Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0004
M. Polése
Some cities are more compact, and others are more sprawled; some are more segregated by class or race, and others are more socially cohesive. The outcomes are always in part shaped by national policies. This chapter first explores the drivers of urban form and of social and economic relations in cities, beginning with public policies toward transit, car use, and the consumption of land. Then it turns to the role of downtowns in shaping cities. The greatest challenge remains the promotion of social cohesion and social peace in large, diverse urban regions, notably in ethnically and racially divided societies. Instituting appropriate models of metropolitan governance, ensuring the equitable provision of people services (such as education and health), and curbing exclusionary practices (NIMBYs) are core issues, which societies have approached differently. The success of Vienna, ranked the world’s most livable city, has its roots in a unique model of metropolitan governance and housing provision but one that is difficult to transpose to other national settings.
{"title":"Shaping Cities and the Social Relationships Within Them","authors":"M. Polése","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Some cities are more compact, and others are more sprawled; some are more segregated by class or race, and others are more socially cohesive. The outcomes are always in part shaped by national policies. This chapter first explores the drivers of urban form and of social and economic relations in cities, beginning with public policies toward transit, car use, and the consumption of land. Then it turns to the role of downtowns in shaping cities. The greatest challenge remains the promotion of social cohesion and social peace in large, diverse urban regions, notably in ethnically and racially divided societies. Instituting appropriate models of metropolitan governance, ensuring the equitable provision of people services (such as education and health), and curbing exclusionary practices (NIMBYs) are core issues, which societies have approached differently. The success of Vienna, ranked the world’s most livable city, has its roots in a unique model of metropolitan governance and housing provision but one that is difficult to transpose to other national settings.","PeriodicalId":314601,"journal":{"name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Cities","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130887228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0006
M. Polése
This chapter explores the attributes that help make local environments conducive to productive economic behavior. Several attributes are explored, beginning with integrity in local government and a short history of corruption and urban mismanagement in America, New Orleans serving as an instructive example. New Orleans’s sad story takes us back to Louisiana’s early history, the issue of race never far from the surface. The chapter also describes how the roots of Silicon Valley’s success go back to the California Gold Rush, helping to shape a unique institutional environment that promoted innovation. As the chapter explains, the unlikely success of Minneapolis-St. Paul, both peripheral and cold, can be traced back to Minnesota’s first settlers. Many of these early settlers were Scandinavian who traditionally placed a high value on education and work. Primary and secondary education matter as much, and often more, than PhDs. A competent and numerically literate workforce is at the core of many small and midsized urban success stories.
{"title":"Shaping the Local Economic Environment","authors":"M. Polése","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the attributes that help make local environments conducive to productive economic behavior. Several attributes are explored, beginning with integrity in local government and a short history of corruption and urban mismanagement in America, New Orleans serving as an instructive example. New Orleans’s sad story takes us back to Louisiana’s early history, the issue of race never far from the surface. The chapter also describes how the roots of Silicon Valley’s success go back to the California Gold Rush, helping to shape a unique institutional environment that promoted innovation. As the chapter explains, the unlikely success of Minneapolis-St. Paul, both peripheral and cold, can be traced back to Minnesota’s first settlers. Many of these early settlers were Scandinavian who traditionally placed a high value on education and work. Primary and secondary education matter as much, and often more, than PhDs. A competent and numerically literate workforce is at the core of many small and midsized urban success stories.","PeriodicalId":314601,"journal":{"name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Cities","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131228002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0003
M. Polése
This chapter returns to the question at the heart of economics as a social science since Adam Smith and his seminal work on the origins of wealth. Why are some nations rich and others poor? The focus here is on the role of cities, on “agglomeration” in the jargon of economics. We find little evidence in support of Jane Jacobs’s thesis that agglomeration is sufficient to independently trigger economic growth. After explaining the concept of “agglomeration economies,” the gains from spatial concentration, various obstacles to their realization are examined: deficient urban transport; insecurity; arbitrary governance; informality; and so on. Their full realization requires solid institutions, which all too often are lacking. Starting with the origins of the Industrial Revolution, we conclude that the impact of urbanization (greater agglomeration) is essentially allocational, shifting labor to more productive endeavors. The roots of technological innovation, which is at the heart of economic progress, run much deeper, taking us back to national cultures and institutions.
