Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.12
B. Charrier
Wind tunnel tests are carried out at the Aerodynamics Laboratory of the Ecole Nationale des Arts et Métiers (ENSAM) in Paris on 50 mm and 130 mm diameter rotating circular cylinder in infinite aspect ratio or finite aspect ratio of 3 to 6, with or without rotating endplates. Aerodynamic forces are measured by a 5-components balance and by integrating pressures over three sections along the span of the rotating cylinder. The tests carried out at Reynolds numbers between 13,500 and 70,000 are significant and make it possible to dispense tests at high flow speeds. The results, based on pressure measurements, indicate that the rotation of the cylinder drives the fluid in a spiral motion along the span, winding the flow, accompanied by a very strong increase in the drag coefficient between the middle and the top of the cylinder. The interaction between two rotating cylinders, spaced out by 6 diameters, decreases the ratio CL / CD of the thruster reducing its propulsive performance at close wind angles (30°
{"title":"INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO FLETTNER ROTORS USED FOR WIND SHIP ASSISTED PROPULSION","authors":"B. Charrier","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.12","url":null,"abstract":"Wind tunnel tests are carried out at the Aerodynamics Laboratory of the Ecole Nationale des Arts et Métiers (ENSAM) in Paris on 50 mm and 130 mm diameter rotating circular cylinder in infinite aspect ratio or finite aspect ratio of 3 to 6, with or without rotating endplates. Aerodynamic forces are measured by a 5-components balance and by integrating pressures over three sections along the span of the rotating cylinder.\u0000The tests carried out at Reynolds numbers between 13,500 and 70,000 are significant and make it possible to dispense tests at high flow speeds.\u0000The results, based on pressure measurements, indicate that the rotation of the cylinder drives the fluid in a spiral motion along the span, winding the flow, accompanied by a very strong increase in the drag coefficient between the middle and the top of the cylinder.\u0000The interaction between two rotating cylinders, spaced out by 6 diameters, decreases the ratio CL / CD of the thruster reducing its propulsive performance at close wind angles (30°","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128456809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.06
F. Thies, J. Ringsberg
Wind-assisted propulsion is seen as one of the main alternatives to potentially achieve large emission reductions in shipping. However, wind-assisted propulsion introduces new challenges in the design, retrofitting and performance prediction as well as the performance analysis. This paper presents and compares methods to predict the performance of wind-assisted propulsion, using the validated performance prediction model ShipCLEAN. Focus is put on evaluating the difference between 1 degree of freedom (1 DOF) and 4 DOF methods as well as the impact of aerodynamic interaction effects in between multiple sails. Practical design considerations and performance differences are discussed based on an example ship. The study includes a comparison of the performance of different sail types (Flettner rotors, Wing sails and Suction wings) under realistic operational conditions.
{"title":"PERFORMANCE PREDICTION AND DESIGN OF WIND-ASSISTED PROPULSION SYSTEMS","authors":"F. Thies, J. Ringsberg","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.06","url":null,"abstract":"Wind-assisted propulsion is seen as one of the main alternatives to potentially achieve large emission reductions in shipping. However, wind-assisted propulsion introduces new challenges in the design, retrofitting and performance prediction as well as the performance analysis. This paper presents and compares methods to predict the performance of wind-assisted propulsion, using the validated performance prediction model ShipCLEAN. Focus is put on evaluating the difference between 1 degree of freedom (1 DOF) and 4 DOF methods as well as the impact of aerodynamic interaction effects in between multiple sails. Practical design considerations and performance differences are discussed based on an example ship. The study includes a comparison of the performance of different sail types (Flettner rotors, Wing sails and Suction wings) under realistic operational conditions.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130296480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.10
A. Hillenbrand, U. Dhomé, J. Kuttenkeuler, M. Razola
With the current developments of wind powered and wind assisted vessels comes the need for realistic ship model testing. Traditional test methods of free sailing models are somewhat limited by the difficulties to mimic the effects of the wind propulsion systems or at least for recreating them at the correct scale. Simulations are possible but time consuming and they cannot grasp all aspects that free sailing models comprise. At the KTH Maritime Robotics Laboratory, a 1:30 scale model of Oceanbird was developed and equipped with numerous sensors to enable accurate and realistic measurements while sailing in unrestrained waters. The paper presents the model’s equipment and experimental results showing the abilities of the sailing demonstrator to gather high quality data for manoeuvring and aerodynamic studies. In particular, the definition of a zigzag manoeuvre for sailing ships is explained and results of tests are evaluated regarding manoeuvrability and aerodynamics.