异黑箱矩阵问题的预条件。我们引入了任意平方维矩阵的任意基数交换网络,并证明了随机全Toeplitz矩阵是这些网络的适当交换。我们还展示了一个随机的全Toeplitz矩阵,它满足Kaltofen-Saunders黑盒矩阵秩算法的所有要求,而不需要对角乘法器。
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引用次数: 3
Computing the multiplicity structure in solving polynomial systems 求解多项式系统的多重结构计算
Barry H. Dayton, Zhonggang Zeng
This paper presents algorithms for computing the multiplicity structure of a zero to a polynomial system. The zero can be exact or approximate with the system being intrinsic or empirical. As an application, the dual space theory and methodology are utilized to analyze deflation methods in solving polynomial systems, to establish tighter deflation bound, and to derive special case algorithms.
本文给出了计算零到多项式系统的多重结构的算法。零点可以是精确的,也可以是近似的,系统是固有的或经验的。作为应用,利用对偶空间理论和方法分析了多项式系统的压缩方法,建立了更紧的压缩界,并推导了特殊情况下的压缩算法。
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引用次数: 143
Picard--Vessiot extensions for linear functional systems 线性泛函系统的Picard—Vessiot扩展
M. Bronstein, Ziming Li, Min Wu
Picard-Vessiot extensions for ordinary differential and difference equations are well known and are at the core of the associated Galois theories. In this paper, we construct fundamental matrices and Picard-Vessiot extensions for systems of linear partial functional equations having finite linear dimension. We then use those extensions to show that all the solutions of a factor of such a system can be completed to solutions of the original system.
常微分方程和差分方程的皮卡德-维西奥扩展是众所周知的,并且是相关伽罗瓦理论的核心。本文构造了线性维数有限的线性偏泛函方程组的基本矩阵和Picard-Vessiot扩展。然后,我们利用这些扩展证明了这样一个系统的一个因子的所有解都可以被原系统的解补全。
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引用次数: 28
Non complete integrability of a magnetic satellite in circular orbit 圆形轨道磁卫星的非完全可积性
D. Boucher
We consider the motion of a rigid body (for example a satellite) on a circular orbit around a fixed gravitational and magnetic center. We study the non complete meromorphic integrability of the equations of motion which depend on parameters linked to the inertia tensor of the satellite and to the magnetic field. Using tools from computer algebra we apply a criterion deduced from J.-J. Morales and J.-P. Ramis theorem which relies on the differential Galois group of a linear differential system, called normal variational system. With this criterion, we establish non complete integrability for the magnetic satellite with axial symmetry, except for a particular family F already found in [11], and for the satellite without axial symmetry. In the case of the axial symmetry, we discuss the family F using higher order variational equations ([14]) and also prove non complete integrability.
我们考虑一个刚体(例如卫星)围绕一个固定的引力和磁场中心在圆形轨道上的运动。研究了与卫星惯性张量和磁场相关参数的运动方程的非完全亚纯可积性。利用计算机代数的工具,我们应用了j - j导出的判据。莫拉莱斯和j.p。拉米斯定理依赖于微分伽罗瓦群的线性微分系统,称为正变分系统。利用这一准则,我们建立了具有轴对称的磁卫星的非完全可积性,除了在[11]中已经找到的特定族F之外,以及不具有轴对称的卫星。在轴对称的情况下,我们用高阶变分方程讨论了F族([14]),并证明了F族的非完全可积性。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Proceedings of the 2005 international symposium on Symbolic and algebraic computation
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