Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0008
J. Gosetti-Ferencei
The subject of others draws out some of the most significant differences among existentialist thinkers. This chapter shows how consideration of others for some existentialists, including Sartre and Beauvoir, begins with separation and potential opposition between self and others, while for other existentialists, including Heidegger and Marcel, being with others is intrinsic to our very being. Marcel’s critique of Sartre’s hostile rendering of the self-other relation is considered, along with the apparent ability of Sartre and Beauvoir to account in existential terms for human oppression, and the merits of Camus’s notion of rebellion on behalf of the freedom of others.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0006
J. Gosetti-Ferencei
In the wake of scientific and industrial advances in the nineteenth century and the unprecedented destruction of two world wars in the twentieth, existentialist literature emerges as both a crisis of meaning and an ambivalent sense of possibility. This chapter shows how existentialism’s approaches to human existence naturally align with creative forms of expression, particularly those of literary modernism. This chapter examines the literary works by existentialist philosophers including Sartre, Beauvoir, and Camus, while demonstrating how other modernist writers—including Rainer Maria Rilke, Kafka, Richard Wright, and Ralph Ellison—extend the reach of existentialist thought. Absurdity, mortality, freedom, alienation, and the pressure on human consciousness of oppression are among the many themes explored in existentialist literature.
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Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0001
J. Gosetti-Ferencei
Introduces some of the central ideas of existentialism—including subjective truth, finitude, being-in-the-world, facticity, transcendence, inwardness, and the self as becoming—as relevant to an individual living in the contemporary moment. Highlights existentialist concern both for human individuality and for commonly-shared features of the human condition. Emphasizes existentialist attention both to the despairing aspects of human life and to the affirmation of existence as worthy of wonder. Introduces a few key thinkers—Kierkegaard, Marcel, Heidegger, Sartre, Nietzsche—while also indicating the diversity of existentialism to be emphasized throughout the book. Addresses what existentialism may have to offer in the context of contemporary challenges to objective truth and communal forms of meaning.
{"title":"Prologue","authors":"J. Gosetti-Ferencei","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Introduces some of the central ideas of existentialism—including subjective truth, finitude, being-in-the-world, facticity, transcendence, inwardness, and the self as becoming—as relevant to an individual living in the contemporary moment. Highlights existentialist concern both for human individuality and for commonly-shared features of the human condition. Emphasizes existentialist attention both to the despairing aspects of human life and to the affirmation of existence as worthy of wonder. Introduces a few key thinkers—Kierkegaard, Marcel, Heidegger, Sartre, Nietzsche—while also indicating the diversity of existentialism to be emphasized throughout the book. Addresses what existentialism may have to offer in the context of contemporary challenges to objective truth and communal forms of meaning.","PeriodicalId":311649,"journal":{"name":"On Being and Becoming","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132712509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Being, as this chapter shows, is the most difficult existentialist concept to define, and it is on this topic that the existentialists are most diverse and often obscure. Being encompasses the dimensions of self, others, world, and earth considered in previous chapters, and yet according to existentialists evades objective thought. This chapter considers the problem of Being in light of Heidegger’s notions of being-in-the-world and the ontological difference, Marcel’s conception of the ontological mystery, Jaspers’s account of the encompassing. It considers Levinas’s turn against existentialism in rejection of its fascination with Being, while also pointing out the persistence of ontology in his own post-existential ethics.
{"title":"Being","authors":"J. Gosetti-Ferencei","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv10kmf83.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv10kmf83.5","url":null,"abstract":"Being, as this chapter shows, is the most difficult existentialist concept to define, and it is on this topic that the existentialists are most diverse and often obscure. Being encompasses the dimensions of self, others, world, and earth considered in previous chapters, and yet according to existentialists evades objective thought. This chapter considers the problem of Being in light of Heidegger’s notions of being-in-the-world and the ontological difference, Marcel’s conception of the ontological mystery, Jaspers’s account of the encompassing. It considers Levinas’s turn against existentialism in rejection of its fascination with Being, while also pointing out the persistence of ontology in his own post-existential ethics.","PeriodicalId":311649,"journal":{"name":"On Being and Becoming","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122992644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0021
J. Gosetti-Ferencei
This chapter demonstrates why creativity is a persistent theme in existentialist thought. It shows why creativity may be required, as Nietzsche says, to become who we are, and who we may want to be. It considers why Kierkegaard and Nietzsche made philosophy into an inherently creative enterprise and why Sartre, Beauvoir, and Camus wrote fiction themselves and gave tribute to literature or art as crucial to existential understanding. The chapter addresses Heidegger’s view that art and especially poetry served to reveal the world and established a form of truth. In this context it is considered why human beings may strive to make art under conditions of oppression. This chapter shows that while existentialists express diverging views about many topics, they all invite individuals to live life with creativity, that existentialist thinking encourages living life as a work of art.