{"title":"Creating Wealth","authors":"M. Polése","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter returns to the question at the heart of economics as a social science since Adam Smith and his seminal work on the origins of wealth. Why are some nations rich and others poor? The focus here is on the role of cities, on “agglomeration” in the jargon of economics. We find little evidence in support of Jane Jacobs’s thesis that agglomeration is sufficient to independently trigger economic growth. After explaining the concept of “agglomeration economies,” the gains from spatial concentration, various obstacles to their realization are examined: deficient urban transport; insecurity; arbitrary governance; informality; and so on. Their full realization requires solid institutions, which all too often are lacking. Starting with the origins of the Industrial Revolution, we conclude that the impact of urbanization (greater agglomeration) is essentially allocational, shifting labor to more productive endeavors. The roots of technological innovation, which is at the heart of economic progress, run much deeper, taking us back to national cultures and institutions.","PeriodicalId":314601,"journal":{"name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Cities","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126068213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0005
M. Polése
This chapter compares Buffalo, New York, and Toronto, Ontario, two urban areas located on the Great Lakes with similar populations (one million) in 1950. Toronto has since passed the six million mark, while Buffalo seems trapped in a seemingly irreversible cycle of economic decline. The diverging destiny of the two cities has many roots (e.g., the St. Lawrence Seaway, the collapse of Big Steel) but invariably sends us back to the different political cultures of the United States and Canada. The government of Ontario stepped in early in the urbanization process to impose a model of metropolitan governance on the Toronto region, with the explicit aim of deterring the emergence of deep social divides, specifically between city and suburb, and ensuring the maintenance of a strong central core. The state of New York did no such thing in Buffalo, for which Buffalo continues to pay a price.
{"title":"Diverging Neighbors","authors":"M. Polése","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter compares Buffalo, New York, and Toronto, Ontario, two urban areas located on the Great Lakes with similar populations (one million) in 1950. Toronto has since passed the six million mark, while Buffalo seems trapped in a seemingly irreversible cycle of economic decline. The diverging destiny of the two cities has many roots (e.g., the St. Lawrence Seaway, the collapse of Big Steel) but invariably sends us back to the different political cultures of the United States and Canada. The government of Ontario stepped in early in the urbanization process to impose a model of metropolitan governance on the Toronto region, with the explicit aim of deterring the emergence of deep social divides, specifically between city and suburb, and ensuring the maintenance of a strong central core. The state of New York did no such thing in Buffalo, for which Buffalo continues to pay a price.","PeriodicalId":314601,"journal":{"name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Cities","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122430532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0008
M. Polése
This chapter looks at the conditions under which cities compete within nations and also globally. Those conditions vary across nations because of differences in geography as well as differences in political cultures and institutions. The chapter explores four factors that shape competition: (1) national fiscal regimes, including the presence or absence of equalization payments across jurisdictions (cities, states, etc.); (2) housing markets, notably the impact of regulatory regimes on costs; (3) transportation infrastructure and the formation of transport hubs; and (4) the spatial mobility of brains and talent and the economic and social consequences of the concentration of human capita in selected cities. The chapter ends by exploring the relationship between social cohesion and urban competiveness. The sorting populations across cities is a double-edged sword, a potential source of wealth creation but also of social divides.
{"title":"Shaping the Playing Field","authors":"M. Polése","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks at the conditions under which cities compete within nations and also globally. Those conditions vary across nations because of differences in geography as well as differences in political cultures and institutions. The chapter explores four factors that shape competition: (1) national fiscal regimes, including the presence or absence of equalization payments across jurisdictions (cities, states, etc.); (2) housing markets, notably the impact of regulatory regimes on costs; (3) transportation infrastructure and the formation of transport hubs; and (4) the spatial mobility of brains and talent and the economic and social consequences of the concentration of human capita in selected cities. The chapter ends by exploring the relationship between social cohesion and urban competiveness. The sorting populations across cities is a double-edged sword, a potential source of wealth creation but also of social divides.","PeriodicalId":314601,"journal":{"name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Cities","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122610433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-12DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0002
M. Polése
Chapter 1 is in part autobiographical and invites the reader on four urban journeys. First, we go to New York, whose decline and subsequent resurgence are recounted through the author’s eyes: In this journey, we revisit the violent neighborhoods of 1950s Westside Manhattan, and we also show how New York’s unequaled concentration of human and institutional resources allowed the city to rebound. We then travel to Vienna, which went from imperial grandeur to urban hell, losing its intellectual elites and historic hinterland, only to rise up again. The voyage to Port au Prince follows, introducing us to a Third World city and the struggles of daily life under conditions of extreme poverty and institutional dysfunction, whose roots take us back to Haiti’s sad history. The final stop is Buenos Aires, which was once in the same league with New York and London but is now reduced to the status of a Third World city, providing the textbook example of the power of national government to undermine even the greatest cities.
{"title":"Urban (Economic) Success Is Never a Straight Line","authors":"M. Polése","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190053710.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 is in part autobiographical and invites the reader on four urban journeys. First, we go to New York, whose decline and subsequent resurgence are recounted through the author’s eyes: In this journey, we revisit the violent neighborhoods of 1950s Westside Manhattan, and we also show how New York’s unequaled concentration of human and institutional resources allowed the city to rebound. We then travel to Vienna, which went from imperial grandeur to urban hell, losing its intellectual elites and historic hinterland, only to rise up again. The voyage to Port au Prince follows, introducing us to a Third World city and the struggles of daily life under conditions of extreme poverty and institutional dysfunction, whose roots take us back to Haiti’s sad history. The final stop is Buenos Aires, which was once in the same league with New York and London but is now reduced to the status of a Third World city, providing the textbook example of the power of national government to undermine even the greatest cities.","PeriodicalId":314601,"journal":{"name":"The Wealth and Poverty of Cities","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115353921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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