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A 1:30 SCALE SAILING MODEL OF OCEANBIRD","authors":"A. Hillenbrand, U. Dhomé, J. Kuttenkeuler, M. Razola","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"With the current developments of wind powered and wind assisted vessels comes the need for realistic ship model testing. Traditional test methods of free sailing models are somewhat limited by the difficulties to mimic the effects of the wind propulsion systems or at least for recreating them at the correct scale. Simulations are possible but time\u0000consuming and they cannot grasp all aspects that free sailing models comprise. At the KTH Maritime Robotics Laboratory, a 1:30 scale model of Oceanbird was developed and equipped with numerous sensors to enable accurate and realistic measurements while sailing in unrestrained waters. The paper presents the model’s equipment and experimental results showing the abilities of the sailing demonstrator to gather high quality data for manoeuvring and aerodynamic studies. In particular, the definition of a zigzag manoeuvre for sailing ships is explained and results of tests are evaluated\u0000regarding manoeuvrability and aerodynamics.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126917779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.07
W. C. P. Hopes, D. R. Pearson, J. Buckingham
Wind assisted propulsion has the potential to significantly reduce emissions from global shipping, with a range of technologies available including wing sails, kites, Flettner Rotors, and Suction Aerofoils such as Turbosails. Despite this, there are only a few studies publicly available on the performance of Suction Aerofoils, which operate on the same principle as a traditional sail but use boundary layer suction to develop high lift coefficients. Therefore, a CFD study was carried out in Numeca FINE/Marine software to determine values for the lift and drag coefficients over a range of angles of attack and suction levels. Supplementary studies also investigated the effects of introducing an endplate to reduce end vortices, and the effect of a ship side on the wind speed incident on the Suction Aerofoil. The plots of lift and drag coefficients developed in this paper were used to inform the BMT-led VTAS project [1], as well as contributing to wider knowledge on wind assisted propulsion for shipping. Throughout the study, Suction Aerofoils continued to show promise as an effective means of auxiliary propulsion for ships, and their use should be encouraged as part of the range of solutions to tackle the pressing issue of climate change.
{"title":"A CFD STUDY ON WIND ASSISTED PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY FOR COMMERCIAL SHIPPING","authors":"W. C. P. Hopes, D. R. Pearson, J. Buckingham","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.07","url":null,"abstract":"Wind assisted propulsion has the potential to significantly reduce emissions from global shipping, with a range of technologies available including wing sails, kites, Flettner Rotors, and Suction Aerofoils such as Turbosails. Despite this, there are only a few studies publicly available on the performance of Suction Aerofoils, which operate on the same principle as a traditional sail but use boundary layer suction to develop high lift coefficients. Therefore, a CFD study was carried out in Numeca FINE/Marine software to determine values for the lift and drag coefficients over a range of angles of attack and suction levels. Supplementary studies also investigated the effects of introducing an endplate to reduce end vortices, and the effect of a ship side on the wind speed incident on the Suction Aerofoil. The plots of lift and drag coefficients developed in this paper were used to inform the BMT-led VTAS project [1], as well as contributing to wider knowledge on wind assisted propulsion for shipping. Throughout the study, Suction Aerofoils continued to show promise as an effective means of auxiliary propulsion for ships, and their use should be encouraged as part of the range of solutions to tackle the pressing issue of climate change.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132461916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.13
M. Garenaux, J. Schot
In the context of ship design, including wind propulsion, knowing the aerodynamic performance of a ship and its wind propulsors is essential. In the literature, the performance of wind propulsors is generally derived from wind tunnel test data, full scale tests or CFD. Those experimental or numerical databases are often omitting the interactions with the ship and its superstructures and atmospheric boundary layer. In this research, a numerical approach using RANS simulations is developed to estimate the effects of the interaction between the MARIN Hybrid Transition Coaster (MHTC) and its three Flettner rotors. In order to assess the effects of these interactions, the performance of a Flettner rotor positioned on the deck of the vessel is compared to the performance of a free standing Flettner rotor. Large interaction effects are found to depend on the apparent wind angle. Accounting for these interactions is essential. A model is proposed to correct the performance of a free standing Flettner rotor to the performance of a rotor on the deck of the vessel. In addition the effects of multiple wind propulsors are studied in relation to this model.