{"title":"Life as a Work of Art","authors":"J. Gosetti-Ferencei","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter demonstrates why creativity is a persistent theme in existentialist thought. It shows why creativity may be required, as Nietzsche says, to become who we are, and who we may want to be. It considers why Kierkegaard and Nietzsche made philosophy into an inherently creative enterprise and why Sartre, Beauvoir, and Camus wrote fiction themselves and gave tribute to literature or art as crucial to existential understanding. The chapter addresses Heidegger’s view that art and especially poetry served to reveal the world and established a form of truth. In this context it is considered why human beings may strive to make art under conditions of oppression. This chapter shows that while existentialists express diverging views about many topics, they all invite individuals to live life with creativity, that existentialist thinking encourages living life as a work of art.","PeriodicalId":311649,"journal":{"name":"On Being and Becoming","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0010
J. Gosetti-Ferencei
Existentialism’s focus on the individual and the human condition may appear to be alien to ecological thinking. Existentialism has been criticized for its anthropocentrism and egocentrism, and as this chapter describes, Sartre often described nature as a threat to human subjectivity and freedom. Yet other existentialist thinkers, particularly Nietzsche, Camus, and Heidegger, along with the poet Rilke, urged concern for the earth, critically rethinking the human role in nature. The critique of human arrogance and of idealist dismissal of the earthly realm by Nietzsche, reverent descriptions of nature by Camus and Rilke, and the critique of technology in Heidegger are shown to all contribute to reconsidering existentialism as an ecologically minded philosophy.
{"title":"Earth","authors":"J. Gosetti-Ferencei","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Existentialism’s focus on the individual and the human condition may appear to be alien to ecological thinking. Existentialism has been criticized for its anthropocentrism and egocentrism, and as this chapter describes, Sartre often described nature as a threat to human subjectivity and freedom. Yet other existentialist thinkers, particularly Nietzsche, Camus, and Heidegger, along with the poet Rilke, urged concern for the earth, critically rethinking the human role in nature. The critique of human arrogance and of idealist dismissal of the earthly realm by Nietzsche, reverent descriptions of nature by Camus and Rilke, and the critique of technology in Heidegger are shown to all contribute to reconsidering existentialism as an ecologically minded philosophy.","PeriodicalId":311649,"journal":{"name":"On Being and Becoming","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117057722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0007
J. Gosetti-Ferencei
This chapter explores the existentialist dimension of the self. It shows how existentialist thinkers insist on the irreducible nature of subjectivity while also considering critically the nature of the self. While Kierkegaard affirms an inward self, Heidegger and the phenomenologically inspired existentialists describe the self as always outside itself, extended in its interactions with the world. While Sartre may vigorously defend the self’s intrinsic autonomy, other existentialists, including Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, and Beauvoir, paint a more ambiguous picture of freedom. This chapter shows that despite these divergences, existentialist thinkers tend to agree on a few core ideas concerning the self, including its nature as activity, as relational, as a process of becoming, and as the basis for choice or commitment.
{"title":"The Self","authors":"J. Gosetti-Ferencei","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913656.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the existentialist dimension of the self. It shows how existentialist thinkers insist on the irreducible nature of subjectivity while also considering critically the nature of the self. While Kierkegaard affirms an inward self, Heidegger and the phenomenologically inspired existentialists describe the self as always outside itself, extended in its interactions with the world. While Sartre may vigorously defend the self’s intrinsic autonomy, other existentialists, including Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, and Beauvoir, paint a more ambiguous picture of freedom. This chapter shows that despite these divergences, existentialist thinkers tend to agree on a few core ideas concerning the self, including its nature as activity, as relational, as a process of becoming, and as the basis for choice or commitment.","PeriodicalId":311649,"journal":{"name":"On Being and Becoming","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130187538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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