{"title":"FLETTNER ROTORS PERFORMANCE AND INTERACTION EFFECTS ON THE MARIN HYBRID TRANSITION COASTER","authors":"M. Garenaux, J. Schot","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.13","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of ship design, including wind propulsion, knowing the aerodynamic performance of a ship and its wind propulsors is essential. In the literature, the performance of wind propulsors is generally derived from wind tunnel test data, full scale tests or CFD. Those experimental or numerical databases are often omitting the interactions with the ship and its superstructures and atmospheric boundary layer. In this research, a numerical approach using RANS simulations is developed to estimate the effects of the interaction between the MARIN Hybrid Transition Coaster (MHTC) and its three Flettner rotors. In order to assess the effects of these interactions, the performance of a Flettner rotor positioned on the deck of the vessel is compared to the performance of a free standing Flettner rotor. Large interaction effects are found to depend on the apparent wind angle. Accounting for these interactions is essential. A model is proposed to correct the performance of a free standing Flettner rotor to the performance of a rotor on the deck of the vessel. In addition the effects of multiple wind propulsors are studied in relation to this model.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"PC-27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126679864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.03
O. Schinas
Shortsea shipping (SSS) has attracted the interest of re-searchers and policy-makers as a viable transport alternative against mainly road haulage. Despite policy initiatives, SSS has not increased its market share nor attracted fresh interest in the market, so the fleet is ageing. Lately, due to the de-carbonization effort of the maritime industry and generally of greening the economy, SSS becomes an interesting trans-port alternative that deserves further research. This work focuses on the cost of decarbonising the global SSS fleet with a parallel interest on the EU fleet. This cost estimation is based on recent publications, and considers ships expected to be ordered and demolished; for the existing fleet the cost of retrofitting with greening technology is also estimated. Based on reasonable assumptions, the potential market of wind-assisted technologies is estimated too. This work is an outcome of the WASP Interreg project.
{"title":"ESTIMATING THE COST OF GREENING OF SHORTSEA VESSELS AND THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF GREEN RETROFIT","authors":"O. Schinas","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.03","url":null,"abstract":"Shortsea shipping (SSS) has attracted the interest of re-searchers and policy-makers as a viable transport alternative against mainly road haulage. Despite policy initiatives, SSS has not increased its market share nor attracted fresh interest in the market, so the fleet is ageing. Lately, due to the de-carbonization effort of the maritime industry and generally of greening the economy, SSS becomes an interesting trans-port alternative that deserves further research. This work focuses on the cost of decarbonising the global SSS fleet with a parallel interest on the EU fleet. This cost estimation is based on recent publications, and considers ships expected to be ordered and demolished; for the existing fleet the cost of retrofitting with greening technology is also estimated. Based on reasonable assumptions, the potential market of wind-assisted technologies is estimated too. This work is an outcome of the WASP Interreg project.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"93 14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125020405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.02
F. Gerhardt, S. Werner, A. Hörteborn, O. Lundbäck, J. Nisbet, T. Olsson
Wind propulsion systems (WPS) are major investments and the decision to install them requires careful consideration of many complex questions. In this paper we present a systematic, scientific methodology to assess the benefits and drawbacks of such systems at the early concept stage of a vessel. The purpose is to provide guidance for shipowners and operators and help them make informed decisions. The proposed method was developed into a Software tool called ‘SEAMAN Winds’ and has been correlated to full scale results. The program draws on our large database of model tests, and CFD of hulls and wind propulsion technologies. It uses the intended trading routes of the vessel as an important input, typical output data are: a) performance values (ship speed, power requirements etc.) b) environmental parameters (CO2 avoided, EEDI and EEXI reduction, carbon intensity indicator) c) financial metrics (bunker savings, payback time for installation of WPS) Potential applications of the method include making the business case for one particular WPS or investigating in how far certain systems are more suited for a specific route than others.
{"title":"HORSES FOR COURSES: HOW TO SELECT THE “RIGHT” WIND PROPULSION SYSTEM AND HOW TO MAKE THE BUSINESS CASE","authors":"F. Gerhardt, S. Werner, A. Hörteborn, O. Lundbäck, J. Nisbet, T. Olsson","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"Wind propulsion systems (WPS) are major investments and the decision to install them requires careful consideration of many complex questions. In this paper we present a systematic, scientific methodology to assess the benefits and drawbacks of such systems at the early concept stage of a vessel. The purpose is to provide guidance for shipowners and operators and help them make informed decisions. The proposed method was developed into a Software tool called ‘SEAMAN Winds’ and has been correlated to full scale results. The program draws on our large database of model tests, and CFD of hulls and wind propulsion technologies. It uses the intended trading routes of the vessel as an important input, typical output data are:\u0000a) performance values (ship speed, power requirements etc.)\u0000b) environmental parameters (CO2 avoided, EEDI and EEXI reduction, carbon intensity indicator)\u0000c) financial metrics (bunker savings, payback time for installation of WPS)\u0000Potential applications of the method include making the business case for one particular WPS or investigating in how far certain systems are more suited for a specific route than others.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128897592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.09
S. Werner, J. Nisbet, A. Hörteborn, Sspa Sweden, Sweden R Ab, Scandlines Denmark Nielsen
As the number of wind assistance installations in commercial shipping grows and the industry matures, the need for fullscale verification of the performance increases. Standard procedures or guidelines for conducting such full-scale trials of are still lacking. One strategy is proposed and discussed here. The method is demonstrated using a speed trial conducted with Scandlines’ hybrid ferry Copenhagen equipped with a rotor sail. The trial result is extrapolated to yearly power saving using a statistical route analysis. With this approach, the result can be derived at a feasible cost, within a limited time frame and using commercially available tools and established procedures.
{"title":"SPEED TRIAL VERIFICATION FOR A WIND ASSISTED SHIP","authors":"S. Werner, J. Nisbet, A. Hörteborn, Sspa Sweden, Sweden R Ab, Scandlines Denmark Nielsen","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.09","url":null,"abstract":"As the number of wind assistance installations in commercial shipping grows and the industry matures, the need for fullscale verification of the performance increases. Standard procedures or guidelines for conducting such full-scale trials of are still lacking. One strategy is proposed and discussed here. The method is demonstrated using a speed trial conducted with Scandlines’ hybrid ferry Copenhagen equipped with a rotor sail. The trial result is extrapolated to yearly power saving using a statistical route analysis. With this approach, the result can be derived at a feasible cost, within a limited time frame and using commercially available tools and established procedures.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122594529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.11
F. Gerhardt, M. Kjellberg, I. Wigren, S. Werner, M. Razola
Assessing seakeeping performance at an early stage is even more important for wind powered vesselsthan for conventional ships, since there is little design experience to lean on. When the driving force comes from sails instead of a propeller, ship dynamics change considerably. Course keeping, turning ability, motions and acceleration in waves are just some of the properties that must be assessed. Including wind propulsion devices in a model test is however not straight forward. In this paper we present a methodology for model testing wind powered vessels. Rpm and azimuth-controlled fans/airscrews are used to mimic the aerodynamic forces from the sails. Results from model tests with a car carrier are presented and discussed while particular attention is paid to possible improvements of the test methodology
{"title":"THE HORNS OF THE TRILEMMA: SEAKEEPING MODEL TESTS FOR A WIND POWERED VESSEL","authors":"F. Gerhardt, M. Kjellberg, I. Wigren, S. Werner, M. Razola","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.11","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing seakeeping performance at an early stage is even more important for wind powered vesselsthan for conventional ships, since there is little design experience to lean on. When the driving force comes from sails instead of a propeller, ship dynamics change considerably. Course keeping, turning ability, motions and acceleration in waves are just some of the properties that must be assessed. Including wind propulsion devices in a model test is however not straight forward. In this paper we present a methodology for model testing wind powered vessels. Rpm and azimuth-controlled fans/airscrews are used to mimic the aerodynamic forces from the sails. Results from model tests with a car carrier are presented and discussed while particular attention is paid to possible improvements of the test methodology","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125353957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.3940/rina.win.2021.05
L. Khan, J. Macklin, B. Peck, O. Morton, Jean-Baptiste R. G. Souppez
With the current global warming crisis and contemporary concerns for sustainability, the transport industry is developing and implementing novel solutions to reduce greenhouse gases. With close to 90% of the world’s goods relying on maritime transportation, responsible for 3% of global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2019, there is a vital emphasis on reducing emissions. The latest legislation from the International Maritime Organisation has imposed even tougher sulphur oxide targets. On the other hand, emission intensity for CO2 will need to be decreased by 70% in 2050, compared to 2008 figures. While operating measures and fuel alternatives are suitable in the short-term to meet these novel regulatory constraints, as the use of fossil fuels tapers off, the long-terms solution appears to reside in wind-assisted ships. Consequently, this study aims to identify viable solutions that could reduce emissions, focussing on three prominent technologies, namely sails, rotors and kites. Furthermore, this review provides guidance on the benefits and risks associated with each technology and recommends guidelines for performance prediction and associated constraints. Ultimately, future stakes in wind-assisted propulsion are highlighted, including the need for full-scale validation, the challenge in assessing environmental and economic impact, and the structural issues associated with wind-assisted propulsion systems.
{"title":"A REVIEW OF WIND-ASSISTED SHIP PROPULSION FOR SUSTAINABLE\u0000COMMERCIAL SHIPPING: LATEST DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE STAKES","authors":"L. Khan, J. Macklin, B. Peck, O. Morton, Jean-Baptiste R. G. Souppez","doi":"10.3940/rina.win.2021.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3940/rina.win.2021.05","url":null,"abstract":"With the current global warming crisis and contemporary concerns for sustainability, the transport industry is developing and implementing novel solutions to reduce greenhouse gases. With close to 90% of the world’s goods relying on maritime\u0000transportation, responsible for 3% of global energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2019, there is a vital emphasis on reducing emissions. The latest legislation from the International Maritime Organisation has imposed even\u0000tougher sulphur oxide targets. On the other hand, emission intensity for CO2 will need to be decreased by 70% in 2050, compared to 2008 figures. While operating measures and fuel alternatives are suitable in the short-term to meet these novel regulatory constraints, as the use of fossil fuels tapers off, the long-terms solution appears to reside in wind-assisted ships. Consequently, this study aims to identify viable solutions that could reduce emissions, focussing on three prominent technologies, namely sails, rotors and kites. Furthermore, this review provides guidance on the benefits and risks\u0000associated with each technology and recommends guidelines for performance prediction and associated constraints. Ultimately, future stakes in wind-assisted propulsion are highlighted, including the need for full-scale validation, the\u0000challenge in assessing environmental and economic impact, and the structural issues associated with wind-assisted propulsion systems.","PeriodicalId":314220,"journal":{"name":"Wind Propulsion 2021","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129540643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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